BAIT1003 Chapter 7

BAIT1003 IT
Fundamentals
Chapter 7
Application Software and
Programming Languages

Objectives
Application Software

Computer programs &
Programming languages

Business Software

Low level languages

Graphic & Multimedia
Software

Procedural languages

Software for home,
personal, educational
use

Object-oriented
languages

Application for
communications

Other programming
languages

Recap
• Software (program) is a series of instructions
that tells a computer what tasks to perform and
how to perform them.
• 2 types of software:
1. System software serves as the interface between
the user, the application software, and the
computer’s hardware.
 Operating System
 Utility Program

2. Application software

• Application software consists of programs
designed to make users more productive and/or
assist with personal tasks.
To make business activities more efficient
To assist with graphics and multimedia projects

To support home, personal, and educational tasks
To facilitate communications

• Available in a variety of forms:
Packaged
software

Custom
software

Web
application

Open source
software

Shareware

Freeware

Public-domain
software

• Package software
– It is a mass produced, copyrighted retail software
that meets the needs of a wide variety users, not just
a single user or company.
– Examples: word processing and spreadsheet
application software.

• Custom software
– Perform functions specific to a business or industry.
The company may use programmers to develop tailor
made custom software, which usually costs more
than package software.

Fulfill client’s requirements for particular
business’s needs.

• Web application
– It is awed site that allows users to access and interact
with software from any computer that is connected
to the Internet.
– Many web sites provide free access to their programs;
some charge a fee.
– Example: email, word processing, game program…..

Access anywhere

• Open source software
– It is a software provided for use,
modification, and redistribution.
– The software has no restrictions
from the copyright holder
regarding modification of the
software’s internal instructions
and its redistribution.
– This software can downloaded
from the Internet, often at NO
cost.

Free download and
update

• Shareware
– It is copyrighted software that is distributed at no cost for
a trial period. To use a shareware program beyond that
period, you send payment to the program developer.
– In some cases, a scaled-down version of the software is
distributed free, and payment entitle the user to the fully
functional product.

If the trial version does not satisfy, no need
spend money to purchase.

• Freeware
– It is copyrighted software provided at no cost by an
individual or a company that retains all right to the
software.
– Freeware indicates the software has no charge.

Free of charge and
downloadable from the
Internet.

• Public domain software
– The software has been donated for public use and has no
copyright restrictions.
– Anyone can copy or distribute to others at no cost.

Categories of Application Software

Business Software
• Business software is application software that
assists people in becoming more effective and
efficient while performing business activities
Word
Processing

Spreadsheet

Database

Presentation

Note taking

Personal
information
manager

Business
software for
phones

Business
software
suites

Accounting

Document
management

Enterprise
computing
software

Project
management

Business Software –
Word Processing
• Word processing , sometimes called a word
processor
• It allows users to create and manipulate documents
containing mostly text and sometimes graphics.
• Use to develop documents such as letter, memos,
reports, mailing labels, and etc.
• Most Word Processing allows users to incorporate
graphical images.
– Clip art is a collection of electronic drawings, photos, and
other images

• Example: Microsoft Word

Word Processing

Word Processing
• Additional word processing features include:
AutoCorrect

AutoFormat

Collaboration

Columns

Grammar
Checker

Ink Input

Macros

Mail Merge

Reading
Layout

Research

Search and
Replace

Smart Tags

Tables

Templates

Thesaurus

Tracking
Changes

Voice
Recognition

Web Page
Development

Word Processing
• Developing a document

• Enter text and
numbers
• Insert images
• Perform other tasks

Create a
document

Edit a
document
• Make changes to
existing content
• Inserting, deleting,
cutting, copying, and
pasting

• Change appearance
• Font
• Font size

Format a
document

Spreadsheet
• Spreadsheet software allows users to organize data in
rows and columns and perform calculations on the data.

Spreadsheet
• These rows and columns collectively are called a
worksheet.
• The following are the features of most spreadsheet
programs:
– Spreadsheet organization (more than 1000
worksheet, 16,000 columns, 1 million rows)
– Calculations (use formula + function)
– Recalculation (capability of recalculating he rest of
the worksheet when data in a worksheet changes.)
– Charting (line chart, column chart,….)

Spreadsheet
• Charting depicts data in a spreadsheet in
graphical form

Spreadsheet
• A function is a predefined formula that
performs common calculations.
• Example: =SUM(B10:B14)
FV

NPV

PMT

PV

RATE

DATE

NOW

TIME

ABS

INT

LN

LOG

ROUND

SQRT

SUM

AVERAGE

COUNT

MAX

MIN

STDEV

IF

Database
• A database is a collection of data organized in a
manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that
data
• Database software allows users to create, access,
and manage a database.
• Using the software, you can add, change, and
delete data in a database; sort and retrieve data
from the database; and create forms and reports
using the data in the database.
• Example: Microsoft Access

Database

Presentation
• Presentation software allows users to create
visual aids for presentations to communicate
ideas, messages, and other information to a
group

Note Taking
• Note taking software is application software that
enables users to enter typed text, handwritten
comments, drawings, or sketches anywhere on a
page.

Business Software Suite
• A software suite is a collection of individual programs
available together as a unit.
Advantages:
• Example: Microsoft Office
• This software typically include: 1.Costs significantly less
–
–
–
–

Word processing
Spreadsheet
Presentation
Email

than purchasing the
program individually

2.Easy of use because
the program in the suite
normally use similar
interface and share
features.

Personal Information Manager Software
• A personal information manager (PIM) is application
software that includes:
• To help users organize personal information

Appointment
calendar

Address book

Notepad

• Most PDAs and many smart phones include PIM
functionality.

Personal Information Manager Software
• Enables users to create documents and worksheets,
manage databases, create slides shows, take notes,
manage budget…..
• Scaled down versions of software are available to work
with smart phones and other mobile devices.

Others
Project management software allows a user to plan, schedule,
track, and analyze the events, resources, and costs of a project

Accounting software helps companies record and report their
financial transactions

Document management software provides a means for sharing,
distributing, and searching through documents by converting
them into a format that can be viewed by any user

Others
Enterprise Computer Software
• Enterprises typically require special computing
solutions for various functional units
Human
resources

Accounting

Engineering

Marketing

Sales

Distribution

Customer
service

Information
technology

Graphic & Multimedia Software
• Software that designed specifically for their field
work, allows to work with graphics & multimedia.
• Suitable for power user such as:
– Engineers
– Architects
– Desktop publishers
– Graphic artists

Graphic & Multimedia Software Examples
Computer-aided design (CAD) software
for creating engineering, architectural, and scientific
design

Desktop publishing software (for the professional)
For production of high quality color documents such as
text book, corporate newsletters, product catalogs.

Paint/Image editing software(for the professional)
To create and modify graphical images such as DTP
document and Web pages

Professional photo editing software
(for the professional)
Edit and customize digital photos
Video and audio editing software
(for the professional)
To modify a segment of a video

Multimedia authoring software
To combine text, graphics, audio, video and
animation in an interactive application

• Web page authoring software helps users of all
skill levels create Web pages that include
multimedia and interactive content

Software for Home, Personal &
Educational Use - Examples
Personal finance software

Accounting software that help home user balance their
checkbooks, pay bills, track personal income expenses….
Legal software

Assist in the preparation of legal document and provide
legal information to individuals.
Tax preparation software
Guide individual through the process of filing federal
taxes.

Desktop Publishing Software (For personal use)
Helps home and small business users to create newsletters,
brochures, flyers, advertisements, postcard……

Personal paint/image editing software (For personal use)
Personal paint – to draw pictures, shapes & other images
Personal image editing – to modify existing graphics & photos

Personal photo editing software
Allow users to edit digital photos by removing red-eye, adding
special effects…..

Clip art/image gallery
A collection of clip art and photos

Video and audio editing software (For personal use)
Home users can edit home movies, add music or others sounds
to the video

Home design/landscaping software
To assist users with the design, remodeling or improvement of a
home

Travel and mapping software
Enable users to view maps, determine route directions

Reference software
Provides valuable information, E.g. encyclopedias, dictionaries
Educational software
Software that teaches a particular skills, E.g. Learning how to
type
Entertainment software
It includes interactive games, videos & other programs designed
to support a hobby

Application Software for
Communications- Examples
Web Browser

Instant
Messaging

Chat Room

Blogging

E-Mail

Newsgroup /
Message Board

Web 2.0
Technology

Text, Picture,
Video Messaging

RSS Aggregator

FTP

VoIP

Video
Conferencing
Social Media

Web Browser

• Allows users to access and view Web Pages on the
Internet

E-mail

• Messages and files sent via a network such as the
Internet

Instant Messaging
Chat Room
Text, Picture, Video
Messaging
RSS Aggregator

• Real-time exchange of messages, files, audio, and/or
video with another online user
• Real-time, online typed conversation
• Short text, picture, or video messages sent and
received, mainly on mobile devices
• Keeps track of changes made to Web sites by checking
RSS feeds

Blogging

Newsgroup/Message
Board
FTP
VoIP

(Internet Telephony)
Video Conferencing

• Time-stamped articles, or posts, in a diary or journal format,
usually listed in reverse chronological order

• Online area where users have written discussions

• Method of uploading and downloading files with other
computers on the Internet

• Allows users to speak to other users over the Internet

• Meeting between geographically separated people who use a
network such as the Internet to transmit video/audio

Computer Programs &
• A computer program is a series of instructions
that directs a computer to perform tasks.
• A computer programmer/ developer, creates
and modified computer program.

Computer Programs &
• A programming language is a set of words,
abbreviations, and symbols that enables a
programmer to communicate instructions to a
computer.

Low Level Languages
• Low level language is a programming language
that is machine dependant.
•
•

It runs on only one particular type of computer
These programs are not easily portable to other types
of computers.

For example, an assembler language written using
the operators for an Intel x86 CPU would not work
on a machine with a Motorola CPU, and vice versa.

Low Level Languages
• 2 types of low-level languages are:
•
•

Machine language (first generation language)
Assembly language (second generation language)

Low Level Languages –
First Generation Language (1GL)
• A Machine language is the first generation of
programming languages, is the only language
the computer directly recognizes.
– Use a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) or a
combination of numbers and letters that
represents binary digits.
– Coding in machine language is tedious and time
consuming.

First Generation Language (1GL)
• Example of 1GL –
Machine language
• The only
languages
understood by
computers
• It is extremely
difficult to use and
read

Second Generation Language (2GL)
• Example of 2GL
– assembly
language
• Programmer
writes
instructions
using symbolic
instruction
codes

Second Generation Language (2GL)
• Programmer must convert
an assembly language
program into machine
language before the
computer can execute.
• A source program contains the
code to be converted to
machine language.
• To convert the assembly
language source program into
machine language,
programmer use a program
called an assembler.

Procedural Languages
• The disadvantages of
machine and assembly
languages led to the
development of
procedural language in the
late 1950s and 1960s.
• In the procedural
language, the programmer
writes instructions that
tell the computer what to
accomplish and how to
do it.
• Procedural language often
called a Third generation
language (3GL).

Procedural Languages –
Third Generation Language (3GL)
• Third generation language (procedural language)
uses a series of English-like words and arithmetic
symbols to write instructions.
 Example:
• ADD stand for additional
• PRINT means to print
• “+” for additional, “*” for multiplication
• English like words and arithmetic symbols simplify
the program development process for the
programmer.
• Example: C and COBOL

• For the 3GLs, programmers typically use either a
compiler or an interpreter to perform the translation.

A compiler translates
an entire program
before executing it

An interpreter converts and
executes one code
statement at a time

• Compiler
• Result from compiling the 3GL is called object
code/ object program
• While it is compiling the source program into
object code, the compiler checks the source
program for errors.
• The compiler produces a program listing that
contains the source code and list of any errors.
• Compiler translates an entire program before
executing it.

While it is compiling the
source program into object
code, the compiler checks
the source program for
errors

Result from
compiling the 3GL
is called object code
/ object program

The compiler produces a
program listing that
contains the source code
and list of any errors

• Interpreter
• Translate and executes one
statement at a time.
• Does not produce an object
program.
• When it finds errors, it
display feedback immediately.
• The programmer can correct
any errors before the
interpreter translates the
next statement.

Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
• An object-oriented programming (OOP)
language allows programmers the ability to
reuse and modify existing objects
• Other advantages include:
Objects can be
reused

Programmers
create applications
faster

Work well in a
RAD environment

Most program
development tools
are IDEs

Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
• The variety of object oriented programming
language and program development tools:
•
•
•
•
•

Java
The Microsoft .NET Framework allows almost any type
of program to run on the Internet or an internal business
network, as well as computers and mobile devices
C++ is an extension of the C programming language
C# is based on C++ and was developed by Microsoft
Visual Studio is Microsoft’s suite of program
development tools

Other Programming Languages –
Fourth Generation Language
• A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a nonprocedural
language that enables users and programmers to access
data in a database.
• With the nonprocedural language, the programmer
writes English-like instructions or interact with
graphical environment to retrieve data from file or a
database.
• Easier to use than procedural languages.
• Example:
– One popular 4GL is SQL

Meaning & Importance of Layers
Concept of Software
• Hardware, software
and end-users work
in a series of layers
(as shown)
• End Users interact
with the application
software directly
• Application software
must work through
the system software
to the hardware

Significance of Layers Concept
• Compatibility :
• Not all Application Software can work with
one particular System Software e.g. UBS
Accounting software that runs on Window
XP cannot run on Mac OS.
• Not all System Software can work with all
Hardware e.g. OS/400 can only run on IBM
AS/400 computer and not on Sun
Microsystem platform (which is an Unix box).

Significance of Layers Concept
• The more layers there are in the system, the
slower the whole system will be. This is
because it takes longer time to go through
more layers of software.

• The ‘thicker’ the layers of the software (i.e.
software which are complex and with a lot of
features) are, the slower the system will be.
This is because it takes longer time to go
through the ‘thicker’ layers.

Summary
Business Software
• Word processing
• Spreadsheet
• Database
• Presentation
• Note taking
• Business Software
Suite
• Personal Information
Manager
• Others

Graphic & Multimedia
Software
• Computer-aided
design (CAD)
• Desktop publishing
• Paint/Image editing
• Professional photo
editing
• Video and audio
editing
• Multimedia
authoring
• Web page authoring

Software for home,
personal &
educational use
• Personal finance
• Legal
• Tax preparation
• Desktop publishing
• Personal paint/image
editing
• Personal photo
editing
• Clip art/image gallery
• Video/audio editing
• Home
design/landscaping
• Travel & mapping
• Reference
• Educational
• Entertainment

Application for
communications
• Web browser
• E-mail
• Messaging
• Chatroom
• Text, picture, video
messaging
• RSS aggregator
• Blogging
• Newsgroup /
Message board
• FTP
• VoIP
• Video conferencing

Summary
Computer Programs & Programming Languages
Low Level
Languages
• 1GL – Machine
language
• 2GL – Assembly
language

Procedural
Languages
• 3GL – C &
COBOL

Object-Oriented
Languages
• Java
• .Net
• C++
• C#

Other Language
• 4GL – SQL
(nonprocedural)

BAIT1003 Chapter 7

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BAIT1003 Chapter 7