Biofortification in fruit crops

Doctoral Seminar-I
Biofortification in Fruit Crops
Presented By
Kadge Nishant Ramesh
Ph.D. II Year Student (Fruit Science)
Presentedto
Department of Fruit Science
Faculty of Horticulture,
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola

Introduction
Nutritional Situation
Minerals are so important for human body why ?
What is Biofortification?
What is Biofortified crops?
Advantages and Constraints
Government Programmes
Methods of Biofortification
Future Challenges
Conclusion
Outline of Seminar
BIOFORTIFICATION

Undernourished people in world

The News From-Times of India Article ,4th
August, 2014
The News From-The National Network
11th Dec 2015

MIcroelement are so important FOR HUMAN BODY, why ?
 Deficiency affect blindness, birth defects, mental health and child survival.
 Deficiency increase mortality.
 Deficiency of vitamin A lead to blindness.
 Iron needed for physical and cognitive development.
 Zinc deficiency causes stunting in children.
 Women and young children most affected.
 1 out of 3 people in developing countries suffers.
 More than 40% children under five are stunted while an estimated 44% of
the same age group are at risk of zinc deficiency.

Deficiency Symptoms IN HUMAN
Vitamin A
Eye sight problem, Reduce
immunity, Night blindness,
Retard growth, Dry skin
Iron (Fe)
Anaemia, Chest pain, Reduced
immunity Dizziness, Headache,
Weakness, Glossitis, Frequent
worm infestation
Zinc (Zn)
Reduced growth, Immunity, Loss
of apetite, Weight loss, Skin
Dryness, Rashes

Impact of
Malnutrition
Low Mood
Weight Loss
Low
Energy
Muscle
Wasting
Increase Risk
for Fractures
Increase Risk
for Hospital
Additions
Confusion
Infections
Reduced
Independence
Increase Risk
of Falls
Reduced
Mobility

DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES (DRIs)
Nutrients Intake (mg/day)
Protein 0.66-0.88
Vitamin A 500-630
Calcium 500-1000
Iodine 73-95
Iron 5-8.1
Magnesium 200-350
Selenium 35-45
Zinc 6.8-9
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academics, 2013

Richest Source of Vitamins and Minerals
Sources Fruit Content Fruit Content
Vitamin A Mango 4800 IU/100g Papaya 2020 IU/100g
Vitamin B1 Cashew 630mg/100g Walnut 450mg/100g
Vitamin B2 Bael 1191mg/100g Papaya 250mg/100g
Vitamin C Barbados cherry
1000-
4000mg/100g
Aonla 600mg/100g
Carbohydrate Apricot 72.81% Karonda 67.10%
Protein Cashew 21.20% Almond 20.88%
Calcium Litchi 0.21% Karonda 0.16%
Phosphorus Almond 0.49% Cashew 0.45%
Iron Karonda 39.1% Dates 10.6%
Source- Jitendra Singh, 2004Biofortification in Fruit Crops

What is Bio-fortification ?
• Greek word “bios” means “life” and Latin word “fortificare” means
“make strong”.
Defination
The process by which the nutritional quality of food crops is improved
through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding or modern
biotechnology.
High yielding
crop varieties
x
High Nutrient
crop varieties
Biofortified
food crop
=

What is Bio-fortified crops ?
Discovery
 Identified target
population.
 Set nutrient target
level.
 Screen germplasm
and gene
discovery
Development
 Test the performance
of new crop varieties.
 Measure nutrient
retention in crop.
Dissemination
 Develop strategies to
disseminate the seed
or plant material.
 Promote marketing
and consumption of
biofortified crops
1 2 3

WHY BIOFORTIFICATION?
Source-McLean et al., 2009
 Increase bioavailable concentrations of essential nutrients in edible
portions of food crops.
 Provides a truly feasible means of reaching malnourished populations
in relatively remote rural areas.
 Deliver naturally-fortified foods to population groups with limited
access to commercially-marketed fortified foods.
 WHO estimated that biofortification could help cure 2 billion people
suffering from iron deficiency induced anaemia.

How it Differ From Fortification ?
Biofortification differ from ordinary fortification because it focuses
on making plant foods more nutritious as the plant are growing, rather
than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed.

+ Nutrient Food Processing
More
Nutrient
Consumed
1. Traditional Fortification
Fruits
2. Biofortification
+
Selective Breeding
Plant producing low
level of nutrients
-OR-
Genetic Modification
Seeds
+
Genes
Insert gene to
increase plant
nutrient production
Plant producing High
levels of nutrients
Dietary
supplements
Varied plant
based diet

Commercially Available Fortified Foods

Advantages of Biofortification
 Increase in nutrient value. i.e. bioavailable Vitamin A and B6; Fe; Protein and
Zinc.
 Reduced adult and child micronutrient caused mortality.
 Reduced dietary deficiency diseases. eg. Blindness in children, diarrhoea,
anaemia, etc.
 It is this multiplier aspect of plant breeding across time and distance that
makes it so cost-effective.
 Once in place, the biofortified crop system is highly sustainable.
 Healthier populations with strong and quick immune response to infections.
 Biofortification provides a truly feasible means of reaching malnourished
populations in relatively remote rural areas.
Cont…..Biofortification in Fruit Crops

 Increase in Yield. i.e. Biofortified crops enhance abiotic stress tolerance.
 After the one-time investment is made to develop seeds that fortify themselves,
recurrent costs are low and germplasm may be shared internationally.
 The inbuilt resistance to pests, weeds, and diseases makes them more
environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides.
 Direct health advantage for farmers is a result of less insecticide exposure
during spraying operations.
 Although the seed is more expensive, the overall cost of production is low
because of reduced inputs of machinery, fuel, and chemical pesticides.

Constraints of Biofortification
 High production cost. i.e. equipment, technology, patenting, etc.
 Potential negative interaction of biofortified crop/ non GM crop causing loss of
wild type varieties.
 Low substantial equivalence. i.e. inability to provide high micronutrient and
protein content compared to supplements.
 For rural populations have limited access and resources to purchase
biofortified crops.
 The genetic engineering methods used may compromise immunity in human.
i.e. introduced increase risk allergecity.
 Monoculture will wipe out diversity.

Biofortification and zero hunger challenge
The second Global Biofortification Conference may recommend to the UN
that a year between 2018-2020 may be observed as the International Year of
Biofortified and Underutilized Crops. This will be an important step in the meeting
the Zero Hunger Challenge by 2025, since biofortified crops help to address
simultaneously under and malnutrition.
To celebrate the International year of Family Farming and Asia Pacific
Conference was held at MSSRF, Chennai on August, 2014. With one of the major
objectives of the conference is the launch of Zero Hunger Programme in India.
ICN2 Second International Conference on Nutrition with theme “Better
Nutrition Better Lives” was shows global awareness towards biofortification.
Source- Kigali, 2014

Methods of biofortification
Agronomical
Biofortification
Conventional
Breeding

Comparison of existing practices
Sr.
No.
Agronomical
Biofortification
Conventional
Breeding
Advantages
Simple,
inexpensive, Rapid
enhancement
Uses intrinsic
properties of crops
Rapid, unconstrained by
gene pool, targeted
expression in edible
organs, applicable
directly to elite cultivars.
Disadvantages
Only work with
minerals, very
dependent on crop
and cultivar; not
possible to target
edible organ
Depends on
existing gene pool;
takes long time;
traits might need to
be introgressed
from wild relatives,
possible
intellectual
property
constraints.
Regulatory landscape,
political and
socioeconomic issues
relevant to transgenic
plants, possible
intellectual property
constraints.
Source-Zhu et al., 2007Biofortification in Fruit Crops

Future challenge
 Consumer preference.
 Production of crops for human nutrition with increase iron
concentration.
 Promoting large scale prospective studies on assessing the effects of
nutrient enhancement in major crops in relieving malnutrition and
other associated health problems.
 Improving the efficiency with which minerals are mobilized in the soil.
 Enhancing the mineral uptake efficiency of the important crops.
 Expanding the understanding of mineral accumulation and the
transport within the plant body.
 The biggest hurdle in the commercial use of GM crops is the regulatory
approval process which is very expensive and time consuming.

Biofortification in Banana
Variety Name
Country of
Origin
Genome- Sub
group
Fruit Ripening
stage
Total
Carotenoid
content
Apantu Ghana AAB-Plantain
Unripe
Ripe
46.83 ppm
100.71 ppm
Bira
Papua New
Guinea
AAB-Pacific
plantain
Unripe
Ripe
43.42ppm
106.38 ppm
Pelipita Philippines ABB-Plantain
Unripe
Ripe
25.35 ppm
17.44 ppm
To’o
Papua New
Guinea
AA-Desert
Unripe
Ripe
5.60ppm
77.69ppm
Source- Ekesa, 2015
Fortified Banana
Normal Banana

Biofortification in pomegranate
Solapur Lal- Hybrid Ganesh
5.6-6.1 mg/100g Iron 2.7-3.2 mg/100g
0.64-0.69 mg/100g Zinc 0.50-0.54 mg/100g
19.4-19.8 mg/100g Vitamin-C 14.2-14.6 mg/100g
Solapur Lal- Hybrid
 Fruit yield: 23.0-27.0 t/ha.
 Developed by ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate,
Solapur.
 Adaptation: Semi-arid regions of the country.
Source- ICAR,2017

NRCP H-6 Bhagwa
6.10 mg/100g Iron 2.8 mg/100g
0.69 mg/100g Zinc 0.52 mg/100g
Biofortification in pomegranate
A group of scientists from National Research Centre for Pomegranate(NRCP),
Solapur, in collaboration with Indian Institute Horticulture Research (IIHR), Bengaluru,
has developed a new hybrid pomegranate variety called "NRCP H-6", which has a high
content of iron and zinc compared to the existing commercial variety Bhagwa.
The news from- Times of India, 10th April 2017Biofortification in Fruit Crops

Conclusion
 Biofortification is a cost effective, feasible means of reaching populations who
may have limited availability and access to diverse diets, supplements, or
commercially fortified foods.
 A one-time investment in developing for micronutrient rich varieties for
farmers to grow for years to come, and the same varieties can be evaluated in
other target geographies with similar agro-ecological conditions, thus
multiplying the benefit of the initial investment.
 Biofortification is one solution among many that are needed to solve the
complex problem of micronutrient deficiency, and it complements existing
interventions.
 For biofortification it is vast scope to develop the biofortified varieties in fruits
crops like; guava, annona spp., ber, papaya, jackfruit, pineapple, etc.

Biofortification in fruit crops

Biofortification in fruit crops

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Biofortification in fruit crops

Similar to Biofortification in fruit crops (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Biofortification in fruit crops