2. CONTENTS
โข Introduction.
โข Types of minerals- Ferrous, Non-ferrous, Non-metallic and Rock.
โข Conservation of minerals.
โข Energy resources.
โข Conventional sources of energy.
โข Non-conventional sources of energy.
โข Conservation of energy resources.
โข Conclusion.
3. INTRODUCTION
We use a lot of minerals in our day to day life, they vary from metals like copper (used
for power transmission cables), gold(used for making ornaments) etc. minerals are
present in our food too.
Minerals usually occur in ores. Ores that are used for commercial extraction of minerals
has a high concentration of the mineral.
Geologists define minerals as a homogenous naturally occurring substance with a
definable internal structure i.e., composition.
For example, diamond is made of carbon atoms arranged in a particular structure. Thus
every particular mineral has a unique chemical composition.
4. TYPES OF MINERALS
Minerals can be divided broadly into four types:
Ferrous minerals: This type of minerals include and manganese ore
1. Iron ore: It is the most important mineral resource. magnetite, with 70% iron conc. is
the finest iron ore, however hematite is most widely used in commercial extraction
due to high availability. The major iron belts of India are - Odisha Jharkhand belt,
Durg Bastar Chandrapur belt, Ballari Chitradurga Chikmagalur belt and Maharashtra
Goa belt.
2. Manganese is mainly used in steel and ferro-manganese alloys, bleaching powder and
paints. Odisha is the largest producer of manganese in India in 2000-01
5. TYPES OF MINERALS
Non ferrous minerals:
1. Copper: Copper is a malleable, ductile and good conductor of electricity and heat,
but India is deficit in copper. The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri mines in
Rajasthan and Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper.
2. Bauxite: Bauxite is the ore used for commercial aluminium production. It is important
as itโs alloys have both, good strength and lightness along with good conductivity and
great malleability.
6. TYPES OF MINERALS
Non metallic minerals:
Mica: It is a mineral made of a series of plates or leaves. These plates split into very thin
sheets. It can be clear, black, green, red yellow, or brown. Due to itโs di -electric
strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage make
it very important in the electronic industries. They are found in the northern Chota
Nagpur plateau, Jharkhand.
7. TYPES OF MINERALS
Rock minerals:
Limestone: It is a sedimentary rock found in association with rocks composed of calcium
carbonates and magnesium carbonates. It is the basic raw material for the cement
industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh together share 50% of the production of Limestone in India.
8. CONSERVATION OF MINERALS
Conservation of minerals is necessary because:
โข Mineral formation is an extremely slow process. Therefore the rate of consumption
should not overshoot the rate of replenishment.
โข Minerals are a limited resource and will get exhausted if not used judicially.
โข The total volume of the workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e.,
1% of the earthโs crust.
โข Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable.
9. WAYS TO CONSERVE MINERALS
โ A well planned, concentrated effort has to be made in order to use our mineral
resources in a planned and sustainable manner.
โ Improved technologies have to be evolved in order to allow the use of low grade ores
at low costs.
โ Recycling the metals using the scrap metals and other substituents are essential.
10. ENERGY RESOURCES
Energy is required to do all activities. It is needed to cook, to provide light and heat, to
propel the vehicles and to drive machineries in industries, etcโฆ There are many ways to
generate energy.
ENERGY CAN BE GENERATED FROM:
โข Coal
โข Petroleum
โข Natural gas
โข Uranium
โข Electricity
11. CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
COAL -Coal, the most abundantly available fossil fuel, is used for power generation, to
supply energy to industry and for domestic needs. Coal is formed due to the compression
of plant material over a long period of time and is found in a variety of forms: Peat (low
heating capacity, a low carbon and high moisture content), Lignite (soft with high
moisture content), Bituminous (buried deep, subjected to increased temperatures, most
popular coal in commercial use), Anthracite (highest quality hard coal). -
In India coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages (Gondwana). The major
resources of Gondwana coal are located in Damodar valley. Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are
some of the important coalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also
contain coal deposits.
12. PETROLEUM -It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw
materials for numerous manufacturing industries. In regions of folding or domes,
petroleum occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the anticline. The oil bearing layer,
which allows oil to flow, is a porous limestone. Petroleum can also be found in the fault
traps between non-porous and porous rocks.
โ 63% of Indiaโs petroleum production is from Mumbai, 18%-Gujarat and 16%-Assam.
Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Other important oil fields: Digboi,
Naharkatia and Moran-Hugrijan.
13. NATURAL GAS -It is utilized as a source of energy and an industrial raw material in
petrochemical industries. As it emits less amounts of CO2, it is said to be environment-
friendly. Large reserves of natural gas can be found in the Krishna-Godavari basin, Mumbai
High, Andaman and Nicobar islands. The Hazira-Bijaipur-Jagdishpur cross country gas
pipeline links Mumbai High and Bassein with the power, fertilizer and industrial complexes
(key-users of natural gas) in northern and western India. Instead of liquid fuels, the use of
Compressed Natural Gas for vehicles has increased.
ELECTRICITY -Electricity has countless applications in todayโs world. It is generated
mainly in two ways:
โข By running water(renewable resource) that drives hydro turbines thereby
generating hydroelectricity- India has several multi-purpose projects producing
hydroelectric power such as the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley corporation, the Kopili
Hydel Project etc.
โข By burning fossil fuels (nonrenewable) to drive turbines to produce thermal power-
There are about 310 thermal power plants in India.
14. NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
NUCLEAR โ The nucleus of a radioactive isotope is split the neutrons
from it bombard other atoms and this reaction chain
continues. this is called nuclear fission. This process
generates heat which is used to heat up water and the
steam rotates a turbine to produce electricity
โ The common nuclear fuels are uranium-235, thorium and
plutonium
โ Uranium and thorium are found in jharkhand and aravali
ranges. The monazite sands of kerala are also rich in
thorium.
15. SOLAR โข Photovoltaic technology helps to convert sunlight into Direct Current
through semiconductors which exhibit the photovoltaic effect
โข Large solar farms are setup in India to generate electricity, though they
are not very efficient in terms of power output
โข Places like Rajasthan, Gujarat, etc have abundant sunlight throughout
the year so they can good scope for harnessing solar energy.
โข It is a renewable source of energy.
โข It can be used to generate electricity.
โข In a country like India, wind energy holds the great importance
because of large hilly, coastal and desert areas.
โข Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala,
Maharashtra and Lakshadweep contribute for effective use of
wind energy in India.
Wind power
16. BIOGAS โข It is a fuel which is a mixture of several gases that is obtained by
the decomposition of animal dung and human waste.
โข It is the most efficient use of cattle dung.
โข It improves quality of manure and prevents loss of trees.
โข This fuel is used for cooking food, to run engines and for
generating electricity.
TIDAL ENERGY
โข Large underwater turbines are installed in places with high
tidal movement. Using this the kinetic motion of the tides
are converted into electricity.
โข India has a scope for tidal energy like the gulf of cambay
and gulf of gujarat. The difference between the tide
heights must be at least 5m
โข Even Though we have a scope for tidal energy we don't
have any commercial tidal energy generation plants.
17. GEOTHERMAL โข There are 3 types in geothermal- Flash steam, Dry direct
steam, Binary cycle
โข All of them work on the same principle; that is converting
the heat energy of the earth to usable electric power
โข India has started giving importance to geothermal energy
generation. They have planned to establish the first
geothermal power plants in Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Andhra
Pradesh, West Bengal with a power output of 3MW to
5MW
18. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES
Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. As development takes place,
consumption of energy has been constantly rising all over the country. But energy must be
present for the future also. So, consumption of energy should be in a sustainable manner.
For this, only two important things are required:
โข Use of renewable resources instead of non-renewable resources.
โข Promotion of energy conservation.
19. Those measures are required for the whole nation. But what can we citizens contribute?
All we can do is simple things like switching off electricity when not in use, using public
transport instead of individual transport, using power- saving devices etcโฆ But only simple
things together bring a huge change. So, let us use our energy resources in a sustainable
manner for a better future.
CONCLUSION
20.
21. CONVENTIONAL SOURCES NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
โ Firewood โ Solar energy
โ Cattle dung cake โ Wind energy
โ Coal โ Biogas
โ Petroleum โ Geothermal
โ Natural gas โ Tidal
โ Hydel and thermal power โ Atomic energy
โ 70% of the energy requirements in the rural India are met firewood and
cattle dung cakes.
