Immunity, Types of immunity- humoral immunity, cellular immunity

1. Immunity
16 July 2021 Abhijit Debnath BP605T and Biotech Unit-1 1
CO1.1
Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology
(Pharmacy Institute) Greater Noida
Abhijit Debnath
Asst. Professor
NIET, Pharmacy
Institute
Unit: 3
Subject Name: Biotechnology
(BP605T)
Course Details
(B. Pharm 6th Sem)

2. Immunity
16 July 2021 Abhijit Debnath BP605T and Biotech Unit-1 2
 Introduction to Immunity
 Types of Immunity
 Humoral Immunity
 Cellular Immunity
CO1.1
Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology
(Pharmacy Institute) Greater Noida

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• Immunity is the ability of human body to resist almost all kinds of organisms
and toxins that tends to damage the tissues and organs. Fungi, Protozoans,
Bacteria and viruses are all potential pathogens.
• Immunity broadly involves the resistance shown, and protection offered by the
host organism against the infectious diseases.
IMMUNITY CO3.1
• The immune system consists of a complex network of cells and molecules, and their interactions.
• It is specifically designed to eliminate infectious organisms from the body.
• This is possible since the organism is capable of distinguishing the self from non-self, and eliminate non-self

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IMMUNE SYSTEM IS COMPLEX CO3.1

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THREE LEVELS OF IMMUNE DEFENCE CO3.1

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PHYSICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIER CO3.1
 The skin is the largest organ in the human body, constituting about 15% of the
adult body weight.
 The skin provides mechanical barrier to prevent the entry of microorganisms and
viruses.
 The acidic (pH 3-5) environment on the skin surface inhibits the growth of certain
microorganisms.
 The sweat contains an enzyme lysozyme that can destroy bacterial cell wall.
 Any infectious agent attempting to gain entry to the body must first breach these
surfaces that are largely impermeable to microorganisms; this is why cuts and
scrapes that breach these physical barriers are often followed by infection.

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THREE LEVELS OF IMMUNE DEFENCE CO3.1

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 Innate immunity (also called natural or native immunity) consists of cellular and
biochemical defense mechanisms that are in place even before infection and are
poised to respond rapidly to infections.
 These mechanisms react to products of microbes and injured cells, and they
respond in essentially the same way to repeated exposures.
 The mechanisms of innate immunity are specific for structures that are common
to groups of related microbes and may not distinguish fine differences between
microbes.
INNATE IMMUNITY CO3.1

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 Highly effective defense layer that is largely preoccupied with trying to kill
infectious agents from the moment they enter the body.
 Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection through the production of chemical
factors, including specialized chemical mediators called cytokines
 Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells, and
promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells
 Identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood
and lymph, by specialized white blood cells
 The actions of the innate immune system are also responsible for alerting the
cells that operate the third level of defense: the adaptive (or acquired) Immune
system.
INNATE IMMUNITY CO3.1

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Cells Functions
Neutrophils Wound healing, Recruits neutrophils and macrophages
Basophils Release histamine
Eosinophils Secrete toxic proteins and free radicals & killing parasites
Macrophages Can phagocytose bacteria or other cells or microbes.
Mast cells Recognize harmful antigens by binding to pathogens directly
Dendritic cells To capture, process, and present antigens to adaptive immune
cells
Natural killer cells Destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-
infected cells
INNATE IMMUNITY CO3.1

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THREE LEVELS OF IMMUNE DEFENCE CO3.1

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 Adaptive immunity is composed of specialized, systemic cells and processes that
eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.
 Highly specific to each pathogen the body has encountered.
 Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a
specific pathogen and leads to an enhanced response to future encounters with
that pathogen.
 Antibodies are a critical part of the adaptive immune system.
 Adaptive immunity can provide long-lasting protection, sometimes for the
person's entire lifetime.
 Cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known
as lymphocytes: B cells and T cells
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY CO3.1

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ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY CO3.1

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ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY CO3.1

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ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY CO3.1

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ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY CO3.1
 Humoral Immunity
 Releases antibodies and assists
activation of T cells
 Immunoglobulins-Antibodies
 Cell-mediated immunity
 CD4+ Th (T helper) cells: activate and regulate T and B cells
 CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells: virus-infected and tumor cells.
 γδ T cells: bridge between innate and adaptive immune
responses; phagocytosis
 Regulatory (suppressor) T cells: Returns the functioning of
the immune system to normal operation after infection;
prevents autoimmunity
 MHC Class

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ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY CO3.1

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ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY CO3.1

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ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY CO3.1

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INNATE & ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY CO3.1

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INNATE & ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY CO3.1

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INNATE & ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY CO3.1

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COORDINATION BETWEEN IMMUNE CELLS CO3.1

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COORDINATION BETWEEN IMMUNE CELLS CO3.1