3. X-ray Quality vs. Quantity
Quality = penetrating power (energy)
Quantity = # of X-rays in beam
↑kVp = ↑ speed of e- = ↑ quality
↑ mA = more e- hit target = ↑ quantity
↑s = longer exposure time = ↑ quantity
4. Problem:
Only x-rays of sufficient energy (quality) can
transmit through body to create an image.
Low-energy x rays are attenuated to a greater
extent than those of high energy (photoelectric
effect).
Thus, low-energy x-rays don’t contribute
substantially to image, but add to patient radiation
dose.
Therefore, we need to reduce low-energy (low-
quality) x-rays, and at the same time have the
right quantity of x-rays hitting the body part.
5. Collimators
The coverage of the X-ray beam is determined by the bevel
angle of the X-ray tube anode.
As the beam reaches the patient, the beam can be much
wider than the field-of-view (FOV) being imaged.
This leads to:
Increased patient dose
Increased Compton scattered X-rays
A collimator (also called a beam-restrictor) is placed under
the port of the X-ray tube to restrict the dimensions of the
beam to the imaging FOV.
5
Medical Equipment IV Spring 2018 Shereen M. El-Metwally and Inas A.
Yassine
7. Filtration
Is X-ray beam attenuation as it traverses several
attenuating materials before reaching patient.
Three kinds of filtration:
Inherent – due to glass envelope of tube, oil
insulation and the exit window in the tube housing
Added – aluminum shielding that blocks low energy
x-rays.
Special – used to image body parts that have
varying thickness or density.
Filtration “hardens” the x-ray beam.
i.e., x-ray beam has a higher average energy and is
able to penetrate more dense (i.e., harder) substances
such as bone.
9. X-ray Imaging
The tube – X-rays are produced
The body – X-rays interact with the body
The image – X-rays interact with film,
Detectors
Film processing, Signal analysis
10. Grids
Part of the “bucky” that holds the film cassette (detector)
Purpose: reduces scattered radiation that hits film to
improve contrast.
Grid is made of lead strips
Grid ratio = height/width of interspace
Hitting prep button causes grid to vibrate to blur out grid
lines (doesn’t show up on film).
Tradeoff between contrast and signal intensity.
“Bucky factor” is the factor by which the patient dose
increases while using an anti-scatter grid in order to
produce a certain signal intensity in the presence and
11.
12. Since the X-ray beam is in fact slightly diverging, the anti-scatter
grid can also be manufactured at the same diverging angle
Editor's Notes
↑ kVp = efficiency of x-ray production = ↑ quantity
Photoelectric effect is proportional to 1/E3
Has a light source in it for the radiographer to see where x-rays would hit the patient
The collimator consists of sheets of lead, which can be slid over one another to restrict the beam in either one or two dimensions.
An x-ray beam of lower average energy is said to be “softer” because it can penetrate only less dense (i.e., softer) substances such
as fat and muscle.
The effect of the added aluminum is to decrease the total number of photons but increase the average energy of photons in the beam.
Different thicknesses and composition of body parts determines the amount of x-ray penetration.
Filtration is measured in terms of “half-value layer”
Beam hardening is desirable because the filter removes low-energy x rays that, if left in the beam, would increase the radiation dose to the patient without contributing substantially to image formation.
Equalization filters are sometimes used in chest and spine imaging to compensate for the large differences in
x-ray transmission between the mediastinum (central part of thoracic cavity) and lungs.
Scattered X-rays provide little spatial information, and contribute to a background signal which reduces the image contrast.
To reduce the contribution from secondary radiation, an anti-scatter grid is placed between the patient and the X-ray detector.
The improvement in image contrast does, however, come at a cost in terms of an increase in the X-ray dose which is required to produce a given
image intensity while using an anti-scatter grid. Having finite thickness, the lead septa absorb some primary radiation, and X-rays which are scattered only at very small angles (and therefore contain useful spatial information) are also absorbed.
This trade-off can be characterized using a parameter known as the Bucky factor. If an equal X-ray dose is incident upon the detector in the presence and absence of an anti-scatter grid, then the dose that is delivered to the patient increases by a factor BF (Bucky factor).
Since the X-ray beam is in fact slightly diverging, the anti-scatter grid can also be manufactured at the same diverging angle with a focal point
~180 cm from the grid. The degree to which the contribution from Compton scattering is reduced is dictated by the thickness (t), length (h) and separation (d) of the lead strips.