What is nanotechnology? History Nanoscale Manufacturing at the nanoscale Working at the nanoscale Size of the nanoscale Application Conclusion References

1. nanoscale
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By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

2. contents
What is nanotechnology?
History
Nanoscale
Manufacturing at the nanoscale
Working at the nanoscale
Size of the nanoscale
Application
Conclusion
References 2

3. What is nanotechnology?
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Nanotechnology is a combination of two words i.e. Nano
means smallest and technology so Nanotechnology is the
technology of smallest things.
Nanotechnology is the science of very small things.
Nanotechnology = Nano + Technology

4. HISTORY
~2000 Years ago- sulfide Nano crystals used by Greeks and romans to dye hair.
1000 years ago- gold Nano particles of different sizes used to produce different
colors in stained glass window.
1959- “there plenty of room at the bottom” by R. FEYNMAN.
1974- “Nanotechnology”- Taniguchi uses the term nanotechnology for the first time.
1981- IBM develops scanning tunneling microscope.
1991- carbon nanotube discovered by S. LIJIMA.
1999- “Nanomedicine”- 1st nanomedicine book by R. FREITAS.
2000- “National nanotechnology initiative” launched.
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5. nanoscale
Relating to microscopic particles of matter, devices, etc., that are
measured in nanometers or microns.
A scale of measurement that uses nanometers or
microns as units of measure.
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7. NANOPARTICLE SIZE
At least one dimension (height, length or depth) is less than 100 nm:
A nanotube can be much longer than 100 nm, but it is still called a nanoparticle because it is only
about 3 nm wide.
A very thin film of material can be many centimeters wide, but if it is less than 100 nm thick, it is
still called a Nano film.
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8. PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLE
Physical properties:-
Nanoparticles are unique because of their large surface area and this dominates the contributions
made by the small bulk of the material.
Zinc oxide particles have been found to have superior UV blocking properties compared to its bulk
substitute.
This is one of the reasons why it is often used in the preparation of sunscreen lotions.
Optical properties:-
Nanoparticles also often possess unexpected optical properties as they are small enough to confine
their electrons and produce quantum effects.
One example of this is that gold nanoparticles appear deep red to black in solution.
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12. MANUFACTURING AT THE NANOSCALE
Manufacturing at the nanoscale is known as Nanomanufacturing.
Nanomanufacturing involves scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective
manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems.
It also includes research, development, and integration of top-down processes
and increasingly complex bottom-up or self-assembly processes.
In more simple terms, Nanomanufacturing leads to the production of
improved materials and new products.
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13. TOP 5 NANOSCALE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
 To The Advanced Multi-Scale Manufacturing Lab at Arizona State
University, directed by Assistant Professor Keng Hsu, focuses on new
manufacturing processes at the nanoscale, microscale and mesoscale levels,
aiming to bring theoretical materials reality.
Integrated 3D Solid Materials
New Process for Semiconductor Patterning
Microscale Assembly for Nanostructured Metamaterials
3D Printing of Customized Shape Memory Polymers
Scalable Nanomanufacturing of Polymer 2D Materials.
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14. Nanoscale devices
• Nanoscale devices are devices that are one hundred to ten thousand times smaller than human cells
and that can manipulate matter on atomic or molecular scales.
• Examples of nanoscale devices are synthetic motors such molecular as rotaxanes, graphene-based
transistors and nanoelectromechanical oscillators.
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15. NANOSCALE DEVICE AND INTEGRATED NANOSYSTEM
Nanochip:-
It is currently available microprocessors use resolutions as small as 32 nm.
Houses up to a billion transistors in a single chip.
MEMS based Nano chips have future capability of 2 nm cell leading to 1 TB memory per chip.
Nanoelectromechanical system sensors:-
NEMS technology enables creation of ultra-small and highly sensitive sensors for various application.
The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection.
Fuel cells:-
Fuel cells use hydrogen and air as fuels and produce water as by product.
The technology uses a nanomaterial membrane to produce electricity.
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16. WORKING AT THE NANOSCALE
Nanotechnology is more than just mixing nanoscale materials together; it requires the ability to
understand and to precisely manipulate and control those materials in a useful way.
Nanotechnology involves a new and broad science where diverse fields such as physics,
chemistry, biology, materials science, and engineering converge at the nanoscale.
It is also important to understand that nanoscale materials are found in nature. For instance,
hemoglobin, the oxygen-transporting protein found in red blood cells, is 5.5 nanometers in
diameter.
Naturally occurring nanomaterials exist all around us, such as in smoke from fire, volcanic ash,
and sea spray. Some nanomaterials are a byproduct of human activity, such as bus and automobile
exhaust and welding fumes.
 Working at the nanoscale requires an understanding of the various types and dimensions of
nanoscale materials.
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17. SIZE OF THE NANOSCALE
In the International System of Units, the prefix "Nano" means one-
billionth, or 10-9; therefore one nanometer is one-billionth of a meter.
A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick.
A strand of human DNA is 2.5 nanometers in diameter.
There are 25,400,000 nanometers in one inch.
A human hair is approximately 80,000- 100,000 nanometers wide.
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18. APPLICATION
Nanoscale components have high surface area to volume ratio making
them idle for the use in composite materials, drug delivery and chemical
storage.
Cleaner drinking water due to the creation of filters that can entrap
organisms and toxins.
Cleaner environment by removal of pollutants from the environment.
Cheaper and cleaner energy.
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19. conclusion
Various types of detecting elements, such as carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide
nanowires or palladium nanoparticles can be used in nanotechnology-based
sensors.
Because of the small size of nanotubes, nanowires, or nanoparticles, a few
gas molecules are sufficient to change the electrical properties of the sensing
elements.
Nanoscale particles are not new in either nature or science.
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20. references
https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special
https://www.nap.edu/read/10395/chapter/3
https://www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits.
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