1. (( Gene and Chromosome ))
Gene and Chromosome
By Thanyamon C.
By Thanyamon C.
1

2. ‹
By Thanyamon C. 2

3. ‹
 (Walter Sutton) š
‹
(chromosome
(chromosome theory of
inheritance)
inheritance)
‹  Œ
‹ ‹ ‹ ‹
 ‹
ŒBy Thanyamon C. 3

4. ‹
inheritance)
(chromosome theory of inheritance)
2 2 ( ‹
)
‹ ‹‹ Œ
‹  (meiosis) Œ ‹
‹  ‹  Œ
š ‹  ‹ ‹
By Thanyamon C. 4

5. ‹
(chromosome theory of inheritance) ( ‹ )
inheritance)
  ‹  š ‹
Œ  ‹  š ‹ Œ ‹
 ‹ 
 ‹
‹ ‹ ‹
‹
‹‹
By Thanyamon C. 5

6. Œ
 (F. Miescher) Œ
(F. Miescher)
‹ ‹
 ‹ ‹
Œ ‹ ‹
N P š  ‹
(nuclein
nuclein)
(nuclein) ‹ Œ š
(nucleic acid)
(nucleic acid) ‹
š
By Thanyamon C. 6

7. Œ (‹)
  (R. Feulgen) Œ
Feulgen)
Œ DNA Œ
Œ  ‹
‹ ‹
DNA š
‹  ‹ ‹ ‹
‹ š
Œ ‹ Œ By Thanyamon C. 7

8. Œ (‹)

(F. Griffith)
Œ
Œ
2 
By Thanyamon C. 8

9. Œ (‹)
O.T.Avery,
O.T.Avery, C. MacLeod
and M. McCarty
‹
DNA
DNase
‹
Œ
By Thanyamon C. 9

10. Œ (‹)
Œ Œ‹
Œ ‹ ‹‹
‹ ‹ ‹ DNA
DNA Œ
1. ‹ ‹ Œ
2. ‹ ‹ (gene)
(gene)
(gene) š ‹ DNA ‹
( ‹ By Thanyamon C. ) 10

11. Chromosome
(Types
(Types of Chromosomes)
By Thanyamon C. 11

12. Chromosome
‹
2 (2n)
(2n)
(Diploid)
 (Diploid)
Œ ‹ 1
‹ 1
 
‹
‹ 1
Œ ‹  (Haploid)
(Haploid)
ΠBy Thanyamon C. 12

13. ‹
Chromatin
Gene
By Thanyamon C. 13

14. By Thanyamon C. 14

15. Œ ‹ ‹ DNA : Protein = 1 : 2
Histone š Œ š ‹
‹ Œ DNA š Œ
Π(neutralize)
(neutralize)
‹ Œ DNA
(DNA replication) Œ
(genome)
(genome)
‹ 1 ( š ‹ )
By Thanyamon C. 15

16.  DNA
DNA š
š polymer
Œ ‹ ‹
(monomer) ‹
(nucleotide)
 (nucleotide)
By Thanyamon C. 16

17. Purine Pyrimidine
Nucleotide Œ
‹ (PO43-)
(PO
(5
(5 C)
(deoxyribose)
deoxyribose)
(nitrogenous base)
4 Œ ‹ Adenine
Thymine Cytosine
Guanine By Thanyamon C. 17

18. Nucleotide
5
4 1
3 2
By Thanyamon C. Deoxyribose sugar18

19. 5’
By Thanyamon C.
3’ 19

20.  DNA
  Š (Erwin Chargaff) Œ
(Erwin 
DNA ‹ ‹ ‹ ‹ Œ ‹
‹ 4 Œ ‹ ‹
 (Chargaff
Chargaff’
Š (Chargaff’s Rule) ‹ ‹ A
Œ T ‹ ‹ G Œ C
‹ ‹ A:T C:G
By Thanyamon C. 20

21. ΠDNA
Rosalind Franklin M. H.F Wilkins ΠX-ray
diffraction ‹ DNA Œ‹ Œ
DNA Œ polynucleotide ‹ 1 š
‹ ‹ ‹
By Thanyamon C. 21

22. ΠDNA
Watson and Crick ΠΠDNA
Œ polynucleotide 2 š ‹
(double
(double helix) 5’ 3’
‹ DNA š ‹ (complementary base
(complementary
pair) Π(H-bond)
(H A=T
C≡G
‹ ‹ ‹ ‹ ‹
By Thanyamon C. 22

23. ΠDNA
Backbone
By Thanyamon C. 23

24. 1. Œ Œ
Œ ‹
‹ ‹ ‹ Œ
2. Œ   ‹
Œ
3. Œ ŒŒ ‹ Œ
š
‹ Œ ‚  ‹ ( Œ
) By Thanyamon C. 24

25.  DNA
DNA replication DNA
polynucleotide 2
H-bond ‹ ‹ Œ Œ
polynucleotide ‹ š ‹ 
Œ ‹ nucleotide ‹
 Œ polynucleotide Œ Œ
1 ‹1
š  (semiconservative)
(semiconservative)
semiconservative
 DNA ‹
By Thanyamon C.
5’→3’ 25

26. DNA replication
5’
3’
3’
5’
By Thanyamon C. Okazaki fragment
26

27. DNA Œ ‹ ??
V. M. Ingrame Œ Œ
š (sickle
 (sickle cell anemia)
‹
– – – – - -
š sickle cell anemia
– – – – - -
By Thanyamon C. 27

28. DNA 
F. Jacob and J. Monod
‹ RNA š ‹
‹ DNA
DNA ‹
‹ 
RER
By Thanyamon C. 28

29. Transcription ( DNA)
DNA)
 RNA DNA ‹ 
( DNA ‹ š ‹
gene )‹ Œ mRNA (messenger
RNA) ‹ ‹ Œ DNA
‹ Œ š
By Thanyamon C. 29

30. 5’ 3’
By Thanyamon C. 30

31. RNA
RNA š Polynucleotide
(single
(single strand) Πmonomer
Ribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid 1 ‹ Œ
1. ‹
2. (5C)
(5C)
3. (Nitrogenous
(Nitrogenous base) 4
Adenine(A) Uracine(U) Cytosine(C)
Œ ‹ Adenine(A) Uracine(U) Cytosine(C)
Guanine(G)
Guanine(G) By Thanyamon C. 31

32. Nucleotide RNA
By Thanyamon C. 32

33. tRNA (transfer
RNA RNA) š RNA
Anticodon
Œ
mRNA (messenger RNA) Œ
š RNA Œ
RNA Œ
ΠDNA
mRNA ‹ š
ribosome ( Codon ) ‹
polypeptide
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) š
RNA š 
‹ Œ š small subunit
large subunitBy Thanyamon C. 33

34. (Genetic
(Genetic code)
1 Gene 1 1 codon
Π3 nucleotides
 4
‹ 43 = 64
1 (Codon
Codon,
(Codon, Gene) 
Œ 1 amino acid ‹
Œ 
20 1 Œ
‹ 1
codon ‹ mRNA
By Thanyamon C. 34

35. By Thanyamon C. 35

36. Stop codon
Start codon
By Thanyamon C. 36

37. Translation
( )
‹
rRNA tRNA
mRNA
codon)
(codon) ‹ mRNA
ΠAUG
Œ
Methionine
By Thanyamon C. 37

38. Translation ( )(‹)
1. ΠrRNA ΠmRNA
2. tRNA anticodon Œ ‹ codon mRNA
3. rRNA ‹ Œ rRNA
4. tRNA 2 anticodon codon mRNA
2 ‹ Œ Œ  ‹
5. 5’→3’ Œ Œ 4.
Œ š polypeptide
6. stop codon mRNA Œ ‹ UAA UAG UGA ‹
tRNA Œ Œ Œ polypeptide ‹
tRNA ΠrRNA
By Thanyamon C.
mRNA38

39. Protein synthesis (  )
‹ Œ š 2
DNA mRNA polypeptide
Transcription Translation
Transcription Translation Œ‹
mRNA  DNA
Transcription ‹
Œ  Œ mRNA
ΠΠmRNA
‹ Polysome Polyribosome
By Thanyamon C. 39

40. Polysome
By Thanyamon C. 40

41. Œ
š  Œ
‹ collagen keratin
š 
Œ
‹ actin myosin
Π, tubulin
cilia flagella
By Thanyamon C. 41

42. Œ (‹)
Œ ‹
immunoglobulin(
immunoglobulin( ),,
)

systemin protenase
inhibitor ( )
š Enzyme Œ
‹
š Hormone Œ
‹ ‹  ‹
By Thanyamon C. 42

43. Mutation ( 
)
gene DNA
chromosome Œ ‚ Š
‹ ‹‹ ‹ Œ
š Œ
Mutagen ‹ Œ 
‹ 
Carcinogen ‹ š
mutagen By Thanyamon C. 43

44. (point
(point mutation)
1. ‹ (Base-pair substitution)
Base- substitution) Œ
codon Œ
‹ Œ  codon
Œ( Œ Œ
‹ 1 )
By Thanyamon C. 44

45. (point mutation) ( ‹ )
2. 
(insertion deletion)
Œ
‹ ‹
‹
Frameshift mutation
By Thanyamon C. 45

46. Œ
By Thanyamon C. 46

47. (‹)
( ‹ ‹)
‹ homologous chromosome ‹
‹ ‹ ‹ non-
non-disjunction
Non-disjunction
Non-disjunction
By Thanyamon C. 47

48. Acondoplas
ia
GAG → GUG
Glutamic → Valine
Thalassemia
Sickle cell anemia
Albinism
By Thanyamon C. Hemophilia 48

49. Criduchat syndrome
‹ 5
Criduchat syndrome
By Thanyamon C. 49

50. Down syndrome
‹ 21 1 ‹
By Thanyamon C. 50

51. Patau syndrome
‹ 13 1 ‹
By Thanyamon C. 51

52. Edwards syndrome
‹ 18 1 ‹
By Thanyamon C. 52

53. Turner syndrome
X 1 ‹
By Thanyamon C. 53

54. XYY syndrome
Y 1 ‹
By Thanyamon C. 54

55. XYY syndrome (superman)
Y 1 ‹
By Thanyamon C. 55

56. Klinefelter syndrome
X Œ ‹ XXY, XXXY, XXXXY
By Thanyamon C. 56

57. Triple X syndrome
X 1 ‹
By Thanyamon C. 57

58. Polyploid
‹ 2 ‹ ‹
non-
non-disjunction ‹
‹ polyploid Œ ‹ ‹ diploid
polyploid ‹ ‹ 4n 6n 8n ‹ Œ
polyploid ‹ 3n 5n š
 ‹ Œ ‹
‹ ‹ 
By Thanyamon C. 58

59. The end
By Thanyamon C. 59