This document discusses the history and applications of nanotechnology. It begins by describing Richard Feynman's 1959 lecture where he proposed manipulating materials at the atomic scale. Nanotechnology allows construction from the bottom-up by arranging individual atoms and molecules, as opposed to traditional top-down manufacturing. The document then covers various nanotechnology applications like nanosystems, nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, nanoelectronics including developing smaller nanochips. Other topics include nanomechanics, the process of designing nanochips, and using nanotechnology for thermal-electrical transport and practical applications in healthcare, electronics, automobiles and more.

1. Nanotechnology
By:-Abu Sufyan Malik
Mechanical 1st year

2. Contents
 History of Nanotechnology.
 Introduction of Nanotechnology.
 Application of Nanotechnology.
 Nanomechanics.
 Nanotube.
 Nanochip designing.
 Nanoscale thermal-electrical transport.
 Practical applications of Nanotechnology

3. History Of Nanotechnology
i. The amount of space available to us for information storage is
enormous. As first described in a Lecture hall titled, ‘There’s
plenty of room at the bottom’ in 1959 by Richard P. Feynman,
there is nothing besides our clumpy size that keep us from using
this space. It was not possible for us to manipulate single atoms or
molecules because they are far too small for our tools.
ii. He described how the laws of physics do not limit our ability to
manipulate single atom and molecules. Feyman explored the
possibility of manipulating at a scale of individual atoms and
molecules. Imaging the whole of encyclopedia written on the head
of the pin.
iii. Prof. Feyman described such atomic scale fabrication as a
bottom-up as opposed to the top-down approach that are
accustomed to.

4.  Top-down manufacturing:- It involves the
construction of parts through methods such as Cutting,
Carving and Molding. Using these method, we have
been able to fabricate a remarkable variety of Machinery
and Electronic Devices.
 Bottom-up Manufacturing:- The components
made up of single molecules, which are held together by
covalent forces that are far stronger than the forces that
hold together macro-scale components.

5. Introduction Of Nanotechnology
 Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of
materials at atomic , molecular and macro-molecules scales, where
properties differ significantly from those at larger scale.
 Nanotechnology is the branch of science and engineering which
deals with creation of materials, devices and systems through the
manipulation of individual atom and molecules. The actual definition
is that the technology that built from single atoms and which
depends on individual atoms for function.
 The goal of technology is to control individual atoms and molecules
to create computer chips and other devices that are that are
thousand of times smaller than the current technologies permit.

6.  The prefix ‘Nano’ is derived from the greek word ‘dwarf’.
It deals with the atoms and molecules of 1-100 nm. One
nanometer is equal to the one billionth of a meter i.e.10-9
 A nanometer sized particle is also smaller than living cell
and can be seen only with the most powerful
microscope available today.
 Nanotechnology is the technology which makes things
small, high and cheap. Nanotechnology based
manufacturing is a method conceived for processing
and rearranging of atoms to fabricate custom products.
If we rearrange atoms of sand we can make computer
chips. If we rearrange the atoms of carbon, we can
make it Diamond.

7. Nanotechnology application categories
Nanosystem Nanomaterial Nanoelectronics
Application Of Nanotechnology

8. Nanosystem
It is small systems that can be seen as an extension of
Biotechnology. for example to create a molecular motor about the
size of virus, scientist have combined genetically engineered
proteins with other chemically structured components.

9. Nanomaterial
It is possible to create new kinds of materials by
working at the nano levels. One of the first
nanomaterials was the “Carbon Nanotube”. Which
conduct electricity better than copper yet is
stronger and lighter than steel.

10. Nanoelectronics
Nanoelectronics refer to the use of nanotechnology in
electronic components. The term covers a diverse set of
devices and materials, with the common characteristic
that they are so small that inter-atomic interactions and
quantum mechanical properties need to be studied
extensively. Nano chips which is smaller than 100nm is
the result of Nanoelectronics.

11. Nanomechanics
 It is the branch of nanoscience, studying fundamental
mechanical (Elastic ,Thermal and Kinetics) properties of
physical systems at nanometer scale
 It involves classical mechanics, Statistical Mechanics, Material
Science and Quantum chemistry.
 General principles involved in Nanomechanics are:-
I. Energy and momentum conservation principles.
II. Variational Hamiltons principles.
III. Symmetry principles.

12. As nanomechanics deals with small particles
therefore laws of atomic and molecular level are
very important for it. It mainly deals with the
theories of quantum mechanics. The laws on
which it studied is:-
1. Discreteness of the object.
2. Degree of Freedom
3. Thermal fluctuations.
4. Quantum effects.

13. Nanotube
1. A nanotube is a kind of nanoparticle, and may be large
enough to serve as a pipe through which other
nanoparticle can be channeled. It may be used as an
electrical conductor or an electrical insulator.
2. The first nanotube to be discovered is Carbon
Nanotube , in 1952 by L.V. Radushkevich and
U.M.Lukyanovich.
3. The nanotube has its vast use in Healthcare,
Environment, Robotics, and integrated circuits made
up of carbon nanotube etc.

14. Different Types Of Nanotube
1) Carbon nanotube
2) BCN nanotube (Boron-Carbon-Nitrogen)
3) Gallium nanotube
4) DNA nanotube
5) Silicon nanotube

15. Nanochip Designing
1) In 2000, the semiconductor industry quietly began
producing “Nanochips” , the chips with features measuring
less than 100nm. These devices are found in the average
desktop computer today.
2) Reducing the size of features, boosts speed and improves
the economics of manufacture by allowing more transistors
(often more than 50 millions) to be put on a single chip. In
just few years a typical micro processor will contain about
10 times that number.
Basic Chip Making Process
I. Silicon-on-insulator technology.
II. Atomic layer decomposition.
III. Extreme ultraviolet lithography.

16. Nanoscale thermal-electrical transport
a) The interplay between thermal and electrical energy can strongly
influence the functional behaviour of many types of devices such as
direct energy conversion elements ,heat sinks and field-effect
transistors.
b) The lab of nanotechnology has developed unique capabilities to
measure and model thermal-electrical energy transport and
conversion from nanoscale electron emitters.
c) Researches in the laboratory routinely collaborate with electrical
engineers, material scientist, physicist, chemist and biologist. Work
in these fields are supported by NASA, ISRO, Air force and Semi
conductor research corporations.

17. Practical applications of
Nanotechnology
1. Monitoring patients.
2. Electronics
3. Automobiles
4. Optical transmission properties
5. Modern telecommunication
6. Nanochips and Nano computers

19. Thank You!!!!