The document describes several animal phyla including porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, mollusca, echinodermata, arthropoda, and chordata. It provides details on key characteristics of each phylum such as body structure, symmetry, digestive system, circulatory system, and examples of common species.

11. Phylum Annelida -segmented worms (earthworms, leeches)‏ -longitudinal and circular muscle fibers surrounding body wall - closed circulatory system: blood remains contained within vessels

13. Phylum Mollusca -snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids

14. Phylum Mollusca Anatomy Foot – muscular mass of tissue that functions in locomotion ( video clip )‏ Mantle – outgrowth of body surface that drapes over the animal – produces the shell in certain mollusks – functions in respiration, waste disposal, and sensory reception

15. Mollusks have an open circulatory system – a heart pumps blood into vessels – the vessels open into chambers where the organs are bathed in blood

17. Phylum Echinodermata -sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers -spines and plates under the skin make up the endoskeleton (but with no central spine)‏ -the water vascular system is a network of water-filled canals that aid movement -tube feet function in locomotion, feeding, and respiration

21. General Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda -open circulatory system with a copper-based blood called hemolyph -unlike humans, arthropod blood does not carry oxygen

22. General Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda How do arthropods get oxygen to their tissues? Aquatic arthropods have gills Terrestrial arthropods have trachea – a system of air tubes

23. Exoskeleton – external skeleton that consists of proteins mixed with chitin – protection, avoid dehydration Must molt periodically General Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda

24. Crustaceans Head and thorax is fused  cephalothorax Have antennae; mostly aquatic Copepods play an enormous role in the food chain of marine and freshwater communities

25. Arachnids Head and thorax is fused  cephalothorax No antennae; mostly terrestrial Two pairs of mouthparts: 1. Fanglike mouthparts used to paralyze prey with poison 2. Mouthparts used to manipulate prey once it is paralyzed

26. Insects – the most successful arthropods Entomology – study of insects Reasons for success: -ability to fly -diverse feeding habits -ability to metamorphasize

27. Many arthropods, including insects, have compound eyes Compound eyes consist of many eyes (can be over 1,000!)‏ Excellent in detecting motion, however, poor image resolution

28. Metamorphosis Metamorphosis – a process in which body form changes from the sexually immature to the sexually mature stage Incomplete metamorphosis: -change is not dramatic -molting causes insect to grow Complete metamorphosis: -larval stage function in eating and growing -adult stage functions in moving and reproducing

29. Phylum Chordata

30. Notochord – flexible rod that extends down the length of the body Invertebrate chordates – notochord becomes skeleton Vertebrate chordates – notochord disintegrates Chordates are named after a structure that is found in all chordate embryos