The document contains a table of contents for a Spanish grammar book. It lists 15 grammar topics as chapters, including the present tense, ser and estar, gustar verbs, nouns and articles, the preterite and imperfect tenses, subjunctive mood, commands, and reflexive verbs. It also provides examples and explanations of concepts like por and para.

1. Libro
Gramática
Alma Wendt

2. Table of Contents
1. Present Tense
2. Ser y Estar
3. Gustar and Verbs like Gustar
4. Nouns/Articles/Adj (pp 378-380)
5. Past Tense
6. Imperfect Tense
7. Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
8. Subjunctive in Adverb Clauses
9. Commands
10. Object Pronouns
11. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns (pp 386)
12. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns (pp 388)
13. Reflexives
14. Por y Para
15. To Become: hacerse, ponerse, volverse, and llegar a ser (pp 390)

3. El Presente
o emos
-AR es eís -IR
e en
o amos o imos
-ER
as áis es ís
a an e en

4. Ser y Estar
 Both mean to be
- ESTAR
E
S estoy estamos
T estás estáis
A est estaná
R
- SER
S
soy somos E
eres sois R
es son

5. Nouns/ Articles/ Adjectives

6. Verbos como Gustar
 Preceded by an indirect object pronoun (indicating person
who is pleased); agrees in person and number with thing or
person that it pleases
 When followed by infinitive, the singular form (gustar) is
always used
 Often used in conditional (gustaria) to soften request

7. El Preterito
-Ar -Er and -Ir -Car
•Gar: change g to gu
é amos í imos -Gar •Car: change c to qu
aste asteis iste isteis •Zar: change z to c
ó aron ió ieron -Zar
Ir and Ser Ver
I •Tener- tuv •Hacer- hic
fui fuimos vi vimos
R •Estar- estuv •Venir- vin
fuiste viste
R •Poner- pus •Caber-cup
fue fueron vio vieron
E •Poder- pud •Haber- hub
G •Ander- anduv •Querer- Quis
Dar •Saber- sup •Decir- Dij
•Complete Actions U
di dimos L
diste •Definite beginning e imos
A iste
dio dieron and ending R o ieron

8. El Imperfecto
•Actions that are not yet
-AR completed -ER and -IR
•No definite beginning or end
aba ábamos •Background information/ ía íamos
abas abais setting up a scene ías íais
aba aban •Time or appearance ía ían
•Doing and action before
interruption

9. Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
Ar: e,es,e,emos,en
Er/Ir: a,as,a,amos,an

10. Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses

11. Commands (Mandatos)

12. Object Pronouns

13. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Posesive Pronouns have the same forms as stressed possessive adjectives
and are prededed by a definite article.
No encuentro mi libro. ? Me presentas el tuyo?

14. Demonstrative Adjectives and
Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns are identical to demonstrative adjectives,
except that they carry an accent mark on the stressed vowel.
No, no quiero éste. Quiero ése.
There are three neuter demonstrative pronouns: esto, eso, and aquello

15. Reflexives
Example:
Me lavo, Te lavas, Se lava, Nos lavamos, Os laváis, Se lavan

16. Por and Para
•Motion or a general location Por allí / Por aquí
•Duration of an action Por ejemplo
•Reason or motive for an action Por eso
P •Object of a search
•Means by which
Pon fin
Por lo general
O •Exchange or substitution
•Unit of Measure
Por los menos
Por lo tonto
R
•Agent (passive) Por lo visto
• Destination (toward, in the direction of)
•Deadline or a specific time in the future
P •Purpose or goal + [infinitive]
•Purpose + [noun]
A •Recipient
•Comparison with others or opinions
R •Employment
A
No estar para bromas, no ser para tanto, para
colmo
Para que sepas, para siempre

17. To Become