This document summarizes anatomy and common conditions affecting the nose. It describes the nasal anatomy including the nostrils, nasal cavity divided by the septum, and blood supply. It then discusses nasal polyps as non-cancerous growths that cause obstruction, describing their composition, causes, and surgical excision treatment. It also briefly mentions atheroma cysts occurring in horse nostrils, parasites that can infect nasal chambers, and necrosis of the turbinates from sinus pressure in horses.

1. Affection and treatment of
Nose
Dr. Bikash Puri
Assist. Professor
Nepal Polytechnic Institute, Chitwan

2. Anatomy
• Nose:
– comprises the planum nasale and nasal chambers. The nasolacrimal duct opens on the floor of
the nasal vestibule, just onside the nostril opening.
• Nostrils :
– are comma shaped opening into the planum nasale and act as important inlets for air during
breathing.
• Nasal cavity:
– It is divided into right and left fossae by nasal septum.
– Conchae are scroll like structures o soft bone or cartilage that fills the nasal cavity. The conchae
of caudal nasal cavity are called turbinates
• Blood supply:
– Sphenoalatine and major palatine arteries and their branches vascularise the nasal cavity and
nose. These arteries are branches of the maxillary artery, a branch of the carotid artery.

3. Nasal Polyps
• Nasal polyps are non neoplastic pedunculated growths which causes
obstruction in the nasal passages
• It consist of loosely arranged fibrous tissue, covered by epithelium.
• Etiology:
– Chronic inflammatory process associated with chronic irritation due
to infectious diseases. Examples: Nasal schistosomiasis, tuberculosis,
actinomycosis and actinobacillosis or non living foreign bodies.
• Clinical Signs:
– Nasal discharge, Sneezing; inspiratory dyspnea and stertor.
– Restless ness and animal rub its nostrils against the ground.
– In case of Bilateral obstruction mouth breathing is evident
– Atrophy of turbinate.

4. Treatment
• Nasal polyps are usually attached to the lateral wall and rarely to the nasal septum
• It is corrected surgical excision at the base of the attachment (Rhinotomy)
• Procedure:
– Give incision through skin and cartilage on the dorsolateral aspect of the nostril (Provide adequate
space to extirpate the growth from the nasal cavity)
– Base of the growth is debrided and cauterized.
– Hemorrhage is controlled by plugging the nasal cavity with gauze impregnated with some
antiseptic
– Gauge should be changed after 48 hrs
– Trephining of the nasal bones is indicated for the removal of the growth when it extends upt o
caudal aspet of the nasal septum
– Tracheostomy facilitate surgical interventions.

5. Atheroma
• It is principally the disease of artery which literally means hardening.
• It is a sebaceous cyst occurring in the fossa nostrils of the equine.
• Signs:
– Cyst vary in size form a pigeons egg to a large chicken egg.
– The content may be watery in small cysts however the large cyst be filled with a thick greasy dark grey
materials.
• Diagnosis: By examination of nostrils
• Treatment:
– The signs over the cyst is prepared for the operation and tissue may be anaesthetized with local anesthetic
infiltration.
– The incision through the skin exposes the wall of the cysts
– The cyst wall should be separated from the surrounding tissue so that all of the wall can be removed.
– It is desirable to establish drainage into the nasal cavity.
– The edge of the skin incision may be united with closely placed interrupted sutures.

6. Parasite in Nasal Chamber
• Linguatula senata and Pneumonyssus caninum occasionally cause
inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus.
• The dog becomes infected by eating the viscera of herbivorous i.e sheep
and rabbit.
• Clinical Signs:
– In early stage- there is paroxymal sneezing and serous discharge.
– In chronic stage- the discharge is changed into purulent malodorous and
streaked with blood.
– Scratching the nose with paws.

7. Treatment
• No known effective treatment but certain acaricide may be
recommended
• Some time surgical removal of parasite is also recommended.

8. Necrosis of turbinates
• Commonly seen in horses, resulting from excessive pressure on
the turbinate's.
• Pressure is due to pus in the turbinate portion of the frontal sinus
or pus in the maxillary sinus.
• Treatment:
– Give sedative or tranquilizer to the horse and block the maxillary nerve
locally.
– If having the facility of O2 delivery system use it and if not perform
tracheotomy.