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1. CARBON AND ITS
COMPOUNDS
SCIENCE HOLIDAY HOMEWORK

2. WHAT IS CARBON?
• Food, clothes, medicines, books, or many other
things are all based on carbon.
• The amount of carbon present in the Earth’s
crust and atmosphere is quite meagre.
• The Earth’s crust has only 0.02% carbon in the
form of minerals (like carbonates, hydrogen
carbonates, coal and petroleum) and the
atmosphere has 0.03% of carbon dioxide.
• In spite of this small amount of carbon available
in nature, the importance of carbon seems to be
immense.

3. THE COVALENT BOND
• The relativity of an element is explained as their
tendency to attain a completely filled outer shell,
i.e., attain noble gas configuration.
• In the case of carbon, it has four electrons in its
outermost shell and needs to gain or lose four
electrons to attain noble gas configuration.
I] It could gain four electrons forming C4- anion.
Nut it would be difficult for the nucleus with 6
protons to hold on to 10 electrons.
II] it could lose four electrons forming C4+. But it
would require a large amount of energy to
remove four electrons leaving behind a carbon
cation with 6 protons holding just 2 electrons.

4. • Carbon overcomes this problem by sharing its
valence electrons with other atoms of carbon or
with atoms of other elements.
• The simplest molecule formed in this manner is
that of Hydrogen is 1. hence hydrogen has one
electron in its K shell and it requires one more
electron to fill the K shell. So two hydrogen
atoms share their electrons to form a molecule
of Hydrogen, H2. this allows each Hydrogen
atom to attain the electronic configuration of the
nearest noble gas, Helium, which has two
electrons in its K shell.
• In the case of Oxygen, we see the formation of a
double bond between in its L shell.

5. HYDROGEN: SUNGLE BOND
OXYGEN: DOUBLE BOND
NITROGEN: TRIPLE BOND

6. ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
• The element carbon occurs in different forms in
nature with widely varying physical properties.
Both Diamond and Graphite are formed by
carbon atoms, the difference lies in the manner
in which the carbon atoms are bonded to four
other carbon atoms in the same plane giving a
hexagonal array.

7. VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON
• Carbon has the unique ability to form bonds
with other atoms of carbon, giving rise to large
molecules. This property is called catenation.
These compounds may have long chains of
carbon, branched chains of carbon or even
carbon atoms arranged in rings.
• Since carbon has a valency of four, it is capable
of bonding with four other atoms of carbon or
atoms of some other mono - valent element.
Compounds of carbon are formed with oxygen,
hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine and many
other elements other than carbon present in the
molecule.

8. SATURATED AND UNSATURATED
COMPOUNDS
• The compounds of carbon, which are linked by
only single bonds between the carbon atoms are
called saturated compounds. They are less
reactive than unsaturated carbon compounds.
• Compounds of carbon having double or triple
bonds between carbon atoms are called
unsaturated carbons. They are more reactive
than saturated carbon compounds.

9. CHAINS, BRANCHES AND RINGS
• The compounds with different structures but
with identical molecular formula are called
structural isomers.
• A carbon compound can be formed in addition
to chain, braches also in the form of a ring. Ex:
Cyclohexane.
• Straight, branched chain and cyclic carbon
compounds, all may be saturated or unsaturated.
Ex: Benzene.
• All these carbon compounds which contain just
carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.
• The saturated hydrocarbons are called alkenes.
• The unsaturated hydrocarbons are called
alkynes.

10. C4H10 – Branched chain
CYCLOHEXANE – C6H12
BENZENE – C6H6

11. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• In compounds element replacing hydrogen is
referred to as a heteroatom.
• These heteroatom's and the group containing
these confer specific properties, regardless of the
length and nature of the carbon chain and hence
are called functional groups.

12. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
• Carbon atoms are linked together to form a chain.
• The presence of a functional group indicates the properties of that
group.
• The general formula for alkenes can be written as CnH2n, where n = 2,
3, 4.
Methane - CH4
Ethane - C2H6
Propane - C3H8
Butane - C4H10
Pentane - C5H12

13. NOMENCLATURE
• Naming a carbon compound can be done by the
following method-
1) Identify the number of carbon atoms in the
compound.
2) In case a functional group is present, it is indication
in the name of the compound with either a prefix
or a suffix.
3) If the name is given a suffix, the name of the
carbon chain is modified by deleting the final ‘e’
and adding the appropriate suffix.
4) If the carbon chain is unsaturated the final letter
‘ane’ in the name of the carbon chain is substituted
by ‘ene’ or ‘yne’.

14. CHEMICAL PROPERITES OF CARBON
COMPOUNDS

16. SOME IMPORTANT CARBON
COMPOUNDS
• ETHANOL:
1) Ethanol is a colourless liquid with a pleasant
smell and burning taste.
2) it is soluble in water
3) Ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium
ethoxide and hydrogen.
2C2H5OH + 2Na -------- 2C2H5ONa + H2
4) Ethanol reacts with hot concentrated H2SO4 to
form ethene and water.

17. • ETHANOIC ACID:
1) Ethanoic acid is commonly called as acetic acid.
2) It belongs to carboxylic acid group.
3) 5-8% of ethanoic acid in water is called vinegar.
4) It often freezes during winter that's why it is
also called glacial acetic acid.

18. SOAPS
SOAPS:
• Most dirt is in oily in nature and oil does not
dissolve in water.
• The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium
salts of long-carbon carboxylic acids.
• The ionic-end of a soap dissolves in water while
the carbon chain dissolves in oil. The soap
molecules, thus form structures called micelles,
where one end of the molecules is towards the
oil droplet while the ionic end faces outside.

19. DETERGENT
• The bating foam is formed in an insoluble
substance after washing the water. This is caused
by the reaction of soap with the calcium and
magnesium salts.
• This problem is overcome by using detergents.
• Detergents are generally ammonium or
sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
The charged ends of these compounds do not
form insoluble precipitates with the calcium and
magnesium.

20. THANK YOU...
MADE BY: C.ABHIRAM
CLASS: X-B
ROLL NUMBER: 29