10. Seedless Vascular Plants - include the ferns (Pteridophyta) and its allies-whisk ferns (Psilotophyta), quillworts, club and spike mosses (Lycopodophyta), and horsetail (Equisetophyta) -with vascular tissues-xylem and phloem -with true roots, stems, and leaves -dominant pothosynthetic sporophyte -independent gametophyte
11. Seed Vascular Plants - include the gymnosperms (naked seed) and angiosperms (enclosed seed) -with vascular tissues-xylem and phloem -with true roots, stems and leaves -dominant photosynthetic sporophyte -dependent gametophyte (seed vascular)
12. 1.Gymnosperms -cone-bearing plants -include conifers or pine (Pinophyta), cycads (Cycadophyta), ginkgo(Ginkgophyta), and gnetophytes (Gnetophyta)
13. 2.Angiosperms -fruit-bearing or flowering plants (Magnoliophyta) -divided into dicot ( class Magnoliopsida ) and monocot (class Liliopsida)
14. a. Dicot -more primitive than the monocots -embryo has two cotyledon -floral parts in 4's or 5's or multiples of 4's or 5's -mostly woody, some herbaceous stems -oval or palmate leaves with net-like venation -taproot stem
15. b. Monocot -more advance by the dicots -embryo has one cotyledon -floral parts in 3's or multiples of 3's -usually herbaceous, soft and green stems -narrow shaped leaves with parallel venation -fibrous root system
21. 1.Terminal or apical meristems -located at the tips of roots and meristems -responsible for stablishing patterns and producing new, genetically health cells
22. 2.Intercalary meristems -portions of apical meristems separated from the apex during development -lie below the node and at the base of stem of grasses -disappear when transformed into permanent tissue
23. 3.Lateral meristems -composed of initial cells that divided chiefly in one plane -increase the diameter of the organ
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26. 1.Cuticle -composed of fatty material, water-proof cutin -covered by epiticular wax -outer covering of leaves, particularly the upper surface -protects the plant for dessication and microbes 2.Epidermal Cells -in leaves and young green stems, the only intercellular spaces are the stomata surrounded by guard cells -responsible for gas exchange and cellular recognition
27. 3.Trichomes -unicellular or multicellular outgrowths from the epidermal cells, eg. cotton fibers, menthol of peppermint, and root hairs -responsible for nutrition and absorption and protection from herbivores and humans
28. Fate of Epidermis -short-leave in many plants -repalce by a secondary dermal tissue- the periderm Fundamental Ground Tissues form the bulk of the of the softer parts of plants include the pith and cortex of stem, leaf tissues except for epidermis and veins, and major portion of fruits responsible for storsge, basic metabolism and support
29. Parenchyma ( Greek, para , beside; en + chein ,to pour in) -most common and most abundant plant tissue -occur in all organisms of higher plants -have long-lived protoplast, large vacuoles ,and thin walls
33. 3.Transfer Cells -parenchyma specialized for short-distance transport of solutes -occur in areas of high solute transport along the conducting cells of xylem and phloem
34. Collenchyma (Greek , kolla ,glue) -composed of elongated cells with unevenly thickened stretchable cell walls, cells are often in standards or as a cylinders beneath the epidermis -support the growing regions of the shoot-expanding leaves, petiole,and elongating stems
