Emerging Life Sciences

1. GENOMICS
AND
BIOINFORMATICS
GROUP MEMBERS:-AMIT GARG
LOKESH JOSHI
PANKAJ PHOGAT

2. GENOMICS:-The branch of molecular biology concerned with the
structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes.
GENOME:-the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell
or organism
BIOINFORMATICS:- Bioinformatics is the field of science in which
biology, computer science, and information technology merge together to
form a single discipline.

3. GENOMICS

4. What is genome..?
•A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its
genes.
•Genes carry the information for making all of the proteins required by
the body for growth and maintenance.
•The genome also encodes r-RNA and t-RNA which are involved in
protein synthesis

5. Genomics
• Genomics is a discipline in genetics that applies recombinant DNA,
DNA sequencing methods, and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble,
and analyze the function and structure of genomes (the complete set
of DNA within a single cell of an organism).

6. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
HISTORY AND GOALS
• The human genome project (HGP) started in 1990 and it was finally completed in
2003
• Identify all of the genes in human DNA.
• Determine the sequence of the 3 billion chemical nucleotide bases that make up
human DNA.
• Store this information in data bases.
• Develop faster, more efficient sequencing technologies.
• Develop tools for data analysis.
• Address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that are raised from the project.

7. Two Different Groups Worked to Obtain the DNA
Sequence of the Human Genome
•The HGP is a multinational consortium established by government
research agencies and funded publicly
•Celera Genomics is a private company whose former CEO, J. Craig
Venter, ran an independent sequencing project
•Differences arose regarding who should receive the credit for this
scientific milestone
•June 6, 2000, the HGP and Celera Genomics held a joint press
conference to announce that TOGETHER they had completed ~97% of
the human genome

8. THE PROJECT FINALLY CAMPLETED IN 2003 (IT TOOK ALOMOST 13 YEARS TO CAMPLETE)

9. Pros and cons of the Project
Pros
• Successfully identifies where
the genes of DNA are located
in the body
• Genetically modify foods
• Make crops grow faster and
more resistant to pesticides
• Mapping can locate cancer
cells and mental illnesses
• Can identify if the fetus has
genetic mutations in the
womb
Cons
• 13 years
• $3 billion
• Requires skill
• Process is very difficult with
lots of procedures

10. Other completed genomes
Haemophilus influenzae Escherichia coli
Bacillus subtilis Helicobacter pylori

11. • Borrelia burgdorferi Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae

12. GENOMIC DATA
• Genomic data refers to the genome and DNA data of an organism.

13. BIO-INFORMATICS

14. BIOINFORMATICS
It is the emerging field that deals with the application of computer in
the areas like:-
• Collection
• Organization
• Analysis
• Manipulation
• Sharing of Biological Data
But at the end of the day it is used to solve the biological problems on
molecular level.

15. ORIGIN AND HISTORY
• Bioinformatics started with the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel. He
cross fertilized different colours of flowers of the same species and he
carefully kept the obtained data from this experiment.
• In 1972, Paul Berg made the first recombinant DNA molecule using
ligase.
• In the same year, Stanley Cohen, Annie Chang Boyer produced the first
recombinant DNA organism.
• In 1973 Joseph Sambrook led a team that refined DNA electrophoresis
using gel and in the same year DNA cloning was invented.
• During 1981 ,579 human genes had been mapped and mapping by
insitu hybridization and in 1988 a automatic method to this was found.

17. Modelling of DATA
• Mathematical modelling:-A mathematical model is a description of a
system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of
developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modelling.

18. • Computational modelling:-Computational modelling is the use of
mathematics, physics and computer science to study the behaviour of
complex systems by computer simulation. A computational
model contains numerous variables that characterize the system
being studied.

19. • Homology Modelling:-Homology modelling, also known as
comparative modelling of protein, refers to constructing an atomic-
resolution model of the "target" protein from its amino acid sequence
and an experimental three-dimensional structure of a
related homologous protein (the "template").

20. GENOME BROWSER
In bioinformatics, a genome browser is a graphical interface for display
of information from a biological database for genomic data. Genome
browsers enable researchers to visualize and browse entire genomes
(most have many complete genomes) with annotated data including
gene prediction and structure, proteins, expression, regulation,
• NCBI
• UCSC
• Ensembl

22. In-situ Hybridization
• Working Principle:- Works on the Complementary nature of RNA and
DNA.
• Objective:- To find the Gene sequence as well as the m-RNA
sequence.
• Processes involved in-situ hybridization
1. Making of probe (Complementary sequence of gene that we have to figure out).
2. Modification(radiolabelling or fluorescent).
3. Denaturation for DNA molecules and cross linking for the m-RNA molecules.

23. A BIOLOGICAL PROCESS

24. How it is useful ?
Bioinformatics, being an interface between modern biology and informatics it involves discovery,
development and implementation of computational algorithms and software tools that facilitate an
understanding of various biological processes with the goal to serve primarily agriculture and healthcare
sectors.

25. Sources of huge Biological Data
• DNA sequence which determines protein sequence.
• Protein sequence which determines protein structure.
• Protein structure which determines protein function
Huge data is generated from the above written three sources and now
there is need of intelligent storage and analysis of this data so that
something useful can be taken out of this data. Therefore, automated
computer tools must be developed to allow the extraction of
meaningful biological information.

26. Difference between Bioinformatics and
Computational Biology
• Bioinformatics is the application of computer technology to
the management of biological information. Computers are
used to gather, store, analyse and integrate biological and
genetic information which can then be applied to gene-based
drug discovery and development.
• Computational Biology It is the development of new
algorithms and statistics with which the large biological
information can be analysed

27. Biological Database
• Biological databases are libraries of life
sciences information, collected from scientific
experiments, published literature, high-
throughput experiment technology, and
computational analysis.
BIOLOGICAL DATABASE INFORMATION THEY CONTAIN
Bibliographic database Literature
Taxonomic Database Classification
Nucleic acid database DNA Information
Genomic Database Gene level Information
Protein Database Protein Information

28. Different types of Databases
• Primary Database:-Contain sequence data such as nucleic or proteins.
These types of database are the source of primary information. For
example SWISS-PROT.
• Secondary Database:-These are also known as pattern databases
contain results from the analysis of the sequences in the primary
databases. For example BLOCKS.

29. DRUG DISCOVERY ALGORITHMS

30. THANKS…..