First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery.

1. FIRST AID
Mr. Abhay Rajpoot (MD)
College of Nursing SGPGIMS

13. “Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)”

14. DEFINITION
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the manual application of chest
compressions and ventilations to patients in cardiac arrest, done with an
effort to maintain viability

15. INDICATION:
 Road Traffic Accident
 Drowning
 Electric Shock
 Airway Obstruction
 Cardiac Arrest

16. CONTRAINDICATION:
 Do-not-resuscitate (DNR)

17. CHAIN OF SURVIVAL:

19. POSITIONING
Positioning for CPR:
 CPR is most easily and effectively performed by laying the patient supine
on a relatively hard surface, which allows effective compression of the
sternum.
 Delivery of CPR on a mattress or other soft material is generally less
effective.
 The person giving compressions should be positioned high enough above
the patient to achieve sufficient leverage, so that he or she can use body
weight to adequately compress the chest.

20. Remember to spell C-A-B
Compressions: Restore blood circulation
1. Place the heel of one hand over the centre of the person's chest,
between the nipples. Place other hand on top of the first hand. Keep
elbows straight and position shoulders directly above hands.
2. Use upper body weight (not just arms) as pushing straight down on
(compress) the chest

21. CONTI…
Compression rate:
 In adult victims of cardiac arrest, it is reasonable for rescuers to
perform chest compressions at a rate of 100 to 120/min.
Compression depth:
 During manual CPR, rescuers should perform chest compressions to a
depth of at least 2 inches (5 cm) for an average adult, while avoiding
excessive chest compression depths (greater than 2.4 inches [6 cm])
Chest recoil:
 It is reasonable for rescuers to avoid leaning on the chest between
compressions, to allow full chest wall recoil for adults in cardiac arrest.
 If not trained in CPR, continue chest compressions until there are signs
of movement or until emergency medical personnel take over.

23. Airway: Open the airway
Some signs of obstructed airway include poor air exchange, high pitch
noise while breathing and inability to speak.
If rescuer trained in CPR and performed 30 chest compressions, open the
person's airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver. Put palm on the
person's forehead and gently tilt the head back. Then with the other hand,
gently lift the chin forward to open the airway.

24. Breathing: Breathe for the person
 Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose
breathing if the mouth is seriously injured or can't be opened.
 With the airway open (using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver), pinch
the nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth breathing and cover the person's
mouth with yours, making a seal.
 Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath
lasting one

26. Cont.…
 It may be reasonable for the provider to deliver 1 breath every 6
seconds (10 breaths per minute) while continuous chest compressions
are being performed (i.e., during CPR with an advanced airway).
 The adequacy of breath given can be determined by observing for rise
in victims chest.
 Continue CPR until there are signs of movement or emergency medical
personnel take over

31. recovery position
The recovery position refers to one of a series of variations on
a lateral recumbent or three-quarters prone position of the body. If
a person is unconscious but is breathing and has no other life-
threatening conditions, they should be placed in the recovery
position. Putting someone in the recovery position will keep their
airway clear and open. It also ensures that any vomit or fluid won't
cause them to choke.

33. DEMONSTRATION

34. STEPS
Before you begin
Immediately upon seeing the victim and Before starting CPR, check:
 Is the environment safe for the person?
 Is the person conscious or unconscious?
 If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake his or her shoulder and ask loudly, "Are
you OK?“
 Check carotid pulse for 10 seconds.
 If the person doesn't respond and two people are available, have one person call 108 or the
local emergency number and have the other person begin CPR.
 If alone and have immediate access to a telephone, call 108 or local emergency number
before beginning CPR. Get the AED, if one is available.
 As soon as an AED is available, deliver one shock if instructed by the device, then begin
CPR.
 Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.
 Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.

35. DEFIBRILLATORS
Defibrillators are devices that send an electric pulse or shock to the
heart to restore a normal heartbeat. They are used to prevent or
correct an arrhythmia, an uneven heartbeat that is too slow or too
fast. If the heart suddenly stops, defibrillators can also help it beat
again.
Different types of defibrillators work in different ways. Automated
external defibrillators (AEDs), which are now found in many public
spaces, are used to save the lives of people experiencing cardiac
arrest. Even untrained bystanders can use these devices in
an emergency.

50. Thank You