1. DR. DILIP V. HANDE
A S S O C IA T E P R O FE S S OR
D E P T OF B OT A N Y
S H R I SH I V AJ I SC I E NC E CO L L E G E
A M R A V AT I
SEM- III
2020-2021
2. BOTANY
3S- BOTANY
ANGIOSPERM SYSTEMATICS, ANATOMY & EMBRYOLOGY
UNIT I : Angiosperm Systematics and Biodiversity.
1.1Angiosperms: Origin and Evolution (Pteridospermean and
Bennititalean Theory)
1.2 Botanical Nomenclature: Principles of rules, Taxonomic Ranks, Type
concept, Valid publication.
1.3 Herbarium – Concept & significance, Royal Botanical Garden, Kolkata.
1.4 Concept of biodiversity, Ex situ and In situ conservation
1.5 Concept & importance of Biodiversity.
UNIT II: Angiosperm Systematics
2.1 Systems of Classification: Bentham and Hooker’s System, Engler and
Prantle’s system.
2.2 Systematic studies & economic importance of following Families
Dicotyledons (Polypetalae) : Malvaceae, Brassicaceae, Leguminosae,
Apiaceae,
3. UNIT III: Angiosperm Systematics
3.1 Systematic studies & economic importance of following
Families
Dicotyledons (Gamopetalae): Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae,
Apocynaceae, Solanaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae.
3.2 Dicotyledons ( Monoclamydeae): Euphorbiaceae.
3.3 Monocotyledons: Liliaceae, Poaceae.
UNIT IV: Anatomy
4.1 Types of Tissues:
Meristematic – Types of meristems
Permanent – Simple and complex.
4.2 Characteristics of growth rings, Sapwood and heartwood.
4.3 Anatomy of root: Primary structure in dicot and
monocot root, normal secondary growth in dicot root.
4. 5.3 Leaf Anatomy: Internal structure in Nerium and Maize
leaf.
UNIT VI : Embryology
5.1Microsporangium, microsporogenesis, development of
male gametophyte.
5.2Megasporangium, types of ovules, megasporogenesis,
development of female gametophyte (monosporic, Bisporic
& tetrasporic).
5.3 Double fertilization and triple fusion.
5.4 Embryo – Classification of embryo.
5.5 Endosperm types & significance, Suspended animation
UNIT V: Anatomy
5.1 Anatomy of stem: Primary structure in monocot and
dicot stem, normal secondary growth in dicot stem.
5.2 Anomalies in primary structure in Boerhhavia stem,
secondary structure in Bignonia and Dracaena
36. What is plant anatomy?
ANATOMY: study of the structure of
organisms… looking at cells, tissues
(Morphology: Study of form)
TISSUE:
MERISTIMATIC
PERMANENT
SECRETARY
37. How can water
move from
the ground
all the way
to the top
of a 100 m
tall redwood
tree?
38. Plant Anatomy: Cells
Plant cells are basic building blocks
Can specialize in form and function
By working together, forming tissues, they can
support each other and survive
Levels of organization
atoms > molecules > cells > tissues > organs > whole plant > pop.
39. Plant Tissues Types
All plant organs (roots, stems, leaves) are composed
of the same tissue types.
There are three types of tissue:
1. Dermal – outermost layer
2. Vascular – conducting tissue, transport
3. Ground – bulk of inner layers
40. 1. Dermal tissue
Epidermis is the outermost layer of cells
Like the “skin” of animals
In stems and leaves,
epidermis has cuticle,
a waxy layer that prevents
water loss.
Some have trichomes, hairs.
Root epidermis has root hairs, for
water and nutrient absorption
41. 2. Vascular tissue
Transports water and organic materials (sugars)
throughout the plant
Xylem – transports water and
dissolved ions from the root
to the stem and leaves.
• Phloem – carries dissolved
sugars
from leaves to rest of the plant
42. Xylem
Transports water and dissolved minerals
Tracheids: long, thin tube like structures without
perforations at the ends
Vessel elements: short, wide tubes perforated at
the ends (together form a pipe, called vessel).
Both cells have pits (thin sections) on the walls
Tracheids Vessel elements
43. Xylem cells
Xylem cells are dead!
They are hollow cells
and consist
only of
cell wall
44. Phloem
Cells that transport organic materials (sugars)
Phloem cells are ALIVE! (unlike xylem)
However, they lack
nucleus and
organelles
45. Phloem: transports sugars
Phloem composed of cells called sieve tube
members (STM)
Companion cells join sieve tube members, are
related, and help to load materials into STM
End walls of STM have large pores called
sieve plates
Sieve tube member
Companion cells
Sieve plates
46. 3. Ground tissue
Makes up the bulk of plant organs.
Functions: Metabolism, storage and support.
Root Stem Leaf
47. Plant Organs
Organs: tissues that act together to serve a specific function
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Dermal
Vascular
Ground
Dermal
Vascular
Ground
Dermal
Vascular
Ground
48. Functions of plant organs:
ROOTS: Anchorage, water/nutrient absorption from
soil, storage, water/nutrient transport
STEMS: Support, water/nutrient transport
LEAVES: Photosynthesis (food production)
49. ROOTS
ROOTS “the hidden half”
Functions of roots:
Ancorage
Absorption of water & dissolved minerals
Storage (surplus sugars, starch)
Conduction water/nutrients
51. Root Epidermis
Outermost, single layer of cells that:
Protects (from diseases)
Absorbs water and nutrients
ROOT HAIRS: tubular extensions
of epidermal cells.
Increase surface area of root,
for better water/nutrient
absorption
52. Root Hairs: water and mineral absorption
Root hairs
increase surface
area for better
absorption
54. Root Ground tissue
In roots, ground tissue (a.k.a. cortex) provides
support, and
often stores sugars and starch
(for example: yams, sweet potato, etc.)
Hey!
I yam
what I
yam,
man!
You’re not a yam,
you’re a
sweetpotato!
cortex
56. Root cortex: Casparian strip
The Casparian strip is a water-impermeable
strip of waxy material found in the endodermis
(innermost layer of the cortex).
The Casparian strip helps to control the uptake
of minerals into the xylem: they have to go
through the cytoplasm of the cell!
57. STEMS
Above-ground organs (usually)
Support leaves and fruits
Conduct water and sugars
throughout plant (xylem and phloem)
61. Tissues of stems
Epidermis (Dermal tissue type)
Provides protection
Has cuticle (wax) prevents water loss
Trichomes (hairs) for protection, to release
scents, oils, etc.
62. Stem Vascular tissue
Vascular bundles – composed of both xylem
and phloem
Xylem
Conducts water
Support
Phloem
Conducts food
Support
Vascular
cambium
63. Vascular cambium
Occurs in woody stems
Vascular cambium located in the middle of
the vascular bundle, between xylem and phloem
64. Vascular tissue: Trees
Vascular tissue is located on the outer layers of
the tree.
wood
phloem
xylem
bark
Vascular
cambium
66. Vascular tissue forms rings in trees
Annual rings: xylem formed by the vascular
cambium during one growing season
One ring = one year
67. History of the tree: annual rings
1489: Tree is planted
by Native American
1492: Columbus lands in
the Americas
1620: Pilgrims land
in Plymouth, Mass.
1776: Declaration
of US independence
1861: Start of
Civil War
1969: Man
lands on Moon
1917 & 1945: Tree
Survives two World
Wars
1971: Birth Year
of the IDIOT
who cut down
this tree!!!
Dendrochronology : tree time-keeping
68. Ground tissue: Cortex & pith
Stores food (e.g. potato)
Site of Photosynthesis (when green)
Support cells
pith
cortex
69. LEAVES:
‘Photosynthetic factories’ of the plant…
Function: Photosynthesis – food
production for the whole plant
Blade: Flat expanded area
Petiole: stalk that connects
leaf blade to stem, and
transports materials
BLADE
70. Leaf Anatomy
Leaf anatomy is correlated to photosynthesis:
Carbon dioxide + Water sugars + oxygen
dermal
ground
vascular
dermal
71. Leaf epidermis
Is transparent – so that sun light can go through.
Waxy cuticle protects against drying out
Lower epidermis: stomata with guard cells – for
gas exchange (CO2, H2O in; O2 out)
73. Leaf vascular tissue
VEINS vascular tissue of leaves.
Veins are composed of xylem (water transport)
phloem (food transport)
and bundle
sheaths,
cells surrounding the
xylem/phloem for
strength & support
74. Leaf Mesophyll
Middle of the leaf (meso-phyll)
Composed of photosynthetic ground cells:
Palisade parenchyma
(long columns below epidermis;
have lots chloroplasts for
photosynthesis)
Spongy parenchyma
(spherical cells)
with air spaces around,
(for gas exchange)
75. ASSIGNMENT : 1
WRITE COMMENTS ON PLANT ANATOMY
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