Presentation given by Divya Chauhan

1. PRESENTATION ON
POLYMERS
Presented by-
M.PHARM(PHARMACEUTICS)
DIVYA CHAUHAN

2. CONTENTS:-
* Introduction
* Definition
* Classification of polymers
* Biodegradable polymers and Non-
biodegradable polymers
* Factor affecting biodegradation of
polymers
* Pharmaceutical application of
polymers

3. Introduction:-
* The Bakelite was the first synthetic polymer
produced in 1909.
* Polymers forms a very important class of
materials without which the life seems very
difficult.
* They are all around us in everyday use like
in,
Rubber
Plastic
Resins
Adhesives and adhesives tapes.

4. Definition:-
* The word polymer is derived from
Greek words,
“poly”= many and
“mers”= parts or units of high
molecular mass.
* “Polymer” is a set of macromolecules
formed by monomers OR Substance
composed of macromolecules.

5. Cond…
* Macromolecules:-
Polymer are giant molecules of high
molecular weight, called
‘macromolecule'.
* Monomers:-
A long molecule made up from lot’s of
small molecules called ‘monomers’.

6. Classification of polymers:-
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION POLYMER TYPE
Origin Natural, Semi-Synthetic, Synthetic
Thermal Response Thermoplastic, Thermosetting
Mode of formation Addition, Condensation
Line structure Linear, Branched, Cross-linked
Application and Physical
Properties
Rubber, Plastic, Fibers
Tacticity Isotactic, Syndiotactic, Atactic
Crystallinity Non-Crystalline, Semi-Crystalline,
Crystalline
Polarity Polar, Non-Polar
Chain Hetro-Chain, Homo-Chain

7. Cond…
On the basis of origin:-
Natural
The polymers, which occur in nature
are called natural polymer also known
as biopolymers.
E.g.-rubber,
natural silk,
cellulose,
starch,
proteins,
Semi-
Synthetic
They are the chemically modified
natural polymers.
E.g.-cellulosic,
cellulose nitrate,
methyl cellulose,
Synthetic
The polymer which has been
synthesized in the laboratory is known
as synthetic polymer.
E.g.-polyvinyl
alcohol,
polyethylene,
polystyrene,
polypropylene,

8. On the basis of thermal
response:-
Thermoplastic
polymers
They can be softened or
plasticized repeatedly on
application of thermal
energy, without much
change in properties.
E.g.- PVC,
Polyolefins,
Nylons,
Sealing wax,
Thermosetting
polymers
Some polymers undergo
certain chemical
changes on heating and
convert themselves into
infusible mass are
known as thermosetting
polymers.
E.g.- Phenolic,
Diene rubber,
Epoxy resins,
Urea,

9. On the basis of mode of
formation:-
Addition
They are formed from
simple addition of monomer
molecules to each by a
chain mechanism. This
process is called addition
polymerization.
E.g.- polyethylene,
polypropylene,
polystyrene,
Condensation
They are formed by
intermolecular reaction
between bifunctional and
polyfunctional monomers
units having reactive
functional groups as-
COOH,OH,NH2
E.g.-Cellulose

10. On the basis of line structure:-
Linear polymer
If the monomers units
are joined in a linear
fashion.
E.g.- Linear
homopolymer,
Linear copolymer,
Branched polymer
When monomer unit are
joined in branched
manner.
E.g.- Branched
homopolymer,
Branched copolymer,
Cross linked polymer
If the monomer units are
joined together in a
chain fashion.
E.g.-Cross linked
homopolymer,
Cross linked
copolymer,

11. Application & physical properties:-
Rubber(Elastomers)
Rubber is high
molecular weight
polymer with long
flexible chain and weak
intermolecular forces.
Tensile strength range-
300-3000psi
E.g.- Natural and
Synthetic rubber
Plastics
Plastics are relatively
tough substances with
high molecular weight
that can be molded
with the application of
heat.
Tensile strength range-
4000-15000psi
E.g- Polyethylene,
Polystyrene,
Fibers
Fibers are long- chain
polymers characterized
by highly crystalline
region. Lower elasticity
than plastics.
T. S-20,000-150,000.
E.g.-Sisal
Ramie

12. Tacticity basis:-
* It may be defined as the geometric arrangement
(orientation) of the characteristic group of monomer
unit with respect to the main chain (backbone) of
the polymers.
* On the basis of structure, it can be classified in to
three groups-
* ISOTACTIC
* SYNDIOTACTIC
* ATACTIC

13. Cond…
Isotactic Polymer:-
It is the type of polymer in which the characteristic
group are arranged on the same side of the main
chain.
E.g.-
Syndiotactic Polymer:-
If the side group are arranged in an alternate fashion.
E.g.-
CH CH2
CH CH2 CH CH2
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH CH2
CH CH CH2 CH
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3

14. Cond…
Atactic Polymer:-
If the alternate group are arranged in irregular
fashion. It has proper strength and more elasticity.
E.g.-
CH CH2
CH CH2 CH CH2
CH3
CH
CH3
CH3
CH3

15. Cond…
CRYSTALLINE
NON- CRYSTALLINE
SEMI-CRYSTALLINE
E.g.- Polystyrene
E.g.-Polyamide
POLARITY
POLAR
NON-POLAR
E.g.-PMMA
E.g.-PTFE
CHAIN
HETRO-CHAIN
HOMO-CHAIN
E.g.-Nylon, Teylene
E.g.- PVC
BASIS TYPE EXAMPLE

16. On the basis of degradability:-
* Biodegradable polymers:-
Can be defined as polymers that are degradable in vivo,
either enzymatically or nonenzymatically, to produce
biocompatible or nontoxic by-products.
E.g.-
Gelatin
Collagen
Dextrin
Starch
Cellulose derivatives
Polyamides

17. Non- Biodegradable
Polymers
These polymers do not degrade in water or
biological environment.
E.g.-
Polyethylene (-CH2-CH2-)n
Polypropylene (-CH-CH2-)
CH3

18. Factor affecting biodegradation
of polymer:-
Chemical structure
Chemical composition
Molecular weight
Processing condition
Configuration structure
Shape
Site of implication
Sterilization process
Presents of ionic groups
Morphology

19. Pharmaceutical Application Of
Polymers:-
* Coatings on devices (e.g.-to improve blood
compatibility).
* Devices (e.g., implantable drug delivery systems).
* Implants (e.g., bone pins and screws, articulating
surface
in artificial joints).
* Catheters and dialysis tubing.
* Vascular graft.
* Membranes for oxygenation and detoxification.
* Injectable drug delivery and imaging systems.
* Membrane and porous scaffolds for tissue
regenerative applications.

20. THANK YOU…..