Polymer

Abhijit Sir
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by
Abhijit Debnath
Assistant Professor, NIET Pharmacy Institute
Innovation Ambassador- IIC (A Ministry of Education
Initiative)
Innovation Activity Coordinator, IIC of NIET Pharmacy

Abhijit Sir
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Polymers

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 Polymer: Polymers are complex and giant molecules formed by the union of small molecules called monomers.
 Monomer: The individual small and simple molecules from which the polymer is formed are known as monomer
 Polymerization: The process by which the monomer molecules are linked to form a big polymer molecule is called
polymerization ex:polyethylene

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 The term “Polymer" derives from the ancient Greek word πολύς (polus, meaning "many, much") and μέρος (meros,
meaning "parts"), and refers to a molecule whose structure is composed of multiple repeating units, from which
originates a characteristic of high relative molecular mass and attendant properties. The units composing polymers
derive, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
 Polymers are more commonly referred to as “plastics” since people are more familiar with plastic products.
 The first semisynthetic polymer ever made was guncotton (cellulose nitrate) by Christian.F . in 1845.
 In 1872, Bakelite, a strong and durable synthetic polymer.

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 The term was coined in 1833 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, though with a
definition distinct from the modern IUPAC definition.
 The modern concept of polymers as covalently bonded
macromolecular structures was proposed in 1920 by Hermann
Staudinger, who spent the next decade finding experimental
evidence for this hypothesis.
 A polymer is a macromolecule, made up of many smaller repeating
units called monomer. formed by a process called Polymerization.
 Polymers have high molecular weight in the range of several
thousand or even higher.
 The first synthetic organic polymer polyvinylchloride was
synthesized in 1838 by accidentally.
 Later, polystyrene was discovered in 1839.

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 Low Density.
 Low coefficient of friction.
 Good corrosion resistance.
 Good mould ability.
 Excellent surface finish can be obtained.
 Can be produced with close dimensional tolerances.
 Economical.
 Poor tensile strength.
 Low mechanical properties.
 Poor temperature resistance.
 Can be produced transparent or in different colours.
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Characteristics of Polymers

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 Based on the chemical structure of monomer
i)Homo polymer- Identical monomers (Polyethylene)
ii)copolymer- Monomers with different chemical structure (Buna-S: butadiene and styrene)
 Based on the arrangement of monomer in the structure
i)Homo Polymer:
a)Linear, b)branched
c)Cross linked or 3-D polymer
ii)Co polymer:
a)Linear: They are following types-
-Regular,
-Alternating,
-Block ,
-Random,
b)Branched: Graft copolymer
c)Cross-linked copolymer
 Based on atoms in the main chain
i)Homochain polymer - Homochain polymer: Main chain is made up of same species of atoms Ex. PVC.
ii)heterochain polymer- Main chain is made up of different atoms Ex. Nylon 6:6 (mer).
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Nomenclature of Polymer

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Examples of Polymers
 Polythene- The first commercially
produced polymer is also the simplest and
most common: polythene. Its systematic
name is poly(ethene) meaning it is a
polymer made from the monomer, ethene.
Ethene is a small molecule containing two
carbon atoms linked by a double bond and
four hydrogen atoms, two bonded to each
carbon.
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 Poly(propene)- Other polymers can be made in this way.
 Poly(propene) is very similar to poly(ethene).
 It is made from propene which has three carbon atoms, two of which are joined by a double bond.
 When it reacts to become a polymer (polymerises), the long chain is similar to poly(ethene) except that
every other carbon atom has a methyl (CH3-) group attached to it.
 Varied Uses-
 The properties of this type of polymer depend on the regularity of the arrangement of the chains.
 If they are lined up in a regular way, they are strong, hard materials.
 If they are more irregular, or there are more side-chains on the molecules, they are more flexible.
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 Amide Linkages- One of the most common molecules
in biochemistry is a type of polymer called protein.
 These are made up from monomers known as
amino acids and they are joined by an amide
linkage.
 These linkages are made by a carboxylic acid group
(-COOH) reacting with an amine group (-NH2)
forming the linkage (- NHCO-) and eliminating
water.
 This linkage is the basis of another type of
synthetic polymers, the Nylons.
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 Nylon- Whereas proteins use monomers with both a carboxylic acid and
an amine in the same molecule.
 Nylons are made using two types of monomer.
 These are dicarboxylic acids and diamines.
 The first nylon synthesised used one monomer with a chain of four
carbons with a carboxylic acid group on each end and another
monomer with a six carbon chain with an amine group on each end.
 This produced a polymer with repeating units of six carbons joined
with amide linkages, but alternately reversed.
 This polymer is Nylon-6.6. Nylons are mainly used as fibres for
clothing and also other hard parts in light engineering.
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 Polyesters- The final types of polymer we will deal with
in this article are the polyesters.
 The ester linkage is a carboxylic acid group where the
hydrogen has been replaced by the carbon of
another organic group.
 Polyesters are widely used as fibres for clothes and
also for many drinks bottles.
 They are also used to make thin films for applications
such as video tape.
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 Polyurethane- A further important group of
polymers are polyurethanes.
 These are very similar to nylons, but are formed
by reacting alcohols with isocyanates and have
an amide linkage with an additional oxygen
atom in the chain.
 These polymers are softer and more elastic than
nylons and are used as a substitute for rubber
and in elastic and Lycra.
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 Homo-chain Polymer- A class of polymer in which the main chain is constructed from atoms of a single
element.
 Homochain polymers are named by placing the name or symbol of the element in the main chain
immediately before the expression '-chain polymer’,
 e.g. carbon-chain polymer or C-chain polymer; sulfur-chain polymer or S-chain polymer.
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 Heterochain Polymer- When ethene is subjected to high temperature and pressure, or reacted in the presence of a
catalyst, one of the bonds in the double bond is broken.
 Each of the carbon atoms then has a free electron which can form a covalent bond by pairing with another free
electron.
 If other ethene molecules are present, the double bond in one of them can break, and the free electron on one of
the carbons can combine with another on the original molecule.
 As this continues, a long chain of carbon atoms, bonded to one another by single covalent bonds forms. Each
carbon atom has two hydrogen atoms bonded to it.
 polycarbonate, whose molecules contain two aromatic (benzene) rings:
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 Random Copolymer- A random copolymer is a polymer comprised of two or more different mer(A mer is a
group of atoms that constitutes a polymer chain repeating unit.) units attached in a random order.
 Polifinis a resin for container used to store Parenteral solution, which is random co-polymer of ethylene or
propylene.
 The two repeated unit follows no particular sequence in the chain.
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 Alternating Co-Polymer- An alternating copolymer is a type of polymer consisting of two different repeating mer
units in which the mer units alternate positions within the chain of the molecule..

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Copolymer
 When two or more different monomers unite together to polymerize, their result is called a copolymer and its process
is called copolymerization.
 Types of copolymers
– Alternating copolymers with regular alternating A and B units (2)
– Periodic copolymers with A and B units arranged in a repeating sequence (e.g. (A-B-A-B-B-A-A-A-A-B-B-B)n)
– Statistical copolymers are copolymers in which the sequence of monomer residues follows a statistical rule. If
the probability of finding a given type monomer residue at a particular point in the chain is equal to the mole
fraction of that monomer residue in the chain, then the polymer may be referred to as a truly random
copolymer.
– Block copolymers comprise two or more homopolymer subunits linked by covalent bonds. The union of the
homopolymer subunits may require an intermediate non-repeating subunit, known as junction block. Block
copolymers with two or three distinct blocks are called diblock copolymers and tririblock copolymers, respectively.
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 Polypropene, also known as polypropylene, is made up of monomer propene.
 Polystyrene is an aromatic polymer, naturally transparent, made up of monomer styrene.
 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a plastic polymer made of monomer vinyl chloride.
 The urea-formaldehyde resin is a non-transparent plastic obtained by heating formaldehyde and urea.
 Glyptal is made up of monomers ethylene glycol and phthalic acid.
 Bakelite or polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride is a plastic which is made up of monomers phenol and aldehyde.
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Some Polymers and their Monomers

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 Polymers can be classified into a number of ways which are described below.

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 Linear Polymer-A linear polymer is represented by a chain with two ends. Also called
thermoplastic polymer because they flow when heated & thus the fabricated by the
application of heat and pressure
 Cyclic polymer -A cyclic polymer have no chain ends and show properties that are
entirely different from their linear counterparts.
 Branched polymers -Branched polymers have side chains, or branches, of significant
length which are bonded to the main chain at branch points, and are characterized in
terms of the number and size of the branches. Also called thermoplastic polymer
because they flow when heated & thus the fabricated by the application of heat and
pressure .
 Network polymer or cross-linked polymer -Network polymer or cross-linked polymer
have three dimensional structures in which each chain is connected to all others by a
sequence of junction points and other chains. But it does not contain any main chain
when compare with branched polymer. They are thermostatic polymer don’t flow
when heated & thus cant be fabricated by the application of heat and Pressure
because as polymer chains are interconnected by co-valent cross linked . So they cant
dissolved and can only swell to extent allow to by cross the density
1. Polymers can be divided into 4 types based on its skeletal structure
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 Thermoplastic Polymers: The individual chains of thermoplastic polymer are held together by van der
Waals forces. They are strong if the polymer chains are lined up in an ordered, closely packed array. This
region is called crystallites and the other where polymer chains are oriented randomly is called
amorphous. Thermoplastic polymers have both ordered crystalline regions and amorphous
noncrystalline regions. Thermoplastic polymers are hard at room temperature, but become soft when
heated, because on heating individual polymer chains slip from one another. Polyethylene, polystyrene,
polypropene and teflon are some examples for thermoplastic polymer.
 Thermosetting Polymers: The greater the degree of cross-linking makes the polymer more rigid. Such
cross-linked polymers are called thermosetting polymers. Thermosetting polymers are generally stronger
than thermoplastic polymers due to strong covalent linkage (cross- linking) between polymer chains not
by weak intermolecular van der Waals forces. They are more brittle in nature and their shape is
permanent. Once it is hardened they cannot be recycled. Melmac®, a highly cross-linked thermosetting
polymer of melamine and formaldehyde, used to make lightweight dishes. Bakelite, Urea-
formaldelyde resins, Bakelite and polyurethanes are examples for thermosetting polymers.
 Elastomers: An elastomer is a randomly oriented amorphous polymer, which stretches and then reverts
back to its original shape. To avoid slipping of polymer chains it must have some cross-linking. When
elastomers are stretched, the random chains stretch out where as the van der Waals forces are not
strong enough to maintain them in that arrangement and retains its original shape when the stress is
removed. Rubber is an example of an elastomer, buna-S, buna-N, neoprene.
 Fibers: These are thread like polymers which can be used as fabrics. The strong intermolecular forces like
hydrogen bond provide high tensile strength and high modulus to fibers. A few examples are cotton,
wool, silk, nylon, polyamides (nylon 6, 6), polyesters (terylene) etc.
2. Polymers can be classified into 4 categories based on the forces of attraction between polymer chains are thermoplastic polymers,
thermosetting polymers and elastomers..
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Thermoplastics Thermosetting polymers
1. Soften on heating
2. Long chain linear
3. By addition polymerization
4. Can be reshaped and reused
5. Soft weak and less brittle
6. Soluble in org. solvents
7. Reclaimed for wastes
1. Do not soften on heating
2. 3-D structure
3. By condensation polymerisation
4. Can not be reshaped
5. Hard and strong
6. Insoluble in org. solvents.
7. Can not be reclaimed
8. No cross links between chains.
9. Weak attractive forces between chains broken by warming.
10. Change shape - can be remoulded.
11. Weak forces reform in new shape when cold.
8. Extensive cross-linking formed by covalent bonds.
9. Bonds prevent chains moving relative to each other.
10. What will the properties of this type of plastic be like?
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 Natural Polymers-Polymers are naturally available. A few examples are:
 Nucleic Acids: Nucleic acids, such as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are
made from nucleotide monomers. Nucleic acids are found in all living things, where they function
in encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information.
 Proteins: Proteins are large biological molecules, made up of the smallest units called α-amino
acids. They are building blocks of plant and animal cells. Many proteins are enzymes that
catalyze biochemical reactions and are essential to metabolic functions.
 Natural Rubber: Natural rubber is the polymer of isoprene. This is mainly harvested as a sticky
milky colloidal form called latex from the bark of the rubber tree.
3. Depending on the source, polymers can be divided into 2 broad groups, Natural polymers or Synthetic polymers
 Polysaccharides: Polysaccharides are important class of biopolymers which are made up of long
chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides contain more
than ten monosaccharide units. Starch and glycogen are very common examples for storage
polysaccharides. Similarly, cellulose and chitin are examples for structural polysaccharides.

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 Synthetic Polymers-The polymers which are synthesized in the laboratory are called as synthetic polymers, based on the method of its
preparation they can be further classified into addition polymers and condensation polymers.
 Addition polymers: Addition polymers are formed by the sequential addition of the monomer units with the help of a
reactive in termediate such as free radicals, cation or anions without loss of small molecules. The addition polymerization
generally involves three steps called initiation, propagation and termination. These steps apply to all types of addition
polymerization such as free-radical, cation and anion. In this process alkenes are typically used as monomers and
polymerization results by successive additions across the double bonds.
• Radical polymerization results when a suitable alkene is heated with a radical initiator.
• Initiation step: On heating the initiator molecule decomposes into a radical which combines with the monomer and
forms a new radical for the chain propagation.

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 Synthetic Polymers-The polymers which are synthesized in the laboratory are called as synthetic polymers, based on the method of its
preparation they can be further classified into addition polymers and condensation polymers.
 Condensation Polymers: This type of polymers is generated by the condensation of two monomer units with the loss of
small molecules such as H2O, HCl, and NH3 etc. Here the monomer units must have two functional groups in order to
condensation reaction took place. Dacron®, nylon 6 and nylon 66 are few examples for condensation polymers.

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4. based on the Mode of Polymerization-
 Addition polymers:- polymers made by addition Formed by the repeated addition of monomer molecules possessing double or
triple bonds, ex: the formation of polythene from ethene and polypropene from propene. However, the addition polymers
formed by the polymerisation of a single monomeric species are known as homopolymers, e.G., Polythene the n polymerisation
from two different monomers are termed as copolymers, e.g., Buna-S, Buna-N, etc.
 Condensation polymer:- formed by repeated condensation reaction between two different bi-functional or tri-functional
monomeric units. The elimination of small molecules such as water, alcohol, hydrogen chloride etc. Take place, ex: terylene
(dacron), nylon 6, 6, nylon 6, etc. For example, nylon 6, 6 is formed by the condensation of hexamethylene diamine with adipic acid.

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Additional polymerisation Condensation polymerisation
1. Additional polymerization also known
as Chain polymerization
2. This polymerization yields an exact multiple of basic
monomeric molecules. This monomeric molecule
contains one or more double bonds.
By intermolecular rearrangement of these double
bonds makes the molecule bi-functional.
3. In this polymerization process light, heat and pressure
or catalyst is used to breakdown the double covalent
bonds of monomers.
4. Eg. Polymerization of ethylene at 1500 atm and a
temperature 150 -250 OC in presence of traces of
oxygen formation of polyethylene.
1. Condensation polymerization
also known as Step polymerization
2. This polymerization reaction occurring between simple
polar-group-containing monomers with the formation
of polymer and elimination of small molecules like
water, HCI, etc."
3. Eg. Hexamethylene diamine and
adipic acid condenses to form a
polymer, Nylon 6:6.
4. based on the Mode of Polymerization-

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a) Chain growth polymerisation –
b) Step growth polymerisation -
5. based on the Growth polymerisation- they are classified in two types –
a)Chain growth polymerisation –
• This polymerisation process involves the addition of molecules at the reactive end of the growing chain across the double
bond.
• Many alkenes and its derivatives undergo growth chainpolymerisation. Ex. polyethene
1.Free radical polymerisation
A variety of alkenes or dienes and their derivatives are polymerised in the presence of a free radical generating initiator (catalyst) like benzoyl
peroxide, acetyl peroxide,
tert-butyl peroxide, etc.
Chain initiation
step Chain
terminating step
2.Cationic polymerisation
Cationic initiator binds & transfers charge to monomer. Reactive monomer reacts with other
monomer to form a polymer.Active site: carbonium ion , oxonium, sulfonium or phosphonium
ion Monomers: alkoxy. phenyl, vinyl, 1,1-dialkyl-substituted alkene monomers. Initiator: provide
electrophile
eg: bronsted acids(acetic acid,HCL), Lewis acids+electron donor. Application : polyisobutylene

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3. Anionic polymerisation
• Carried out through carbonion active species.
• Monomer: vinyl monomers with substituents on double bond able to stabilise a –ve charge.
Eg: styrene, dienes, methacrylate, vinyl pyridine, aldehydes, epoxide, episulfide cyclic siloxane, and lactones
Polar monomers: Eg: acrylonitrile, cyanoacrylate, propylene oxide, vinyl ketone, acrolein, vinyl sulfone, vinyl sulfoxide,
vinylsilane andisocyanate
• Solvents- polar solvents decrease stability.
• initiation : electron transfer, strong acids.
• Propagation: very fast,low temp, heat is released.
• Termination: quenching, water, alcohol, chain transfer.
• Application :polydiene synthetic rubbers, solution styrene/butadiene rubbers (SBR), and styrenicthermoplasticelastomers
4. Ziegler-natta polymerisation
• Combination of metal alkyl and transition metal are known as ziegler natta catalyst.
• Particular important are aluminium alkyl such as aluminium triisobutyl and titanium or vanadium halides.
• Capable of polymerizing olefins, such as ethylene or propylene to very high molecular weight polymers.

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b) Step growth polymerisation –
• This type of polymerisation involve the step wise intermolecular
condensation through a series of independent reaction.
• This process involve loss of simple molecules like NH3, H20 and HC1.
• It is possible when the monomer have more than one functional
groups.
• It proceeds through the formation of dimer, trimer, tetramer, etc. Ex.
Dacron or terlyene.

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Physical Properties
 As chain length and cross-linking increases, the tensile strength of the polymer increases.
 Chain length - in general, the longer the chains the stronger the polymer;
 Side groups - polar side groups (including those that lead to hydrogen bonding) give stronger attraction between
polymer chains, making the polymer stronger;
 Branching - straight, unbranched chains can pack together more closely than highly branched chains, giving
polymers that have higher density, are more crystalline and therefore stronger.
 Cross-linking - if polymer chains are linked together extensively by covalent bonds, the polymer is harder and
more difficult to melt.
 Polymers do not melt, they change state from crystalline to semi-crystalline.
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Chemical Properties
 Compared to conventional molecules with different side molecules, the polymer is enabled with hydrogen
bonding and ionic bonding resulting in better cross-linking strength.
 Dipole-dipole bonding side chains enable the polymer for high flexibility.
 Polymers with Van der Waals forces linking chains are known to be weak, but give the polymer a low melting
point.
Optical Properties
 Due to their ability to change their refractive index with temperature
 Colour Measurement, Yellowness Index, Specular Gloss, Haze, Birefringence can be also studied

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 The polymer improves the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties
of biopharmaceuticals through various ways, such as,
 Increases the plasma half-life,
 Decreases the immmunogenicity,
 Boost stability of biopharmaceuticals,
 Improves solubility of low molecular weight drugs, and
 Potential for targeted drug delivery .
 Нe polymer
 conjugates have targeted various diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis,
 diabetes, hepatitis B and C, cancer and ischemia

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Commercial / Industrial Advantages
 Illustration of innovative/technologicalleadership
 Product life-cycle extension
 Product differentiation
 Market expansion
 Patent extension
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 It has reported that many of the polymers has some level of heterogeneity.
 Each polymer-drug conjugate molecule differs in regard to molecular weight, drug
loading and subsequent conformation.
 The complexities in synthesis and characterization increases as the conjugates
become more complex (i.e. multifunctional nanomedicines).
 It is crucial that the disparities in such properties should be minimized in order to
fulfil stringent regulatory criteria and the polymeric conjugates must be synthesized
in a reproducible manner.
 To validated methods for physiochemical characterization must also be established
to certify the quality of reproducible product.
 Exhibit dose dumping effect
 High initial drug release after administration
 Low mechanical properties

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Tablet
 Polymer are used as a Binder and Disintegrants.
 Binders which bind the powder particle in a damp mass various
polymer are used are Ethyl cellulose, HPMC, Starch, Gelatin,
polyvenylpyrrolidine. Alginic acid, Glucose, Sucrose.
 Disintegrates like Starch, cellulose, Alginates, polyvenylpyrrolidine,
sodium CMC which decrease the time of dissolution and gives fast
action of drug

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Capsule
 The various polymer are used in the capsule as the plasticizer on which
the flexibility and strength of the Gelatin are depend on it .
 The release rate of the Capsule are controlled by using the various type
of polymer

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Natural Coating agents
 Natural polymer like Shellac and zein, although still used from time to
time, are hardly able to meet present-day requirements.
 Organic solvents should be reserved for special applications only and
chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride and chloroform
are avoided altogether, since they impose a heavy load on the
environment.
 Low-molecular-weight types of methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose can also be processed as aqueous solutions.
 Ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate phthalate are available as aqueous
dispersions, so-called pseudolatexes.

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Disperse Systems
 The biphasic system are like emulsion, suspension use various polymer
for disperse one phase into another phase i.e. water phase disperse in
oil phase or vice versa the polymer like poly vinyl pyrolidine, ethyl
cellulose etc.
 Dispersed Systems consist of particulate matter known as the
dispersed phase, distributed throughout the dispersion medium with
the help of dispersing agent polymer mentioned above.
 In the oil in water in oil type emulsion the dispersion of drug content is
very difficult but it is easily produced by using polymer as a dispersing
agent.

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Film Coatings of Solid Dosage Forms
 Chitosan's film forming abilities lend itself well as a coating agent for conventional
solid dosage forms such as tablets.
 Furthermore, its gel- and matrix-forming abilities make it useful for solid dosage
forms, such as granules, micro particles, etc.
 Sakkinen and coworkers studied microcrystalline chitosan as gel-forming excipients
for matrix-type drug granules.
 Crystallinity, molecular weight, and degree of deacetylation were seen to be factors
that affected the release rates from the chitosan-based granules.
 Combination of positively charged chitosan with negatively charged biomolecules,
such as gelatin, alginic acid, and hyalouronic acid, has been tested to yield novel
matrices with unique characteristics for controlled release of drugs.

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Taste masked by spray drying
 Chitosan and drug are dissolved in suitable solvent. Sonication done by
ultracentrifuge, after stirring 24 hrs with magnetic stirrer, after completely loading
drug to polymer, complex dried by spray drying and evaluated for taste masking,
Threshold concentration of bitterness.
 Complexes characterization done with the help of XRPD, FT-IR, DSC and SEM.
 If Complexation was achieve, % of drug content was determine and equivalent
weight of complexes taken and formulate it.
 Dissolution of the chitosan – drug complexes tablet give sustain released effect.

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Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (Patches)
 In the formulation of Transdermal Patches various polymer are used. The baking
material also prepared from the polymer for supporting of drug in drug reservoir.

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Application in parenteral
 In Parenteral the various polymer like Methacrylic acid act as an Interferon inductor
which induce to the interferon in cancer like disease.
 Methacrylic acid alkyl amide is act as plasma expander which increase the plasma
level in body when admixture of drug with polymer present in body.
 Some Vaccines are transpired by using polymer because which disintegrate in GIT
tract, example Methyl methacrylate.
 In the disease diabetes the insulin are administered by using different polymer
reservoir which form bond with insulin and release at target site.

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Controlled drug delivery
 Reservoir Systems
 Matrix Systems
 Swelling Controlled Release Systems
 Biodegradable Systems
 Osmotically controlled Drug Delivery
 Reservoir Designed Transdermal Patches
 Matrix Systems
 Stimulus Responsive Drug Release
 Ultrasound Responsive Drug Release
 Temperature Responsive Drug Release
 pH Responsive Drug Release
 Electric Current Responsive Drug Release
 Polymer-Drug Conjugates

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Other Applications
 Increase stability of drug:
 Permeation Enhancer
 Gene Delivery
 Preparation of micro spheres

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Other Applications

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Applications Summary
Biomedical
Cell delivery
Drug delivery
Orthopedics
Skin treatment
Chitosan is biocompatible. Shows antimicrobial and antifungal activities, which makes
it a favorable option for biomedical applications.
Wound healing
Surgical sutures
Ophthalmology
It has been proven to be useful in tissue growth in tissue repair and accelerating
wound-healing and bone regeneration.
Bone healing
Dentistry
Pharmaceuticals
Chitosan can be incorporated into hydro gels and micro spheres which demonstrate
large potentials in delivery systems for drugs proteins and genes.

Abhijit Sir
Theabhi.in
7
Applications Summary
Nutritional
Cholesterol-lowering effects
Chitosan has strong positive charge: studies indicate that chitosan's charge helps it
bind to fats and cholesterol and initiates clotting of red blood Cells
Fiber and weight loss Effects It acts as fiber: the fiber like properties can be used to replace calories in foods.
Cosmetics
Skin care
Hair care
Oral care
Chitosan's strong positive charge allows it to bind to negatively charged surfaces such
as hair and skin which makes it a useful ingredient in hair and skin products,

Abhijit Sir
TheAbhi.in
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Polymer

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