Class:10 Geography Chapter:6

1. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Class:10
Geography, chapter6
By Tsering Chokyi
Teacher

2. Manufacturing
Industries
Valuable or
finished goods
Processing
Raw Material

3. • In modern time industries have become very
important part of an economy.
• They provide employment to large labour
force and contribute significantly in the total
national wealth/income.

4. Importance of Manufacturing
• backbone of development
• reduce the heavy dependence of people on
agriculture income
• Industrial development: eradication of
unemployment and poverty
• Increase in national income and foreign
exchange

5. Agriculture and Industries
• Not exclusive of each other
• Moves hand in hand
Globalization:
 Global competition needs to be more efficient and
competitive
 Self-sufficient is not enough goods must be of good
quality
Agriculture Industries
RAW MATERIALS
AGRICULUTURAL INPUTS

6. Contribution of Industry to National
Economy
Over the last two decades:
 The share of manufacturing sector in the GDP has
been stagnant at 17%
 Total contribution of industry to the GDP 27% out of
which 10% comes from mining, quarrying, electricity
and gas

7. • In the last decade:
 The growth of manufacturing sector 7%
 Since 2003, the growth rate 9 to10% per annum
 The desire growth rate over next year 12%
The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council
Two objectives to improve productivity:
1. through proper policy interventions by government
2. renewed efforts by the industry

8. Factor affecting
location of an
industry
Raw Material
Labour
Capital
Power
Market
• Industrialization and urbanization go hand in hand
• Cities provide market and service
• Agglomeration Economics???
• Pre-independence period industrial located mostly at
coastal areas to hinderland.

9. Classification of Industries
1. On the basis of
raw material use
Agro-based Mineral-based
According to
their main role
Basic or key
industries
Consumer
industries

10. On the basis of
capital
Small Scale Large Scale
On the basis
of ownership
Public Sector Private sector
Joint sector Cooperative
sector
Based on the bulk and
weight of raw material
and finished goods
Heavy Light

11. Agro- Based Industries
Based on agricultural raw material
Cotton Jute silk Woollen
Sugar-cane
Sugar
Sunflower Soyabean
Edible oil

12. Textile Industry
Occupies unique position in the Indian economy
because:
1. Contribution in Industrial Production: (14%)
2. Employment generation: (35 million, 2nd largest
after agriculture)
3. Foreign exchange earnings: (24.6%)
4. Contribution in GDP: (4%)

13. Industry: self reliant and complete in the value
chain.
Fibre
Production
Spinning
Raw Fibre Yarn
Weaving
Knitting
Dyeing and
Finishing
Garment
Manufacture
Fabric Garment

14. Cotton Textile
Handloom weaving
Power-loom (After 18th century)
Hand spinning (Ancient India before 18th century)

15. • Mumbai, 1854: First successful cotton mill was
established
• British India: demand for cloth in U.K. boost to the
development of the cotton textile industry.
• Competition from mill made cloths cause decline of
traditional industries

16. Factors for location of cotton textile
industry in Maharashtra and Gujarat
• Cotton industry concentrated in cotton growing belt
• Availability of raw material
• Moist climate
• Well developed transportation (access of port)
• Labour and Market
Industry agriculture
Close link
Living to farmers, cotton ball pluckers and workers
PROVIDE
Industry demands many other industries – chemical and dyes,
mill stores, packaging and engineering works.

17. Spinning Weaving
V/S
• Centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat and
Tamil Nadu
• World class production in spinning
• Weaving id decentralised to provide
traditional skills
• Weaving supplies low quality fabrics
India’s share in the world of cotton yarn:
 Exports yarn to other countries such as Japan and etc
 Second largest installed capacity of spindle after China
 ¼ of share in world’s trade of cotton yarn
 4% of world trade in garment

18. Problem faced by cotton textile India
• Erratic power supply
• Up gradated machines
• Low output of labour
• Stiff competition with the synthetic fibre
industry

19. India:
 The largest producer of raw jute and jute goods
 Second largest exporter after Bangalesh
 Most of the India’s jute mill are located in West Bengal,
along the bank of Hugli river
Jute
Facts:
 The first jutemill was set up near Kolkata in 1859
at Rishra.
 After partition in 1947, the jute mill remain in
India but three fourth of producing area went to
Bangladesh. (erstahile East Pakistan)

20. Factors for location of jute mill in the
Hugli Basin
• Presence of the jute producing areas
• Inexpensive water transport
• good network of railways, roadways and waterways
to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills
• Abundant water for processing raw jute
• Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining areas
• Kolkata as a large urban centre provide urban
facilities
• Jute industry supports large number of farmers
directly or indirectly

21. Challenges Faced by Jute
Industry
• In international market: stiff
competition by synthetic
subsitude
• International Competition:
competition from Bangladesh,
Brazil, Philipines, Egypt and
Thailand.
• High cost
National Jute Policy -2005
• Government policy of
mandatory use of jute
packaging
• Increased international
demand
• NJP2005, main objective was
to increase productivity,
improving quality, ensure
good prices to the jute farmer.
The growing global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable
materials, has once again opened the opportunity for jute product.
The main markets are U.S.A., Canada, Russia, United Arab
Republic, U.K. and Australia.

22. Sugar Industries
• India:
 second largest producer of sugar
 Largest producer of gur and khansary
• Raw Material
Raw material- bulky-during transportation- in haulage its sucrose
content reduces

23. • Where should be mills be ideally located
-Industries should be near sugar producing area
-460 mills:U.P., Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, T.N.,
A.P., Gujarat and Punjab
-60% mills are in U.P. and Bihar
Nature of Sugar Industry:
 Seasonal in nature
 Ideally suited to the co-operative sector

24. • In recently year, Shifted and concentrated in
southern and western state especially in
Maharashtra.
Because the cane produce here has a higher sucrose
content
The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing
season

25. Challenges faced by sugar industries
• Seasonal nature of industry
• Old and inefficient method of production
• Transportation delays
• Need to maximise the use of bagasse

26. Mineral Based Industries
Based on minerals and metals as raw materials
Minerals Metals

27. Iron and Steel Industries
• It is a basic or key and heavy industry
dependence of other industries over it
 Production of consumption of steel is often regards
as the index of a country’s development
• Iron and steel is a heavy industry
heavy and bulky raw materials and finished goods
Heavy transportation cost

28. • Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are
required in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1
• Some quantity of manganese are also required
to harden the steel
India’s position:
 Today with 32.8 million tons of steel production
 India ranks 9th among the world crude steel producer
 It is the largest producer of sponge iron
 Inspite large quantity of steel production, per capita
consumption per annum is only 32kg
Mini Steel Plant An Integrated Steel Plant

29. • In 1950: China and India produce same
quantity of steel
• China: largest producer and consumer of steel
• In 2005:
India largest exporter 2.25% global steel trade

30. Chotanagpur Plateau
The maximum concentration
of iron and steel industries.

31. Factor for concentration of iron and steel industry in
and around Chotanagpur plateau region
• Low cost of iron ore
• high grade raw materials in close proximity
• Availability of cheap labour
• Vast growth potential in the home market
• Efficient transport network for their distribution

32. Challenges faced by iron and steel industry
• High cost and limited availability of coking coal
• Lower productivity of labour
• Irregular supply of energy
• Poor infrastructure

33. Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment
 Have given boost to the industry with the efforts of
private entrepreneurs
 There is a need to allocate resources for research and
development to produce steel more computatitively

34. Aluminium Smelting
Aluminium: Second most important
metallurgy industry
Features of Aluminium
• Light
• Resistant to corrosion
• Good conductor of heat
• Malleable
• Become strong when mixed with other metals
• Popular subsitute for steel, copper, zinc and leads in a number
of industries

35. • Uses of Aluminium:
 Manufacturing aircraft
 Utensils
 Wires

36. Aluminium smelting plants in India
In 2008-2009: India produced over 15.29 lakh million tonnes of aluminium

37. Process of Manufacturing Aluminium
Bauxite Alumina Aluminium
4to6 tonnes of bauxite 2 tonnes of alumina 1 tonne of aluminium
Bauxite
The raw
material
Bauxite Quarry
Transport
Rail or
Ship
Bauxite crushed
and alumina
dissolved out
Aluminium
Refinery
Alumina
1. Bulky ore shipped to
site of smelter.
2. Calcinated petroleum
coke from a refinery.
3. Pitch from a colliery
Aluminium Smelting
Aluminium Smelter
Electricity
(18,600 kwh per tonne of ore)
Cryolite
A molten metal act as an
electrolyte

38. • Two prime factors for location of any industry
1. Regular supply of electricity
2. An assured source of raw material at
minimum cost.

39. • Fast growing and diversity
• Contributes approx 3% of GDP
Chemical Industries
It position:
• Third largest in asia
• 12th place in the world in term of its size
It comprises of both large and small scale manufacturing industries

40. Two Classification of Chemical Industry
Inorganic
It include sulphuric acid (used to
manufacture fertilisers, synthetic
fibers, plastics, afhesives, paints,
dye-stuffs , nitric acid, alkaliea,
soda ash ( used to make glass,
soaps and detergents, paper ) and
caustic soda.
Organic
It include petrochemicals used for
manufacturing of synthetic fibers,
synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-
stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
Chemical plants are located near oil
refineries or petrochemical plants.
The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other
chemicals.

41. Fertiliser Industry
• It mainly centred around the production of
 Nitrogenous fertilisers(mainly urea)
 Phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium phophate(DAP)
 Complex fertilisers which have a combination of
nitrogen (N)
 Phosphate (P)
 Potash (K)

42. • Potash is entirely imported in our country
Reason : does not have reserves of commercially usable potash or
potassium compounds
• The fertiliser industry in India:
 57 fertiliser units for nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous fertilisers
 29 for urea
 9 for procing ammonium sulphate
 68 other small units produce single superphosphate
Fertiliser Industry Expanded after Green Revolution
Area having fertiliser industry: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala
Significant producers: A.P., Orissa, Rajasthan, Bihar,
Maharashtra, Assam etc.

43. Cement Industry
• Uses of cement:
 It is essential for construction activity such as building houses,
factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other
commercial establishments.
• Requirement of Cement Industry:
• It requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica,
alumina and gypsum.
• Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail
transportation.

44. The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have
suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.

45. • 1904: first cement plant , set up in Chennai
• 128 large plants and 332 mini cement plants in India.
• Improvement in quality Rise in export
 This industry is doing well in terms of production as well as
export.
 Efforts are being made to generate adequate domestic
demand and supply in order to sustain this incustry.

46. Automobile Industry
• Deals with the manufacturing of trucks, buses, cars,
motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility
vehicles.
Liberalization Competition rise growth of industries
• Foreign direct investment brought new technology and
aligned the industry with global development
• The industry is located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai,
Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad,
Jamshedpur and Bangalore.

47. IT and Electronic Industry
Covers a wide range of products transistor sets to television
Bangalore emerge as the electronic capital of India.
• This Industry has :
 generated employment in India
 has been a major foreign exchange earner in last two years
IT industry in India key to success continuing growth of hardware and software.

48. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
Industries:
 Contributes significantly to India’s economic growth and
development
 It also causes pollution and environmental degradation
 Industries are responsible for four types of pollution
1. Air
2. Water
3. Thermal
4. Noise

49. Control of Environmental Degradation
1 litre of waste water discharge Pollutes eight times the quantity of freshwater
To reduce industrial pollution some suggestions are
1. Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it.
2. Rainwater harvesting to reduce water shortage.
3. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and
ponds.

50. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers
and ponds.
1. Primary treatment by mechanical means
2. Secondary treatment by biological process.
3. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical
processes.
 Using of groundwater reserves by industries should be
regulated legally.

51. Some more steps are:
1. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal
2. Generators should be fitted with silencers
3. Redesign in machinery to increase energy efficiency and reduce
noise.
4. Noise absorbing materials may be used
Read the topic “NTPC shows the way” and do explain it in a brief in
your own words

52. THANK YOU