Nutritional quality and chemical composition of fruits.pptx

Nutritional quality and chemical
composition of fruits
GLORY K S
2019520202
glorysunny448@gmail.com

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FRUITS

Chemical composition of fruits-proximate (values per 100 g
edible portion)

Chemical composition of fruits-minerals (mg/100 g edible
portion)

Vitamins (values per 100 g edible portion)

Chemical composition of fruits-fats (values
per 100 g edible portion)

NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF FRUITS

BANANA
• Banana is one of the high calories (100 g of fruit carry 89 kcal) , tropical fruit.
• The major banana producing states are Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh
and Assam.
• Besides, it contains good amount of health benefiting antioxidants, minerals, and
vitamins. Banana fruit is composed of soft, easily digestible flesh made up of
simple sugars like fructose and sucrose that upon consumption instantly
replenishes energy and revitalizes the body. Thus, for these qualities, bananas are
being used by athletes to get instant energy and as supplement food in the
treatment plan for underweight children.
• Fresh banana is a very rich source of potassium. Potassium is an important
component of cell and body fluids that helps control heart rate and blood pressure,
countering bad effects of sodium.

• The fruit holds a good amount of soluble dietary fibre (2.6 g/100 g) that helps
normal bowel movements and carbohydrate of 23%.

Antioxidants
• It contains health promoting flavonoid poly-phenolic antioxidants such
as lutein, zea-xanthin and a-carotenes in small amounts. These
compounds help act as protective scavengers against oxygen-derived
free radicals and reactive oxygen species that play a role in aging and
various disease processes.
Vitamins and minerals
• Banana is good source of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), provides about
28% of daily-recommended allowance. Pyridoxine is an important B
complex vitamin that has beneficial role for the treatment of neuritis,
and anaemia. Further, it helps decrease homocysteine (one of the
triggering factor in coronary artery disease (CHD)) levels within the
human body .

• The fruit is also a moderate source of vitamin C (about 8.7 mg/100
g). Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps the body develop
resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful oxygen-
free radicals .
• Fresh bananas provide adequate levels of minerals like copper,
magnesium, and manganese. Magnesium is essential for bone
strengthening and has a cardiac-protective role as well.
Manganese is utilized as a co-factor for the antioxidant enzyme,
superoxide dismutase. Copper is required in the production of red
blood cells.
• Fresh banana is a very rich source of potassium. 100 g fruit provides
358 mg potassium.

Why the smell?
• The smell of nearly all fruits comes from aliphatic esters.
• Molecules with a small number of carbons smell fruity, but once more
carbons are added the smell changes to soapy or even metallic.
• Isoamyl acetate has only six carbons so its smell is distinctly sweet.

Asthma
• The Imperial College of London found that children who ate one banana a
day reduced their risk of developing asthmatic symptoms by 34 percent.
Cancer
• A study in the American Journal of Epidemiology found that the
consumption of bananas during a child’s early life was associated with a
lower risk of leukemia.
• According to Japanese scientific research, a fully ripe banana produces
TNF (tumor necrosis factor), which has the ability to combat abnormal,
cancer causing cells
Depression
• Bananas can help increase levels in your brain of serotonin, a
neurotransmitter that regulates mood and social behavior, as well as
cognitive, sexual, and digestive functioning.

PLANTAIN

Antioxidants
• Phytoestrogen: Phytoestrogens stimulate osteoblast differentiation and
increases osteoclast apoptosis
• Flavonoids: Several flavonoids and related compounds like
leucocyanidin, was isolated from the unripe pulp of plantain . Lewis
et al. reported that a natural flavonoid from the unripe banana (M.
sapientum var. paradisiaca) pulp, leucocyanidin, protects the gastric
mucosa from erosions.
• Flavonols: Several flavonoids and related compounds (quercetin and
its 3-Ogalactoside, 3-O-glucoside, and 3-O-rhamnosyl glucoside) were
isolated from the unripe pulp of plantain

Capsaicinoid:
• It has anti-inflammatory property . It is used as a topical cream for
neuropathical ailments.
Phenolic acids:
• Caffeic acid is a hydroxyl cinnamic acid. It also acts as a chemo
protective agent in oral cancer. Antihyperglycemic action of caffeic
acid is a noted feature, while p-hydroxybenzoic acid is a popular
antioxidant with less toxicity.
Oleoresin:
• Shogaol act as chemopreventive role in the development of
hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients. Gingerol plays role of
an anti-inflammatory agent and a promising antioxidant

• Dietary fibre Cellulose, hemicelluloses have been isolated from pulp and
peel of M. paradisiaca . Fibres from M. paradisiaca fruit increased
glycogenesis in the liver and lowered fasting blood
• Carbohydrates: Starch, iron, crystallisable and non-crystallisable sugars
have been found in the fruit pulp of M. paradisiaca and M. sapientum .
Starch content of ripe fruit is 5-10%. Total sugars are 15.0% .
• Vitamins: Vitamin C, B vitamins, has been found in the fruit pulp of M.
paradisiaca . The plantain is richer in ascorbic acid and higher in carotene
content than the bananas. Folic acid content is 22 μg/100 g
• Minerals: Mineral salts have been found in the fruit pulp of M. Paradisiaca.
The green fruit of M. paradisiaca has been reported to have hypoglycemic
effect due to stimulation of insulin production and glucose utilization . Its
high potassium and sodium content has been correlated with the glycemic
effect . Potassium content is 499 mg/100 g

Flavonoids
• Some of the important flavonoids in apples are quercetin,
epicatechin, and procyanidin B2. Additionally, they are also good in
tartaric acid that gives tart flavour to them. Altogether, these
compounds help the body protect from deleterious effects of free
radicals .
Dietary Fibre
• Apples are low in calories; 100 g of fresh fruit slices provide just 52
kcal. They, contain no saturated fats or cholesterol. The fruit is rich
in dietary fibre, which helps prevent absorption of dietary-LDL or bad
cholesterol in the gut. The fibre also saves the colon mucous
membrane from exposure to toxic substances by binding to cancer-
causing chemicals inside the colon.

Why the aroma?
• Methyl acetate is found in apple.
• It is the flavouring ingredient.

• Apple fruit contains good quantities of vitamin C and β-carotene.
Vitamin C is a powerful natural antioxidant. Consumption of foods
rich in vitamin C helps the body develop resistance against infectious
agents and scavenge harmful, pro-inflammatory free radicals from the
body .
• The fruit is a good source of B-complex vitamins such as riboflavin,
thiamine and pyridoxine. Together, these vitamins help as co-factors
for enzymes in metabolism as well as in various synthetic functions
inside the human body.
• Apples also carry a small amount of minerals like potassium,
phosphorus, and calcium. Potassium is an important component of
cell and body fluids helps controlling heart rate and blood pressure
thus, counters the bad influences of sodium

GRAPES

• Grapes are of mainly two types as dark blue and green. Of these dark
blue ones are more functionally significant.
• It has a total antioxidant concentration 2.42 mmol/100g
Polyphenols
• Resveratrol: It is a distinctive phytoestrogen present in the skin of
grapes.
• Anthocyanins: They are flavonoids abundantly present in the red
grapes.
• Flavone: Guercetrin is the flavone present which is the yellow pigment
seen in both red and green grapes .
• Flavanonols: Engeletin and astilbin are the flavanonols present in
grapes. They are faint yellow compound in green grapes. They are
mainly 3-glycosides or 3-glucuronides .

• Flavan-3-ols: Catechin, gallocatechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin
are flavan 3-ols present. They are colorless polymers present in grape
skin and seeds. Catechins are a class of flavonoid tannin group
antioxidants found in both red and green varieties.
• Flavanols: The flavanols present in grapes are kaempferol, quercetin,
myricetin and isorhamnetin. Quercitron is a glycoside of guercetrin
which gives yellow pigment to both red and green grapes .
Dietary fibre:
• Grapes are not rich in dietary fibres. They have several polymeric
carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemi cellulose and pectin .

• Carbohydrates: Grapes are high in carbohydrates. The sugar
predominant is fructose followed by glucose and sucrose.
• Proteins: Grapes are sources of several oxidizing enzymes like
polyphenol oxidases, peroxidises, phenolase, phosphatase, proteases,
pectin methyl esterase (PME), polygalacturonases and sucrase which
are present in the skin .

Vitamin C 4 -7 mg/l
Vitamin A 67 IU,
Thiamine (B1) 160 - 170 μg/l,
Riboflavin (B2) 3 - 60 μg/l,
Nicotinamide (B3) 0.68-2.6 μg/l,
Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.5-1.4 μg/l,
Pyridoxine (B6) 0.16-0.5 μg/l,
Biotin (B8) 1.5-4.2 μg/l,
Folic acid (B9) 0-1.8 μg/l,
Cianocobalamine (B12) 0-0.2 μg/l.
Vitamins:
Grapes are a good sources of vitamin C, A, B complex and K.
Vitamin K in trace amounts is also present in grapes

Minerals and Electrolytes:
• Grapes are rich sources of micronutrients like copper, iron and
manganese.
• Good amounts of calcium and magnesium are also present in grapes.
Iron is mostly found in raisins.
• Grapes are also a good source of the electrolytes like sodium and
potassium. Potassium amounts to 190 - 203 mg/100 g fresh fruit.

Vitamins and Minerals
• Mango fruit is an excellent source of Vitamin A and 100 g of fresh
fruit provides 765 -1082 IU or 25% of recommended daily levels of
vitamin A.
• Fresh mango is a good source of potassium. 100 g fruit provides 156
– 168 mg of potassium while just 2 – 4 mg of sodium.

• It is a very good source of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin C and
vitamin E. Vitamin B6 is required for GABA (γ-amino butyric acid)
hormone production within the brain. It controls homocysteine levels
within the blood, which may otherwise be harmful to blood vessels
resulting in coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke.
• Further, it composes moderate amounts of copper. Copper is a co-
factor for many vital enzymes, including cytochrome c-oxidase and
superoxide dismutase (other minerals function as co-factors for this
enzyme are manganese and zinc). Copper is also required for the
production of red blood cells.
• Additionally, mango peel is also rich in phytonutrients, such as the
pigment antioxidants like carotenoids and polyphenols

Dietary fibre: Pectin is the most important dietary fibre present in
mangoes (7%) healthy probiotic fibre .
Flavanoids: Antioxidants like quercetin and astragalin are the two kinds
of antioxidants found in mango fruit .
Carotenoids: Major carotenoids found are β- carotene, α- carotene and
β- cryptoxanthin.
According to a new research study, mango fruit has been found to
protect against colon, breast, leukemia and prostate cancers. Several
trial studies suggest that polyphenolic anti-oxidant compounds in mango
are known to offer protection against breast and colon cancers

ORANGE

• Oranges are an excellent source of vitamin C. It also contains very
good levels of vitamin A. It is again a very good source of B complex
vitamins such as thiamine, pyridoxine and folates. These vitamins are
essential in the sense that the human body requires them from external
sources to replenish.
• Orange fruit also contains a very good amount of minerals like
potassium and calcium. Nutrients in oranges are plentiful and
diverse. The fruit is low in calories, contains no saturated fats or
cholesterol, but is rich in dietary fibre, pectin.

Pectin
• Pectin, by its virtue as a bulk laxative, helps protect the mucous
membrane of colon by decreasing its exposure time to toxic substances
as well as by binding to cancer-causing chemicals in the colon. Pectin
has also been shown to reduce blood cholesterol levels by decreasing
its reabsorption in the colon by binding to bile acids in the colon

Antioxidants
• Orange fruit contains a variety of phytochemicals. Hesperetin,
naringin, and naringenin are flavonoids found in citrus fruits.
• Naringenin is found to have a bio-active effect on human health as
antioxidant, free radical scavenger, anti-inflammatory, and immune
system modulator.
• Oranges also contain very good levels of flavonoid antioxidants such
as α and β-carotenes, β-cryptoxanthin, zea-xanthin and lutein.

• Pear fruit is one of the very low calorie fruits; provides just 57 - 58
calories per 100 g. A low calorie but high fiber diet may help bring
significant reduction in body weight, and blood LDL cholesterol
levels.
• They contain good quantities of vitamin C. Fresh fruits provide about
7% of RDA per 100 g. The fruit is a good source of minerals such as
copper, iron, potassium, manganese and magnesium as well as B
complex vitamins such as folates, riboflavin and pyridoxine (vitamin
B6).
• Pears have been suggested in various traditional medicines in the
treatment of colitis, chronic gallbladder disorders, arthritis, and gout.
Ash content varies from 0.20 - 0.34%

PINEAPPLE

• A group of sulphur-containing proteolytic (protein digesting) enzymes
(bromelain) in pineapple help in digestion. Pineapple is a digestive
aid and a natural anti-inflammatory fruit.
• It contains large amount of phenolic substances. Pineapple is known
to be very effective in curing constipation and irregular bowel
movement. This is because it is rich in fibre, which makes bowel
movements regular and easy. For any kind of morning sickness,
motion sickness or nausea, drinking pineapple juice works effectively.
• It is loaded with essential nutrients and vitamins that are needed by the
body for overall growth and development. Juice from fresh
pineapple can be used to relieve bronchitis, diphtheria and chest
congestion

Polyphenols
• Flavonoid: Myricetin was the major polyphenol identified in
pineapple fibre .
• Flavan-3-ols: They are hydro-phenolic compounds in pineapple peel,
while in pineapple pulp and core, only a little epicatechin was
detected. Catechin (58.51 mg/100 g) while epicatechin (50.00 mg/100
g) was observed in a higher amounts in fruit dry extracts
• Phenolic acids: Gallic acid (31.76 mg/100 g dry extracts) was found
to be the main polyphenol in pineapple peels.

Proteins:
Fresh pineapples are rich in bromelain.
Vitamins:
Pineapple is also a good source of Vitamin C, vitamin B1, vitamin B6.
Minerals:
Pineapple is an excellent source of the trace mineral manganese, which
is an essential cofactor in a number of enzymes important in energy
production and antioxidant defenses. For example, the key oxidative
enzyme superoxide dismutase, which disarms free radicals produced
within the mitochondria (the energy production factories within our
cells), requires manganese. Pineapple contains considerable calcium and
potassium. Manganese is required for the growth of healthy bones and
tissues

GUAVA
Guava occurs in mainly two forms as pink and white. The
most functionally rich one is pink type. The parts of the
fruit both peel and pulp are source of natural antioxidants.

• It is used to obtain antioxidant dietary fibre (AODF), a new item
which combines in a single natural product the properties of dietary
fibre and antioxidant compounds .
• They are rich sources of polyphenols like flavonoids. Total phenolics
2473 ± 45 μg gallic acid/g fresh weight; flavonoids 209 ± 10 μg,
proanthocyanidins 263 ± 31 μg and vitamin C 1426 ± 26 μg/g are the
estimated antioxidant levels in the fruit .
• Cryptoxanthin 66 μg/100 g wet wt. edible portion, lycopene 1150
μg/100 g wet wt. edible portion and β- carotene 984 μg/100 g wet wt.
edible portion.

• Lycopene source of guava fruit is twice greater than the tomatoes
with 5204 μg/100 g of fruit.
• The fruit is a rich source of soluble dietary fibre (5.4 g/100 g fruit). It
is a good laxative.
• It is a rich source of pectin. Pectin content increases during fruit
development but declines in overripe fruits .
• Vitamin C content varies distinctly with varieties, pink flesh with
highest 228 mg/ 100 g fruit . It is more than thrice amount
required in the daily intake. Outer rind is the major source than the
inner pulp.
• The guava fruit is a moderate source of pantothenic acid (B5), niacin
(B3), pyridoxine (B6), vitamin E and K.

• They are also sources of magnesium, copper, iron and manganese. It is
a good source of minerals like phosphorus (23-40 mg/100 g),
calcium (14-30 mg/100 g), iron 0.2 -1.4 mg/100 g . Iron is present in
its seeds.
• The fruit is also a rich source of potassium. It provides more of it than
other fruits like banana. Softening enzymes like polygalacturonase,
pectin esterase, β-galactosidase, cellulose increase with ripening . Fruit
shelf life is about 10 days . The guava fruits are low in calories (68
kcal) and are free of cholesterol.

PASSION FRUIT

• Passion fruit juice is nutritious and known for its blending
capabilities.. It is rich in antioxidants, minerals, vitamins and fibre.
The dried passion flowers contain an alkaloid passiflorin which is
used for relieving pain and inducing sleep
• The major pigments in passion fruit are carotenoids, β and γ - carotene
and phytofluene in purple variety and trace quantities of flavones but
no anthocyanins . β - Cryptoxanthin is also present. The fruit is a good
source of dietary fibre. 100 g of fruit provides 0.2 - 10.40 g fibre.

• Vitamin C is 18-30 mg/100 g of fruit. Vitamin A content is 700 - 1274
IU/100 g passion fruit.
• It is a rich source of minerals like iron, copper, sulphur, magnesium
and phosphorus. Calcium is 4-12 mg/100 g. Iron is 0.2-1.6 mg/100 g.
The fresh fruit is rich in high amount of potassium (278-348 mg/100 g
fruit). Sodium is 6-28 mg/100 g. Chlorides are also present. They have
no cholesterol and energy rich fruit (84-97 kcal).

JACK FRUIT
The ripened fruit
flakes are good nutrient
source. It has sugars like
fructose and sucrose
making the body revitalize
instantly. It is rich in
carotene, thiamine, pectin,
iron, phosphorus and
calcium.

• The seeds are rich sources of starch. β- Carotene and lutein are present
as carotenoids. Xanthin and β – Cryptoxanthin are the xanthophylls
from the fruit. Apart from this, flavonoids are also present in it.
• The rind is a rich source of dietary fibres like pectin. The flakes, seeds,
sterile flowers, skin, and core contain calcium pectate . The dietary
fibre is about 1.5 mg/100 g fruit.
• Jack fruit is a good source of antioxidant vitamin C. It is 13.7 mg /100
g fruit. The fruit is also rich in vitamin A with 110 IU/100 g fruit. It is
one of the rare fruits which are rich in B complex vitamins.

• The fresh fruit is a rich source of magnesium, manganese and iron.
The potassium level provided by the fruits is 303 - 448mg/100 g fruit.
Lectin is the natural protein present in the fruit. Jacaline is an extract
obtained from jack fruit. The ripened fruit is good energy source
with 95 kcal and are cholesterol free.
• Lectin used in the cancer treatment. Jacaline inhibited the growth of
HIV infection in vitro

Super food for diabetes
• Jackfruit meal has a low Glycemic Index (GI).
The low GI could be due to the collective
contributions from dietary fiber, slowly available
glucose and un-gelatinised (intact) starch granules
in the seeds.
• A study at Sydney University’s Glycemic Index
Research Service has confirmed that consumption
of unripe jackfruit can help fight high blood sugar
level.
• Many researches arecfunded by the Kerala State
Industrial Development Corporation to
commercially exploit freeze-dried unripe jackfruit.

POMEGRANATE
• The fruit is moderate in calories,
holds about 83 kcal/100 g,
slightly more than that of in the
apples. It contains no cholesterol
or saturated fats. It is a good
source of soluble and insoluble
dietary fibers; providing about 4
g/100 g (about 12% of RDA
(Recommended Dietary
Allowance)).

• Certain ellagitannin compounds such as granatin B and punicalagin
are found abundantly in the pomegranate juice. Studies suggest that
punicalagin and tannins can be effective in reducing heart-disease
risk factors by scavenging harmful free radicals from the human body.
• Further, it is an also good source of many vital B-complex vitamins
such as pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), folates, pyridoxine and vitamin
K, and minerals like calcium, copper, potassium and manganese

• The fruit is an also good source of antioxidant vitamin C, provides
about 10-17% per 100 g of daily requirement. Consumption of fruits
rich in vitamin C helps the body develop resistance against infectious
agents by boosting immunity.
• Regular consumption of pomegranate has also been found to be
effective against prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia
(BPH), diabetes and lymphoma.

PAPAYA
• Papaya seeds have been proven
natural remedy for many
ailments in the traditional
medicines.
• The seeds can be found
application as anti-inflammatory,
anti-parasitic, analgesic and used
to treat stomach ache and
ringworm infections.

• The papaya fruit is very low in calories (just 39 -43 kcal/100 g) and
contains no cholesterol; it is a rich source of phytonutrients, minerals
and vitamins.
• Papayas contain soft, easily digestible flesh with a good amount of
soluble dietary fibre that helps to have normal bowel movements;
thereby reducing constipation problems.
• Fresh, ripe papaya is one of the fruits with the highest vitamin C
content (provides 60-61.8 mg or about 103% of DRI (Dietary
Reference Intakes), more than that of in oranges, or lemons).

• It is also an excellent source of Vitamin A (provides 950-1094 IU/100
g).
• Papaya fruit is also rich in many essential B complex vitamins such
as folic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin and thiamine. These vitamins
are essential in the sense that body requires them from external
sources to replenish and play a vital role in metabolism.
• Fresh papaya also contains a good amount of potassium (182-257
mg/100 g) and calcium. Flavonoids like ß- carotene, lutein, zea-
xanthin and cryptoxanthin are present in papaya.

RAMBUTAN
A 100 g serving of fresh
rambutan pulp provides about 4.9 -
40 mg of vitamin C, which
corresponds to 66% of the daily
value (DV) for vitamin C.
Vitamin C is best known as
a dietary remedy for the common
cold and flu, but it also provides a
number of other health benefits.

• Consumption of rambutan increases body’s natural ability to flush out
heavy metals and other toxins as well as to deal with stress .
• Compared with most other fruits, rambutans are also a good source of
copper. A copper deficiency may lead, to anemia, ruptures in blood
vessels, bone and joint problems, elevated cholesterol levels, frequent
infections and chronic fatigue. Copper is also crucial for healthy hair
growth and foods rich in copper, such as rambutans, may help prevent
hair loss, intensify hair colour and prevent premature greying of hair

MANGOSTEEN
• Delicious and juicy, mangosteen
comprises of an impressive list
of essential nutrients which are
required for normal growth and
development and overall
nutritional well-being.
• It is moderately low in calories
and contains no saturated fats or
cholesterol. It is rich in dietary
fibre (100 g provides about 13%
of RDA)

• Mangosteen is good source of vitamin C and provides about 12% of
RDA /100 g. Vitamin C is a powerful water soluble anti-oxidant.
Consumption of fruits rich in vitamin C helps human body develop
resistance against viral-flu and help scavenge harmful, pro-
inflammatory free-radicals.
• Fresh fruit is a moderate source of B-complex vitamins such as
thiamine, niacin and folates. These vitamins are acting as cofactors
and help the body to metabolize carbohydrates, protein, and fats.
Further, it also contains a very good amount of minerals like
potassium, copper, manganese and magnesium.

Watermelon
• Watermelons are mostly water — about 92
percent — but this refreshing fruit is soaked
with nutrients.
• Each juicy bite has significant levels of
vitamins A, B6 and C, lots of lycopene,
antioxidants and amino acids.

Health benefits
Asthma prevention
Blood pressure
• In a 2012 study, researchers found that watermelon extract reduced blood
pressure in and around the ankles of middle-aged people with obesity and
early hypertension. The authors suggested that L-citrulline and L-
arginine — two of the antioxidants in watermelon — may improve the
function of the arteries.
• Lycopene — another antioxidant in watermelon — may help protect against
heart disease. A 2017 review suggested that it might do this by
reducing inflammation linked with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or
“good” cholesterol.
• Phytosterols are plant compounds that may help manage low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) or “bad” cholesterol. Some guidelines recommend
consuming 2 grams (g) of phytosterols each day. 154 g of watermelon balls
provides a small amount, at 3.08 mg.

Digestion and regularity
• Watermelon has high water content and also provides some fiber.
These nutrients help promote a healthy gut by
preventing constipation and promoting regularity of bowel
movements.
Hydration
• Watermelon is around 90% water and also provides electrolytes, such
as potassium. This makes it a healthful choice of snack during the hot
summer months.

Brain and nervous system
• Choline is another antioxidant that occurs in watermelon
• One theory suggests that choline may help slow the progression
of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease, but there is not enough evidence
to confirm this.
Muscle soreness
• Watermelon and watermelon juice may reduce muscle soreness and
improve recovery time following exercise in athletes.
• In a 2017 study, athletes drank either half a liter of either a placebo or
watermelon juice with added L-citrulline, 2 hours before running a
half marathon race. Those who consumed the watermelon drink
reported less muscle soreness 24–72 hours after the race.

Risks
Moderate amounts of watermelon present no serious health risk for most
people, but some may need to take care.
• Diabetes: Watermelon is a fruit with natural sugar content. People
with diabetes must account for these carbs in their daily meal
plan.This may increase the risk of a glucose spike.
• Allergy: Some may develop symptoms of an allergic reaction, such
as hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing after eating watermelon. If
this happens, the person needs medical attention, as it can sometimes
lead to anaphylaxis, which is a life-threatening condition.

Amla
• It is a rich source of vitamin C. It has been
used since a long time in Ayurveda. The
gooseberry are consumed raw or cooked.
• It is also used as an ingredient in inks,
shampoos, and hair oils too. Because of its
high tannin content it is used in fixing dyes
in fabrics

Why bitter?
• They have bitter taste that may derive from a high density
of ellagitannins,such as emblicanin A (37%), emblicanin B
(33%), punigluconin(12%), and pedunculagin (14%).Amla also
contains punicafolin and phyllanemblinin A, phyllanemblin
other polyphenols, such as flavonoids, kaempferol, ellagic acid,
and gallic acid.

Strengthens Immunity
• Amla is very helpful in strengthening the immune system. Amla are
considered to increase the white blood cells count in the body which
are the defenders of the body immunity. So, overall it boosts the
immunity by increasing the defense and scavenging the free radicals
and toxins from the body.
Good for Diabetic Patient
• Amla is a great fruit for diabetic patient since it contains chromium
which posses therapeutic value for the patients. It stimulates the
insulin secreting cells. Which in turn helps to reduce the blood sugar
level of the body. Chromium are also helpful for reducing the Low
density lipoprotein LDL which are also known as bad cholesterol.
Thus promoting heart health too.

Improves Vision
• One of the important health benefits of amla consumption is it
improves vision. Owing to good amount of vitamin A and carotenes, it
helps to improve shortsightedness and cataracts.
• It helps to reduce the intraocular tension. It also lowers the risk of
having macular degeneration and night blindness.

Lemon
• A great source of vitamin C and fiber,
lemons contain many plant compounds,
minerals, and essential oils.
• These yellow fruits also have many
potential health benefits. Eating lemons
may lower your risk of heart disease,
cancer, and kidney stones.

These are the main plant compounds in lemons:
• Citric acid. The most abundant organic acid in lemons, citric acid may help
prevent the formation of kidney stones.
• Hesperidin. This antioxidant may strengthen your blood vessels and
prevent atherosclerosis — the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) inside your
arteries .
• Diosmin. An antioxidant used in some drugs that affect the circulatory
system, diosmin improves muscle tone and reduces chronic inflammation in
your blood vessels.
• Eriocitrin. This antioxidant is found in lemon peel and juice
• D-limonene. Found primarily in the peel, d-limonene is the main
component of lemon essential oils and responsible lemons’ distinct aroma.
In isolation, it can relieve heartburn and stomach reflux

Heart health
• Intake of fruits high in vitamin C is linked to reduced heart disease
risk.
• Intake of isolated fibers from citrus fruits has been shown to decrease
blood cholesterol levels, and the essential oils in lemons can protect
LDL (bad) cholesterol particles from becoming oxidized .
• Recent studies show that the plant compounds hesperidin and diosmin
may have beneficial effects on some key risk factors for heart disease.
Cancer
Lemons may help reduce the risk of many types of cancers, including
breast cancer. This is thought to be due to plant compounds like
hesperidin and d-limonene.

Prevention of kidney stones
• The citric acid in lemons may reduce your risk of kidney stones .
• Some studies have shown that lemon juice and lemonade can be
effective at preventing kidney stones, but other studies have found no
effect.
Anemia prevention
• Anemia is often caused by iron deficiency and most common in pre-
menopausal women.
• Lemons contain small amounts of iron, but they are a great source of
vitamin C and citric acid, which can increase the absorption of iron
from other foods
• Because lemons can enhance the absorption of iron from foods, they
may help prevent anemia

Avocado
• Also known as an alligator pear or
butter fruit, the versatile avocado is the
only fruit that provides a substantial
amount of healthy monounsaturated
fatty acids (MUFA).
• Avocados are a naturally nutrient-dense
food and contain nearly 20 vitamins and
minerals.

• In addition to these conventional nutrients, avocados offer a wide
range of phytonutrients and phytosterols (beta-sitosterol, campesterol,
and stigmasterol) as well as their polyhydroxylated alcohols.
• The major carotenoid found in the pulp of avocado is
chrysanthemaxanthin. Other carotenoids in the pulp include
neoxanthin, transneoxanthin, neochrome, and several forms of lutein
• Most researchers are agreed that the high levels of monounsaturated
fat in avocado—especially oleic acid—play a role in these heart-
related benefits.

Cardiovascular Support Provided by Avocados
(1) Avocado fats, which include very large amounts of the
monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, as well as the unusual
phytosterols, including beta-sitosterol, campesterol, and
stigmasterol;
(2) The antioxidant nutrients in avocado, including carotenoids like
chrysanthemaxanthin, neoxanthin, and lutein as well as vitamin E
and vitamin C;
(3) Anti-inflammatory components of avocado, including the
carotenoids and phytosterols listed above as well as catechins and
procyanidins

• Avocado is likely to provide you with health benefits in the areas of
blood sugar control, insulin regulation, satiety and weight
management, and decreased overall risk of unwanted inflammation.
Osteoporosis treatment
• Substances called saponins, found in avocados, soy and some other
plant foods, are associated with relief of symptoms in knee
osteoarthritis, with further research planned to determine the long-term
effects of isolated extracts.

Durian
• Popular in Southeast Asia,
durian is described as sweet-
tasting with an intensely
pungent smell.

Why it stinks?
• A draft genome analysis of durian
indicates it has about
46,000 coding and non-
coding genes, among which a class
called methionine gamma lyases –
which regulate the odour of
organosulfur compounds – may be
primarily responsible for the
distinct durian odour.

Health Benefits
• Improves Heart Health Durian is very high in potassium, even when
compared to other fruits
• Supports Healthy Pregnancy
• Durian has been studied for its concentration of the essential B-
vitamin, folate
• Prevents Joint Pain
• Durian is very high in vitamin C, especially when eaten raw.
• Promotes Healthy Digestion
• Durian is rich in natural sugars that ferment after being exposed to gut
bacteria during digestion.

Adverse Effects
• The high potassium content of durian can be dangerous for individuals
with end-stage renal disease.Although potassium is seen as a benefit
for the majority of the population, people with kidney disease must be
cautious with durian.

Custard apple
• The fruit is rich in starch when firm but
increases markedly in sugar as it
softens. The main sugars are glucose
and fructose (80-90%). Compared with
other fruits, custard apple fruits contain
significant quantities of vitamin C,
thiamine, potassium, magnesium and
dietary fibre .
• The calorific value is high (300-450 kJ
per 100 g) and is almost double that of
peach, orange and apple.

The main bioactive phytochemicals found in Annona spp. fruit include:
• Acetogenins - polyketide fatty acids (>300)
• Aliphatic ketones e.g. palmitone
• Alkaloids (>32)
• Benzenoids (>19)
• Cyclic peptides
• Essential oils (>60)
• Lignans (>15)
• Long chain fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, palmitic, stearic found in seed)
• Organic acids (47) hexanoic, and octanoic

• Terpenoids,
• Purines
• Steroids
• Tryptamine-derived amides
• Volatiles (>180)
Volatiles and flavour components
• Several studies (Bartley, 1987; Wong and Khoo, 1993; Wylie et al. 1997;
Andrade et al., 2001; Rios et al. 2003; Yu, et al. 2005; Pino et al. 2006;
Shashirekha, et al. 2008) have reported on the major volatiles found in
custard apple fruit and closely related species. These are presented below.
pinene
limonene
bornyl acetate
germacrene D
• The volatile compound found in greatest concentration in custard apple fruit
is pinene, a bicyclic terpene known as a monoterpene.

Discovery of acetogenins
• The anti-cancer properties of custard apple appear to be mainly due to
a class of compounds called acetogenins which are specific to
Annonaceaous species (Alai et al., 1999; McLaughlin, 2008).
• Acetogenins are very long chain fatty acids (McLaughlin, 2008).
• To date, over 400 acetogenins have been identified (McLaughlin,
2008; Li et al., 2008). Currently the Annonaceae remain a "hot' family
for the discovery of new anti-cancer drugs.

In vivo (living organism) testing
• McLaughlin et al. (2006) showed that the acetogenin, bullatacin, was
active in reducing the development of leukaemia in mice.
• Compared with Taxol (paclitaxel) a standard anti-cancer drug,
bullatacin was 300 times as potent as taxol in this in vivo test system.
Human clinical trials
• Limited human clinical testing trials are being conducted on the
closely related Annonaceous species Asimina triloba (North American
pawpaw) at the Cancer Screening and Treatment Centre in Nevada,
USA with apparent promising results

Anti-Microbial/Viral/Fungal Activity
• The fruit of Annona spp. have been shown to have anti-microbial
activities (Wiart et al., 2005) due to several compounds including:
Ent-kauranes,Acetogenins,Essential oils,Benzylisoquinolines alkaloids

Dates
• Many studies have shown that
date fruit has antioxidant, anti-
mutagenic, anti-inflammatory,
gastroprotective, hepato-
protective, nephro-protective,
anticancer, immune-stimulant
activities etc.

Health benefits
• Lowers cholesterol
Dates are free from cholesterol, and contain very little fat. Including them in
smaller quantities in your daily diet can help you keep a check on
cholesterol level, and even assist in weight loss.
• Strengthens the nervous system
Date are loaded with potassium, and yet contain little sodium, and that goes
a long way in keeping your nervous system in order. The potassium helps to
reduce cholesterol, and keeps the risk of a stroke in check.
• Rich in iron
It's great for blood purification as well.

• Promotes digestion
If you soak a few dates in water and chew on them daily,
your digestive system will behave itself very well. Due to it's high fibre
content it is also recommended for those who have trouble with
constipation.
• May Promote Brain Health
• Eating dates may help improve brain function.
• Laboratory studies have found dates to be helpful for lowering
inflammatory markers, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), in the brain. High levels
of IL-6 are associated with a higher risk of neurodegenerative diseases like
Alzheimer’s

Functional food
• A fruit as functional food has its own advantages like, apples are good
for overall growth and development of the body. It is the reservoir of
many antioxidants and vitamins.
• Banana is another fruit rich in simple sugars which provide instant
energy to athletes and for undernourished children.
• The richest source of phenolic compounds is grapes. Regular intake of
grape juice can lower the free radicals in the body.
• Guava is an underutilized crop which has been suggested for diarrhea
and diabetes.
• Jackfruit is another energy rich crop which replenishes body energy
loss.

• Mangoes are excellent summer food and are medically used for curing
hiccups, sore throat, diarrhea and dysentery.
• Oranges are carotenoid rich fruit hence it is important as an anticancer
fruit, also helps in lowering body weight just like pomegranate
• Papaya is another rarely used crop which has been used in traditional
medicines.
• Passion fruit is even prescribed by doctors for several contagious
diseases and flu.
• Peaches help in anti-aging and curing various diseases.
• Pineapple is often recommended for digestion problems

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