2. Unconscious casualty
On finding unconscious casualty we check for
breathing so we have three cases
1. If breathing we put in recovery position and keep
following his breath .
2. If not breathing but has pulse we start artificial
respiration (mouth to mouth respiration ).
3. If not breathing and has no pulse we start heart
compression and artificial respiration (CPR).
3. IF NOT BREATHING
With the casualty lying flat on his back, open the airway by making sure
that head is tilted back whilst lifting the chin up-wards and forward and
clear the airway.
Open the mouth and mop out any obvious obstructions such as blood,
vomit or secretions. If dentures are worn only remove them. Use your
fingers, handkerchief or a clean piece of cloth.
Then start Mouth to Mouth respiration.
4. STILL NOT BREATHING
BEGIN ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION AT ONCE
Open the airway by making sure that the head is tilted back whilst lifting
the chin upwards and forwards.
Work from the side in a convenient position.
Pinch the casualty nose with your index finger and thumb. After taking a
full breath, seals your lips about the patient’s mouth and blow to his
mouth until you see the chest rise. This should take about 2 seconds for
full inflation.
Give two effective inflation quickly, then note the colour of the face and lips is
improving.
5. NOT BREATHING AND HEART STOPPED
we start CPR at once (Cardio Pulmonary
Resuscitation):CPR is a first aid technique that can be used if someone is not breathing
properly or if their heart has stopped.
CPR is a skill that everyone can learn — you don’t need to be a health professional to do it.
Try to stay calm if you need to do CPR. Performing CPR may save a person’s life.
If you know CPR, you might save the life of a family member or friend.
Start CPR as soon as possible
CPR involves chest compressions and mouth-to-mouth (rescue breaths) that help circulate
blood and oxygen in the body. This can help keep the brain and vital organs alive.
6. CPR (cardio pulmonary resuscitation)
If no heart beat is felt, the heart is stopped. Must begin chest compression
at once. Unless circulation is restored, the brain will be without oxygen and
the person will be dead in 6 minutes.
The casualty must be lying on his back on a hard surface.
Press (1/2 second duration, 100 times a minute) firmly and rapidly on the
middle of the lower half of the breast bone sufficient to produce a
downward movement of about 4-5 cm.
Artificial respiration must also be carried out when giving heart
compression since breathing stop when the heart stops. It can be given by
one person alternately compressing 30 times and then filling the lungs
with air twice or, ideally , by 2 people - one giving heart compression and
other giving artificial respiration, at a ratio of 5 chest compression to 1
lung inflation.
Listen again for heart sounds and feel the neck pulse. If they are heard,
stop heart compression but continue with artificial respiration until natural
respiration is restored.
11. ALTERNATIVE METHODOF ARTIFICIALRESPIRATION
SILVESTER METHOD
In some instances, mouth to mouth respiration cannot be used. For
instance, certain toxic and caustic materials present a hazard to the
rescuer. The mouth to mouth respiration should be avoided if the casualty
has corrosive burns around his mouth or if he has ingested or inhaled any
toxic substance.
Lay the patient on his back on the firm surface. Raise the shoulder under a
cushion, folded jacket or some other way.
Kneel astride the patient’s head, turn head to one side to clear out the
mouth. Grasp his wrist, cross them over the lower part of his chest.
Rock your body forward and press down on the patient chest. Release the
pressure and with the sweeping movement, draw the patient’s arms
backwards and outwards as far as possible. Repeat the procedure
rhythmically ( 12 times per minute). Keep the mouth clear.
See picture next page.
15. Follow these steps before starting CPR. (Use the phrase “doctor’s ABCD” — DRS ABCD —
to help you remember the first letter of each step.)
16. Automated External
Defibrillator (AED)
AED is a portable electronic device that
automatically diagnoses the life-threatening
cardiac arrhythmias of ventricular fibrillation
(VF), and is able to treat them through
defibrillation
22. TRANSPPORTING CASUALTY
THE NIEL-ROBERTSON STRETCHER
A good general-purpose stretcher for use on board ship, it is easily carried,
gives firm support to the patient, and is particularly useful in narrow
spaces, when difficult corner have to be negotiated, or when the patient
have to be hoisted.
23. PREPARING FOR TRANSPORT OF
CASUALTY
Preparing for lift
The arms can be strapped inside or
outside the chest section of the
stretcher,depending on the injuries.
25. MOVING CASUALTY VERTICALLY
By transporting casualty by
stretcher vertically always
note to steady the
stretcher’s movement, a
rope goes to the foot of
the stretcher to helper
below.
