Introduction History Structure of ribosome’s Types of ribosome’s Function of ribosome's Conclusion References Introduction What is extracellular matrix What do extracellular matrix Types of extracellular matrix Extracellular matrix of plants Extracellular matrix of animals Connective tissues Epithelial tissues Function of collagen Conclusions References

1. .
Ribosome's And Extra Cellular Matrix
By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

2. Ribosomes
Synopsis
Introduction
History
Structure of ribosome’s
Types of ribosome’s
Function of ribosome's
Conclusion
References

3. Extra cellular Matrix
Synopsis
Introduction
What is extracellular matrix
What do extracellular matrix
Types of extracellular matrix
Extracellular matrix of plants
Extracellular matrix of animals
Connective tissues
Epithelial tissues
Function of collagen
Conclusions
References

4. INTRODUCTION
The ribosome is the large macromolecular machine responsible for
translation of the genetic code from nucleic acid into protein.
It ranges in mass from 2.5 million daltons in bacteria to more than
4 million daltons in eukaryotic cell.
In both cases approximately two-thirds of this mass is RNA and
about one-third is protein.
The RNA component is important not only in its relative
contribution to the mass of the ribosome: it also plays the central part
in its function.
Not surprisingly, given their fundamental role in the decoding of
genetic information, ribosomes are highly conserved both in structure
and in function .

5. HISTORY
Ribosomes were first observed in the mid-1953s by Romanian
cell biologist George Palade using an electron microscope as
dense particles or granules and get Nobel Prize.
The term "ribosome" was proposed by scientist Richard B.
Roberts in 1958.

6. STRUCTURE OF RIBOSOMES

7. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes

8. Types of Ribosomes
• Bound ribosomes
Attached to outside of endoplasmic
reticulum
• Free ribosomes
Suspended in cytosol .
Synthesize proteins that function within
cytosol .
Synthesize proteins for
export or for membranes

9. FUNCTIONS OF RIBOSOME’S
 Ribosome called as “protein factories” of the cell
because they take part in protein synthesis.
 The ribosome bound to the membranes synthesize protein for
export as secretions by exocytosis.
 such cell include pancreatic cells ,liver cells chief cell in the
gastric gland, mammary gland cells plasma cells etc.
 The free ribosome produce structure and enzymatic proteins
for use in the cell itself. Such cells includes developing
muscles cells skin cells erythroblasts.
e.g.- hemoglobin is an example of protein made by free
ribosome in the young red blood corpuscles

10. CONCLUSION
• Thus we can say that ribosome is the most important
cellular organelle which take part in accomplish the
life biggest aim, the expression of gene and perfome
protective function by protecting nascent polypeptide
chain from protein digestive enzyme and factor
required for peptide synthesis.

11. References
• Cell and molecular biology 4th edi. Gerald karp
• www. Bio.miami.edu.com
• Molecular cell biology 6th edi. Lodish et al.

12. Introduction
• All Plant Cells are surrounded by an extracellular matrix known as the
Cell Wall .
• The tissue of a multicellular organism contain two main components, the cells
themselves ,on which most biological research has traditionally focused ,and
that material lies between the cells.
• It has now become a clear that the ECM is much more complex than
was once supposed and that interaction with the surrounding matrix is
one of the major controls of cell behaviour.
• The main functions of ECM are to fill space between cells, to provide a
barrier that isolates tissues from each other, and sequester biologically
active compounds such as growth factors.
• In plants, ECM appears mainly as cell walls, while in animal tissues it
appears in two main forms: basement membranes and stromal matrix

13. What is extracellular matrix
“Extracellular matrix is the main component of tissue that lies
immediately outside and between cells in animals and plants.”
It is organic matter that is found between most cell in
plants and animals.

14. What do extra cellular matrix
• Organize cell in to tissue.
• Regulated the cell function via signal
transduction pathway.
• Development and migration.

15. Types of extracellular matrix
1. Extra cellular matrix of plants –
ECM appear mainly Cell wall-
The cells of plants differ from those of animals in being surrounded
by a thick layer of highly specialized ECM called the cell wall .

16.  A polysaccharide-rich matrix that surrounds all plant cells
 Plays multiple roles in plant growth, development and
defense responses.

17. • Extra cellular matrix in animal –
Two types of ECM – I. Basement membranes .
II. Stromal matrix
Animal ECM is composed mainly of glycoprotein's and proteoglycans, many of which are able to bind
to specific sites on other ECM glycoprotein's so that the matrix becomes a highly cross linked gel.
Two types of animal ECM
1 ) Interstial connective tissues –
 Collagens – Main structural protein found in animal connective tissues and they constituent of
large family in type I –XIX glycoproteins.
 Elastin - it is important that tissues of the body spring back into shape after deformation; e.g.
tissues in which this ability is particulary vital include artries ,skin and tendons.
 Fibrillins – fibrillins I and II are to very similar proteins that make microfibrils in connective
tissues.
 Fibronectins – fibronectin remain soluble and they found blood plasm ,while other associated
with the disulfide bounded fibrils in the ECM.

18. Hydroxy peptide- hydroxy peptide is provided by bone skeleton
and bones are composed of collagen and other proteins
embedded in mineral matrix for hydroxypeptides.
Laminin -Laminins are large ECM proteins, typically the shape of a crucifix, that
are composed of three different types of chain, called, bandg
Laminins contain various sites for binding to receptors on the cell surface (see below), and to
other components of the cell matrix such as collagens and proteoglycans
Matrix matello proteins -Matrix metallo proteinases (MMPs) forma large family
of proteolytic enzymes, all of which include metal ions (zincand calcium) for activity,
and all of which lyse various ECM proteins such as collagen (each MMP cleaves a
different range of ECM components).
Proteoglycans.
Proteoglycans are a diverse set of molecules characterized by having very
large and complex carbohydrates attached to a protein core, the mass of
the carbohydrate part of the molecule being a large proportion of the
mass of the whole.

19. functions
• ECM receptors their specificity and transmembrane
interactions –
• Cells are not merely suspended in or resting on the ECM they bind to specific ECM
components using a variety of receptors borne on their plasma membranes.
• These receptors are of various types; some consist of proteogly-cans in which a
transmembrane protein core bears GAG chains of the types that can be bound by ECM
components, some consist of membrane-bound lectins (proteins that bind to
carbohydrate groups in the ECM), but the most important ECM receptors in animal cells
are proteins of the integrin family
• Involvement of ECM In cell motility-
• The function of many cell types depends critically on their ability to move, either
throughout their lives (e.g. macro-phages) or during embryonic development (e.g.
neural crest cells, which migrate from the neural tube to makeneural ganglia in
specific sites elsewhere in the body).

20. Involvement of the Embryonic development –
As well as supporting cell motility in general, the ECM can confer direction on cell
movement. An example In one of the best-understood developing organs, the kidney,
many different matrix components are required for normal development.
Differentiation Driven by interactions with the ECM-
It has long been known that removing animal cells from their normal context and
culturing them in a plastic dish usually changes their behaviour.
For example, the alveoli of lactating mammary glands consist of an almost spherical
cyst of epithelial cells that secrete milk, and this cyst is surrounded by an ECM
arranged as a basement membrane.
Adhesion mediated signal transduction -
Adhesion to the ECM is ‘reported’ to the rest of the cell via the ability of integrins to
interact with signalling pathways. While integrins tend not to originate signals when
they have not bound to ECM ligands, their binding to ECM and their resultant
clustering in the cell membrane allows them to form associations with various signal
transducing molecules

21. Disease of the ECM
• A number of serious human congenital diseases are associated with
abnormal extracellular matrix and are caused by mutations in genes
coding for various ECM components.
• Osteoporosis - Is the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of
tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes ,or deficiency of
calcium or vitamin D
• Arthritis – A disease causing painful inflammation and stiffness of the
joints.
• Rheumatoid and Glomerulonephritis – Acute inflammation of the
kidney ,typically caused by an immune response .

22. Conclusion
• All 16 types of collagen contain a repeating glycine –
proline – hydroxyproline sequence and form triple
helices.
• Collagen very in their associations to form sheets, fibrils,
and cross linkage.
• Most collagen is fibrillar – made of type I molecules.
• The basal lamina contain type IV collagen.

23. References
Principles of biochemistry Michael M. Cox and
David L. Nelson 5th edi. 2008.
www.extracellular matrix.pdf.com