A presentation useful to the 8th graders in the cbse stream.

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2. G: LESSON 3
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3. WHAT ARE MINERAL RESOURCES?
•A mineral is a naturally occurring
substance found in the crust of the
earth.
• with specific chemical
compositions
•& physical properties such as
color, hardness,
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Geologists define mineral as
Homogenous naturally occuring
substance with a definable
internal
Structure.
Rocks are combinations of
homogenous substances called
minerals.

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• Un evenly distributed
• Obtained from different layers of rocks
• Many are scarce
What are the uses of iron?
Hematite
Magnetite

16. MAJOR PRODUCERS OF MINERALS
• •IRON: Ukrain, USA, China, Brazil, India.
• In India: Odisha, Jhrkhand, Chatisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh
•COPPER: uses? Producers: Chilke,
USA, Canada, Russia.
•India: less reserves. Jharkhand,
Rajasthan.
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18. • BAUXITE: Ore of Aluminium.
• Producers: Australia, Jamaica, Brazil.
• Minerals are limited.
• Population increases. Demand also .
• Europe, USA & japan use 70% of
minerals.
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19. USES OF MINERALS
• • Minerals are used in many industries.
• Minerals which are used for gems are
usually hard.
• Copper is used in everything from coins to
pipes.
• Silicon, used in the computer industry is
obtained from quartz.
• Aluminum obtained from its ore bauxite is
used in automobiles and airplanes, bottling
industry, buildings and even in kitchen
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20. CONSERVATION OF MINERALS
• • Minerals are a non-renewable resource.
• It takes thousands of years for the formation and
concentration of minerals.
• The rate of formation is much smaller than the rate
at which the humans consume these minerals.
• It is necessary to reduce wastage.
• Recycling of metals is another way.
• Find substitutes.
• Reduce use
• Reduce wastage.
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21. ENERGY RESOURCES
• What is energy?
• What are the 3 ways to obtain energy?
• Direct heating, stored energy [battery]
• [sun, fire]
• electricity
•
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22. USES
• Highly used in industrial regions.
• USA: 5 % of population- 25% of energy.
• Per capita consumption is 25 times more than Indians.
• Largest amount is from Thermal plants.
• Use fossil fuels. What are fossils?
• What are reservoir rocks?
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23. SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY?
• Thermal
• Hydel
• Nuclear,
• Geothermal
• Solar
• Wind
• Tidal…… divided into Conventional & Non
conventional sources. Categorise it.
• Network of line is: GRID.
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24. CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
• • Conventional sources of energy are those which
have been in common use for a long time.
Firewood and fossil fuels are the two main
conventional energy sources.
• Distribution of fossil fuels:
• COAL: „Buried sunshine‟- most common
fossil fuel- quality & quantity depends on
depth & pressure/ heat.
• Producers: China, USA, Germany, Russia, S.
Africa.
• India: W. Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar
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25. COAL
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Coal
Anthracite : 90% Carbon content
Bituminous: 70- 90%
Peat: 60- 70%
Lignite: less than 50%

26. PETROLEUM
• From the layers of sedimentary rocks, oil fields,
costal regions. Called as: “black gold”.
• Crude oil is refined.
• which are the various products?
• Uses?
• Producers; Iran, Iraq, S. Arabia, USA, Russia.
• India: Assam, Mumbai High.
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27. NATURAL GAS
• Found with Petroleum deposits
• Industrial & domestic fuel.
• Major Producers: Russia, Norway, UK.
• HYDEL POWER:
• Water- turbans moving blades.
Turns generators.
• 25% of energy in world.
• Producers: China, Paraguay, Norway, Brazil..
• India: Bhakra Nangal, Nagarjuna Sagar, Gandhi Sagar,
Damodar Valley..
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28. NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
• Why?
• Advantages?
• 1. SOLAR: cells & solar panels. - energy stored.
• Used for many purposes.
• Ideal for tropical nations
• India- high potentiality.
• 2.WIND: inexhaustible resource- Mills- rotating leaves- to
generator-
• Ideal in coastal, mountain valleys.
• Limitation?
• Producers: Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, UK, USA
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30. NUCLEAR ENERGY
• From the nuclei of atoms
• Nuclear fission-
• Uranium, thorium
• Producers: USA, Europe
• India: N. plants: Kalpakkam, Tarapur, Kota, Narora,
Kaiga
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31. GEO THERMAL
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• Heat energy obtained from the earth
• Hot springs near surface
• Largest plant in USA
• New Zealand, Iceland, Philippines, C.America
• India: Manikaran[ HP]
• Puga Valley [ Ladakh]

32. TIDAL ENERGY
• Dams, at narrow openings, coastal regions.
• High tide time, water enters , rotate turbans.
• producers: Russia, France.
• India: Gulf of Kachch.
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33. BIOGAS
• Organic waste- plants / animals, kitchen waste,
cow dung..
• Decomposition- by bacteria-
• Biogas, a mixture of Methane & carbon di oxide.
• Used fro cooking, lighting.
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34. SAVE ENERGY
• Save energy
• “Energy saved is energy generated”.
• Questions.
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