The document provides an overview of basic blueprint reading. It discusses the different types of drawings including mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, civil and architectural. It describes the common elements found on drawings such as title blocks, revision blocks, scales, line types, dimensions and abbreviations. Electrical drawings are commonly multi-sheet diagrams that use a ladder format to show wiring between devices. Understanding industrial drawings requires knowledge of the standardized symbols and visual communication methods used to convey design information.

1. BASIC BLUEPRINT READING
1

2. SUBJECTS
Basic Blueprint Reading
 DRAWING
2
BASICS
 ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
 PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
 PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
 CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
 MACHINE DRAWINGS

3. DRAWING BASICS
3

4. Objectives
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Define
4
basic industrial drawing structure
 Define line types
 Define types of drawings

5. Purpose of Drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Drawings
5
are used to convey information about a
wide range items such as:
 Architectural building layouts
 Electrical wiring
 Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts
 Location of equipment
 How to assemble equipment
 Details of equipment

6. Types of Drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Civil
 Architectural
 Structural
 Mechanical
 Plumbing
 Piping
 Pneumatic/Hydraulic
 Electrical
6

7. Engineering Drawings
general engineering drawing can be divided
into the following five major areas or parts.
Basic Blueprint Reading
A
7
–
–
–
–
–
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Title block
Grid system
Revision block
Notes and legends
Engineering drawing (graphic portion)

8. Drawing Sizes
Basic Blueprint Reading

Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F
with D size being the most typical
A – (letter)
Metric
A4 (210 x 297)
A3 (297 x 420)
8 ½ by 11inches
B - 11 by 17inches
A2 (420 x 594)
C - 17 by 22 inches
A1 (594 x 841)
D - 22 by 34 inches
E - 34 by 44 inches
F - 28 by 40 inches
8
sizes
A0 (841 x 1189)

9. Title Blocks
blocks are the beginning point of a drawing
information.
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Title
9
 COMPANY

10. Revision Blocks
revision block notes any changes made
to a drawing
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The

10
Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the
revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the
modified portion of the drawing such as:
A

11. Parts Lists
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Parts
11
Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list
of the material that is used to build the item that
is

12. Scales
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Drawing
12
scale is a relationship of the size or
distance of the item on a drawing to the real
item.
 For example a scale of ¼” = 1’ means a
measurement of ¼ inch (the quote symbol “ is a
shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1
foot ( the apostrophe symbol ‘ is shorthand for
feet) of the real world item.

13. Grid System
drawing grid system allows a specific point
on a drawing to be referenced or found.
Basic Blueprint Reading
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
A
B
C
13
This point on the drawing is B-3

14. Basic Lines
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Object
lines
 Hidden lines
 Cutting plane lines
 Centerlines
 Extension lines
 Dimension lines
 Leaders line
 Phantom lines

15. Basic Blueprint Reading
Object Line
The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies
the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface
of an object.

16. Hidden Line
Basic Blueprint Reading

The hidden line is used to show features or edges
of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of
medium thickness.

17. Center Line
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The
center line is used to locate the center of
features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of
alternating short and long dashes.

18. Dimension Line / Extension Line
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Dimension
Lines are used to show the extent of
a dimension.
 Extension Lines are use to extend a point from
an object.
Extension Line
Dimension Line

19. Phantom
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Phantom
lines are used to represents the outline
of an adjacent part.
 The also are used to show an alternate position
of a given part
Phantom
19

20. Leader
Basic Blueprint Reading

A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It
may have a note, dimension value or a number at the
end of it
Grind Surface
1

21. Cutting Plane Line
Basic Blueprint Reading

Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is
made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn
in detail in another part of the drawing.
A
A

22. Break Lines
lines are uses to terminate a view to
 Short Break Line
conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Break
 Break
lines are also used to separate internal
and external features with broken-out sections

23. Basic Blueprint Reading
Break Lines Example
The break line is being used to show a part
reduced in length on the drawing to conserve
space.
3”
250 feet

24. Section Lines
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Section
lines are used where a surface is
illustrated as cut.
 It normally is used in a sectional view.
 The lines are normally drawn diagonally.

25. Dimensioning Systems
 Different
systems of dimensioning are generally
Basic Blueprint Reading
used
25
–
–
–
Fractional inch
Decimal inch
SI Metric

26. Fractional Inch Dimensioning
Basic Blueprint Reading
2 Dia
21/32 Dia
3/16
1/2
1 9/16 Dia
26

27. Decimal Inch Dimensioning
Basic Blueprint Reading
2.00 Ø
.656 Ø
.19
.50
1.56 Ø
27

28. Metric Dimensioning
Basic Blueprint Reading
Ø 50
Ø 16.5
5
13
Ø 40
28

29. Dimensioning Example
Basic Blueprint Reading
Diameter symbol
Typical
Radius
29

30. Abbreviations
Basic Blueprint Reading

Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and
simplify drawings. A table is included in the drawing.
BOTTOM
MH
MANHOLE
R
RADIUS
C/C
CENTER TO CENTER
MIN
MINIMUM
REF
REFERENCE
CMP
CORRUGATED METAL PIPE
N
NORTH
R/W
RIGHT OF WAY
CONC
CONCRETE
NC
NOT IN CONTACT
SCH
SCHEDULE
DIA
DIAMETER
NTS
NOT TO SCALE
SF
SQUARE FEET
E
EAST, ELECTRICAL
OC
ON CENTER
SQ
SQUARE
EL
ELEVATION
O.D.
OUSIDE DIAMETER
STA
STATION
FG
FINISH GRADE
OHW
OVERHEAD WIRES
T
TELEPHONE
H
HORIZONTAL
PL
PROPERTY LINE
TYP
TYPICAL
HP
HIGH POINT
POB
POINT OF BEGINNING
UNO
UNLESS NOTED
OTHERWISE
IE
30
BOT
INVERT ELEVATION
POE
POINT OF ENDING
INV
INVERT
PP
POWER POLE

31. Drawing Legends
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Legends
31
are
boxes drawn on
the drawing to
illustrate some of
the common or
uncommon
symbols used.

32. Isometric Drawings
drawings are designed to show a three
dimensional view of an object.
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Isometric
32

33. Perspective
is a method of drawing things as the
eye sees them.
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Perspective
Vanishing point
33

34. Orthographic Drawings
projection shows the drawn object
from different views
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Orthographic
Top
view
Left side
Right side
Front
Bottom
34
Projection view
Rear

35. Single Line Drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading

35



The single line format represents all electrical lines,
plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and piping, regardless
of size, as single line.
System equipment is connected to the lines are
represented by simple standard symbols.
By simplifying connections and equipment as single
lines allow the system's equipment and
instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by
the reader.
These types of drawings are also called Schematics.

36. Civil
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Civil
36
drawings are used to represent construction
on the earth or ground areas.
 Civil drawings are sometimes called:
–
–
–
site plans
plot plans
survey plans.
 They
will show contours of the earth, building
locations, construction features, utilities, etc.

37. Contour Lines
Basic Blueprint Reading

Contour lines are used in drawings called
topographic maps and are used to identify physical
features which uses contour lines to join points of
equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and
hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or
height is a number drawn along the line.
180
160
140
120
110
37

38. Architectural
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Architectural
drawings or plans are used to
illustrate the design of a project.
 They include items such as:
–
–
–
–
–
–
38
Working drawings
Structural drawings
Floor plans
Elevation drawings
Section drawings
Flow diagrams

39. Gridlines
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Gridlines
refers to the letters and numbers, such
as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building
in a drawing.
C
B
A
1
Column A-1
2
Column symbol
39
3

40. Mechanical
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Mechanical
40
drawings are the plans for objects
such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc.
 There are many types of drawings associated
with mechanical drawings such as:
–
–
–
Exploded view
Detail
Assembly

41. Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Mechanical Detail
41

42. Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Assembly Drawing
42

43. Basic Blueprint Reading
An Exploded View
43

44. Pneumatic/Hydraulic
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Pneumatic
44
or Hydraulic drawings are single line
drawings use symbols and lines to illustrate the
connection and equipment to be used in the
pneumatic or hydraulic equipment.
Single Line Schematic example

45. Plumbing/Piping
types of drawings are similar to
pneumatic/hydraulic schematics.
Basic Blueprint Reading
 These
36.00
40.00
TEE
PIPELINE
Valve
TANK
Single Line Plumbing Example
45

46. Single Line Drawing
Single line plumbing drawing example
Basic Blueprint Reading
A
36.00
40.00
TEE
PIPELINE
Valve
TANK
46

47. Basic Blueprint Reading
Orthographic Piping Drawing
47

48. P&ID
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Piping
48
and Instrumentation Drawings
 These drawings are similar to plumbing but are
intended to illustrate the complete piping system
and the controlled process flow of material.
 All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps,
instruments and the controls to operate the
process are illustrated. They are not drawn to
scale.

49. Example P&ID
Basic Blueprint Reading
FROM FUTURE MAIN
VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT
SLUG
CATCHER
CS
CONTACTOR
H.P. BULK
SEPARATOR
COALESCING
FILTER NO. 1
FILTER
SEPARATOR
PRODUCTION FROM
SATELLITES (TYP.)
TEST
SEPARATOR
FILL FROM CIS
TRANSPORTER
HYDROCYCLONES
(TYP. 2)
FRESH CIS PUMPS
(TYP. 2)
49
FRESH CIS
CHARGE PUMPS
(TYP. 2)
FRESH CIS TANK

50. Electrical
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Electrical
50
drawings are also single line drawings
or schematics that uses symbols for various
electrical equipment.
 They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder
diagram.
 Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram
which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or
pictorial style.

51. Example Ladder
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Ladder
schematics or diagrams are drawn with
the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the
power that supplies the circuit, thus each line
creates a “rung” to the ladder.
L1
115 VAC
Pushbutton
Pilot Light
L
51
L2

52. Example Wiring Diagram
wiring diagrams draws the single lines
from each device exactly as it would be wired.
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Electrical
52

53. Electrical Schematics
schematics use symbols for each
component found in an electrical circuit.
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Electronic
R4
Q2
Q1
D1
C2
T1
R2
R1
L1
-
C3
+
C1
R3
-
+
VGG
53

54. Summary
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Review
Objectives
 Question and Answer Session
 RETURN
54
TO MAIN MENU

55. ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
55

56. Objectives
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Define
56
how industrial electrical drawings are
structured.
 Define Graphical Symbols
 Define Electrical wiring diagrams

57. Types of Electrical Drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Wiring
57
Diagrams  Block Diagrams  Sequence Charts –
 Electronic Schematics -

58. Diagrams
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Electrical
58
diagrams are commonly multi-sheet
drawings of the wiring of the electrical devices
associated with a main control panel, its field
devices and sub-panels.
 It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.

59. Electrical Diagrams

Basic Blueprint Reading

59



The Diagram is drawn between vertical lines or
ladder.
All devices are shown between the lines and may
be referenced as “Single Line” diagrams
Controlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on
the right side.
Contacts, switches and other controlling devices
are shown between controlled device and left
vertical line
Overloads and other circuit breaking devices may
be connected to the right of the controlled device.

60. Example Diagram
DISC
1M
1FU
1OL
1L1
1T1
L1
2FU
1T2
1L2
L2
460V
3Ø
60
HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR
3 HP 1800 RPM
FRAME 213
1MTR
3FU
1T3
1L3
L3
Basic Blueprint Reading
15 AMP
2OL
2T1
2MTR
2T3
H3
H1
H2
H4
T
X1
10 AMP
6FU
H2
10 AMP
5FU
2PB
START MOTORS
1PB
MASTER STOP
1
115 V
10 AMP
4FU
R
2OL
1OL
3
8
7
1
1
9
2
10
1M
CRM
AUTOMATIC
CRM
4PB
11
CRH
MASTER RELAY 3,3
12
AUTOMATIC
5, 14, 16, 21
“AUTOMATIC”
CRA
5
5PB
MANUAL
14
6
“MANUAL”
A
CYCLE START
5
16
8
15
MANUAL
6, 7, 15, 18, 23
CRH
3LT
CRH
7
6PB
CRA
R
2LT
3PB
RESET
11
10
6
13
5
5
9
4
1M
CRM
3
4
10 AMP
7FU
1LT
2
60
SPINDLE MOTOR
2 HP 1800 RPM
FRAME 184
2T2
1LS
2CR
18
17
2LS
19
5LS
6LS
20
7CR
21
6CR
22
5
6
23
1 CR
7PB
1CR
26
26
22
21
21
CLAMP PART CONTROL
9, 33, 33, 35, 35

61. Lines
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Wiring
61
 Field
Wiring (external to panel)

62. Connections
Basic Blueprint Reading
Wiring Not Connected
Wiring Connected
Termination
or connection
Terminal strip
and terminal
designation
62
TS4-15

63. Graphical Symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading

63


Graphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams to
illustrate the wiring between electrical devices and
terminals. The electrical devices are either shown in
block diagram form or using commonly defined symbols.
The following symbols are but a few of those that can be
used.
A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate any
added by the manufacturer.

64. Graphical Symbols Cont’d
Basic Blueprint Reading
DISCONNECT
Symbol - DISC
64
CIRCUIT
BREAKER - CB
Or for a
single
CB

65. Graphical Symbols Cont’d
Resistor
Tapped Resistor
Basic Blueprint Reading
or
Rheostat
Potentiometer
Fuses
65

66. Relay and Solenoid Symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading
RELAYS, TIMERS, ETC.
Normally
Open
Contact
Normally
Closed
Contact
Coil
66
SOLENOIDS, BRAKES,
ETC.

67. Motors Symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading
3 PHASE MOTOR
DC MOTOR
A
DC MOTOR FIELD
67
or
A

68. Basic Blueprint Reading
Transformer Symbols
68
H1
H3
H2
H4
Primary
or Input
Secondary
or Output
X1
X2

69. Pilot Lights
Basic Blueprint Reading
PUSH-TO-TEST
69
R
R

70. Limit Switch Symbols
NORMALLY
CLOSED
HELD
OPEN
70
NORMALLY
OPEN
HELD
CLOSED
HELD
OPEN
NORMALLY
OPEN
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY
CLOSED
HELD
CLOSED

71. Proximity Switch Symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading
PROXIMITY SWITCH
71
Normally
Closed
Normally
Open

72. Liquid Level Switches
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY
OPEN
72
NORMALLY
CLOSED

73. Thermal Switch
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY OPEN
73
NORMALLY
CLOSED

74. Pressure Switch
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY
OPEN
74
NORMALLY
CLOSED

75. Basic Blueprint Reading
Foot Switches
75
NORMALLY
CLOSED
NORMALLY
OPEN

76. Basic Blueprint Reading
Toggle Switch
76

77. Flow Switches
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY OPEN
77
NORMALLY
CLOSED

78. Selector Switch
3-POSITION
Basic Blueprint Reading
Second
Off
First
Position Position Position
78
Circuit is
connected when
switch is in this
position.
2-POSITION

79. Pushbuttons
Basic Blueprint Reading
SINGLE CIRCUIT
79
NORMALLY
OPEN
NORMALLY
CLOSED
DOUBLE
CIRCUIT

80. Basic Blueprint Reading
E-Stop Pushbuttons
80

81. Time Delay Relay
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY
OPEN
ENERGIZED
DE-ENERGIZED
81
NORMALLY
CLOSED

82. One-line diagram example
Basic Blueprint Reading

A one-line diagram
uses single lines
and graphic
symbols to indicate
the path and
components of an
electrical circuit.
Switch symbol
Fuse
symbol
Single line
conductors
PLC
Pushbutton
symbol
Controller
symbol
Motor
symbol
82
M

83. Control Device Labeling
Basic Blueprint Reading


Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are
photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure
switches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O
address if a PLC is controlling it.
When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the
device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.
111PB
111CR
210
211LS
211
83
211Sol

84. Wiring and Wire Identification

Wiring color code
Basic Blueprint Reading
 BLACK
- Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line Voltage
 RED – AC Control Circuits
 BLUE – DC Control Circuits
 YELLOW – Interlock Control Circuits
 GREEN – Equipment grounding
 WHITE – Grounded Circuit Conductor

Wire Identification
–
84
Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a
number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire

85. Device Designations
Basic Blueprint Reading

85
The device designations or abbreviation, such as examples
below, are used on diagrams in connection with the
corresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the
particular device.
CB - Circuit Breaker
LS – Limit Switch
CR - Control Relay
T - Transformer
FU - Fuse
MTR - Motor
LT - Pilot Light
DISC – Disconnect
OL - Overload Relay
PB - Pushbutton
S - Switch

86. Line Numbers
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Each
line in a electrical drawing should be
numbered starting with the top line and
reading down.
115 VAC
L1
Pushbutton
L2
Relay
1
CR1
Limit Switch
Pressure
Switch
Solenoid
2
Foot Switch
3
4
86
Relay
CR2
Temperature Switch
Line Numbers

87. Wire-Reference Numbers
Basic Blueprint Reading
Wire Numbers
115 VAC
L1
Pushbutton
1
2
3
1
1
1
CR3
2
CR1
4
87
3
Relay
CR1
4
( 2, 3 )
2
Limit Switch
5
Foot Switch
1
L2
7
CR1
CR2
6
8
Relay
CR2
Relay
CR3
4
(4)
4
(1)

88. Numerical Cross Reference
115 VAC
L1
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pushbutton
1
Relay
CR1
( 2, 3 )
CR1
2
Limit Switch
CR1
3
Relay
CR2
Foot Switch
4
88
CR3
L2
CR2
(4)
Relay
CR3
Cross Reference to
Line Numbers
(1)

89. Terminal Numbers
115 VAC
Basic Blueprint Reading
L1
Pushbutton
1
2
3
1
2
CR1
1
1
1
CR3
89
3
CR1
4
( 2, 3 )
10
2
3
Limit Switch
CR1
5
Foot Switch
4
Relay
2
5
1
L2
6
CR2
7
1
3
Relay
6
2
CR2
2
CR3
(4)
4
(1)
10
Relay
8
4
10

90. Panel/Door Layouts
Layout.
1” X 3”
1T1
9
TE
RM
.
1T2
1T3
271
46
0V
272
2T3
DISC
2OL
1M
9”
1T
B
 Panel
1
1/2
”X
3”
Layout
1
1 1/2” X 3”
2
3
4
4F
U
5F
U
5
36
TE
RM
.
R
1LT
START
MOTORS
2LT
R
AUTOMATIC
4PB
2PB
A
3LT
R
6F
U
7F
U
EMERG.
RETURN
ACTIVE
MANUAL
4LT
EMERG.
RESET
MANUAL
MASTER
STOP
RESET
3PB
11PB
6CR
10PB
5LT
G
HEAD
FORWARD
R
8CR
9CR
6 1/2”
7 1/8”
29
TE
RM
.
9LT
1 1/2” X 3”
HEAD
RETURN
8PB
6LT
7CR
9PB
11
5V
CYCLE
UNCLAMP
A
5CR
55
26 1/2”
1
1/2
”X
3”
7LT
4CR
53
LUBE
FAULT
7 1/2”
1 1/2” X 3”
3T
B
A
FULL
DEPTH
3CR
47
52
CLAMPS
ARE IN
90
2CR
1 1/2” X 3”
51
HEAD RETRACTED
CRH
115V
EMERG.
RETURN
1PB
CRA
1 1/2” X 3”
1CR
12PB
5PB
CRM
11
5V
AUTOMATIC
T
1
1/2
”X
3”
MOTORS
RUNNING
460V
1FT8
8 TERM
60 62 64 66 68 70
15 1/8”
8F
U
9F
U
10F
U
11F
U
12F
U
13F
U
 Door
1FU 2FU 3FU
2T
B
Basic Blueprint Reading
9 1/2”
1OL
60 62 64 66 60 70
5 1/2”
115 V”

91. Drawing Identification
Description
Air Diagram (Mechanical)
These are detailed air Schematic drawings. They show the assembly, material list, and air
piping diagram for the air operated devices.
E
Scale Layout
(Mechanical)
These are drawings of a conveyor or part of a conveyor. Used for construction. Individual
sheets are numbered starting from No.1.
EL
Electrical Layout
(Electrical)
These drawings dimensionally locate all electrical equipment on a layout drawing. They are
directly referenced to the WD or control panel by the suffix to the EL number.
EM
Electro Mechanical
(Electrical)
These drawings are for electro mechanical devices used on a job. Example; a code card of
limit switch operator, etc. They are numbered consecutively for the job.
EO
General Layout
(Mechanical)
These drawings are dimensionally to scale, but used for general purposes, e.g., complete
plant layout to small scale, including many conveyors. Individual sheets are numbered
starting from No. 1.
HO
Hydraulic Diagram
(Mechanical)
This is a drawing of a hydraulic control circuit.
PL
Pneumatic Layout
(Mechanical)
These drawings show the placement of pneumatic devices in relation to the conveyor path.
This type of drawing will also reference which of the air diagram drawings (AD) are
associated to a pneumatic device.
WD
91
Type of Drawing
AD
Basic Blueprint Reading
Prefix
Wiring Diagram
(Electrical)
This complete engineering of an area control includes: schematics, panel layout, and
pushbutton stations.
WDO
General Information
(Electrical)
This drawing is used to convey general information relative to the system control.

92. Block Diagrams
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Block
92
diagrams are simple block diagrams which
provides a means to illustrate a control system in
a simple graphic format.
 Block diagrams are also used to provide
functional information.
 Block diagrams are also used to illustrate the
interconnection of different machines

93. Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Block Diagram
Start
pushbutton
on
Process 1 starts
if limit switch on
Process 1 stops
if limit switch off
93

94. Sequence Charts
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
Basic Blueprint Reading
A.
94
B.
C.
PRESS “START MOTORS” PUSHBUTTON “2PB” MOTORS START “MOTORS RUNNING” LAMP “1LT” ARE
ENGERGIZED.
PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC “4PB” OR MANUAL “5PB” PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND
LAMP ARE ENERGIZED.
NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS “RESET” PUSHBUTTON
“3PB” BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON “4PB”.
AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND “CRA” ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR
AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE.
1.
OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS
“6PB” AND “7PB” ENERGIZING “1CR” (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PART
2.
CLAMPED PART TRIPS “1LS” AND “2LS”. ENERGIZING “8CR”
RELAY “3CR” (SOL E)
IS ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS
VALVE INTO FEED.
3.
WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, “3LS” IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY “5CR”.
4.
“5CR” CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY “4CR” (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS.
5.
WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, “4LS” IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING “4CR” AND ENERGIZING
“7CR” WHICH ENERGIZES “6CR” (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART.
6.
WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, “5LS” AND “6LS” ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY “6CR”.
7.
“2CR” RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS ARE
NOT RELEASED.

95. Electrical Layouts - EL
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Electrical
95
layouts are architectural drawings of
the building that shows and identifies the
electrical devices associated with a electrical
diagram.

96. Wiring Connection Diagrams
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Wiring
96
(connection) diagram – a diagram that
shows the connection of an installation or its
component devices or parts.
 This type of wiring diagram shows, as closely as
possible, the actual location of each component
in a circuit, including the control circuit and the
power circuit.

97. Wiring Diagram Example
Basic Blueprint Reading
Start
Motor Starter
Coil
M
(aux)
NO
M
M
M
M
Stop
Thermal
Overloads
Overload
Contact
97
T1
T2
Motor
T3

98. Electronic Schematics
schematics use symbols for each
component found in an electrical circuit.
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Electronic
R4
Q2
Q1
D1
C2
T1
R2
R1
L1
-
C3
+
C1
R3
-
+
VGG
98

99. Summary
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Review
Objectives
 Question and Answer Session
 RETURN
99
TO MAIN MENU

100. PNEUMATIC / HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
100

101. Objectives
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Define
101
Fluid Logic Symbols
 Define Fluid Logic Diagrams Define

102. Shapes
and lines that are used to construct
symbols and circuits:
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Shapes
102

103. Is it Hydraulic or Pneumatic
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Pneumatic
103
and Hydraulic drawings look very
similar and the subject is usually referred to as
“Fluid Power”
 The basic difference is Flow symbol.
 If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifies
pneumatic.
HYDRAULIC
PNEUMATIC

104. Fluid Power Drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading
 This
104
type of drawing, like electrical drawings are
also considered single line drawings.
 The line is either an air or hydraulic line
connected to a device
 The devices are shown as symbols whose intent
is show the fluid flow and mechanical operation
of the device as well as type of device.

105. Flow lines
Basic Blueprint Reading
Flow line
105
Connected
lines are
illustrated with
a connection
dot
Unconnected lines
shown crossing
Flexible
line
Four way
junction
Singl
e
o
r
Hose usually connecting
parts with relative
movement

106. Basic Line Symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading
Line
Dashed
Chain
Line
106
Spring
Working line, pilot
supply, return, electrical
Pilot control, bleed,
filter
Enclosure of two
or more functions
in one unit
Electrical line
2
10
12
3
1

107. Circle Shapes
Basic Blueprint Reading
Circles
energy conversion units
measuring instrument
mechanical link
roller
107

108. Squares and Rectangles
Basic Blueprint Reading
Square
control component
connections perpendicular
to sides
conditioning apparatus
connections to corners
Rectangle
108
Square at
45o
cylinders and valves

109. Squares and Rectangles
Basic Blueprint Reading
Rectangles
109
piston
certain control
methods

110. Basic Symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading
Semi-circle
Capsule
Double line
110
rotary actuator, motor or
pump with limited angle
of rotation
pressurised reservoir
air receiver, auxiliary
gas bottle
mechanical
connection
piston rod, lever,
shaft

111. Functional Elements
Basic Blueprint Reading
Triangle
Spring
Arrow
111
Direction and nature of fluid,
open pneumatic or filled
hydraulic
Long sloping indicates
adjustability

112. Functional Elements
Basic Blueprint Reading
Arrows
Straight or sloping path and flow
direction, or motion through a
device
Tee
Restriction
112
Closed path or port

113. Basic Blueprint Reading
Functional Elements
Curved arrows are
used to illustrate
rotary motion
Shaft rotation
both
Seating or connection
used in check valves
and connectors
113
clockwise from right hand
end

114. Functional Elements
Basic Blueprint Reading
Temperature
Opposed
solenoid
windings
Operator
Prime mover
114
Indication or control
size to suit
M
Electric motor
M

115. Function components
Basic Blueprint Reading
Silencer
Pressure to electric switch
preset
Pressure to electric switch
adjustable
115

116. Basic Blueprint Reading
Function components
Uni-directional flow regulator
Rotating joint
Pressure indicator
Pressure drop indicator
116

117. Plant
Basic Blueprint Reading
Compressor and electric
motor
Air receiver
Isolating valve
Air inlet filter
117
M

118. Combination units
Basic Blueprint Reading
FRL with shut off valve and
pressure gauge
Lubro-control unit
Filter and lubricator
Filter regulator with gauge
118
FRL Combined unit

119. Basic Blueprint Reading
Filters
Filter with manual drain
Filter with automatic drain
Filter with automatic drain and
pressure drop indicator
119

120. Pressure regulators
Basic Blueprint Reading

A pressure regulator symbol represents a normal state
with the spring holding the regulator valve open to
connect the supply to the outlet.
Adjustable Regulator
simplified
Adjustable Regulator with
pressure gauge simplified
120

121. Pressure relief valves
Basic Blueprint Reading

A pressure relief valve symbol represents a normal
state with the spring holding the valve closed.
Adjustable relief valve simplified
Preset relief valve simplified
121

122. Pressure regulators
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pre-set relieving
Pre-set relieving with
pressure gauge
Adjustable relieving
Adjustable relieving with
pressure gauge
122

123. Valve symbol structure
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The
123
function of a valve is given by a pair of
numerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2..
 The first numeral indicates the number of main
ports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts but
excludes signal ports and external pilot feeds.
 The second numeral indicates the number of
states the valve can achieve.

124. Valve symbol structure
Basic Blueprint Reading
A
3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normally
these are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2
states (the normal state and the operated
state)
 The boxes are two pictures of the same
valve
operated
124
normal

125. Basic Valve Symbols

Basic Blueprint Reading

125




Valve switching positions are illustrated with squares on a
schematic.
The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of
switching positions.
Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows
showing the flow direction.
Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at right
angles to the flow path.
Junctions within the valve are connected by a dot.
Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by lines
drawn to the outside of the box that represents the normal
or initial position of the valve

126. Valve symbol structure
Basic Blueprint Reading
A
126
valve symbol logic block will show the symbols
for each position of the valve states joined end to
end as illustrated in the next slide.
operated
normal

127. Valve symbol structure
valve logic state is illustrated with its state
block joined end to end
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Each
127
operated
normal

128. Valve symbol structure
port connections are shown to only one of
the diagrams to indicate the prevailing state
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The
128
normal

129. Valve symbol structure
operator for a particular state is illustrated
against that state
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The
129
Operated state
produced by
pushing a button

130. Valve symbol structure
operator for a particular state is illustrated
against that state
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The
130
Operated state
produced by
pushing a button
Normal state
produced by
a spring

131. Valve symbol structure
operator for a particular state is illustrated
against that state
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The
131
Operated state
produced by
pushing a button
Normal state
produced by
a spring

132. Valve symbol structure
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The
132
valve symbol can be visualised as moving to
align one state or another with the port
connections

133. Valve symbol structure
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The
133
valve symbol can be visualised as moving to
align one state or another with the port
connections

134. Valve symbol structure
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The
134
valve symbol can be visualised as moving to
align one state or another with the port
connections

135. Valve symbol structure
Basic Blueprint Reading
A
135
5/2 valve symbol is constructed in a
similar way. A picture of the valve flow paths
for each of the two states is shown by the
two boxes. The 5 ports are normally an
inlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhausts

136. Valve symbol structure
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The
136
full symbol is then made by joining the two
boxes and adding operators. The connections
are shown against only the prevailing state

137. Valve symbol structure
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The
137
full symbol is then made by joining the two
boxes and adding operators. The connections
are shown against only the prevailing state

138. Valve symbol structure
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The
138
full symbol is then made by joining the two
boxes and adding operators. The connections
are shown against only the prevailing state

139. Valve symbol structure
Basic Blueprint Reading

139

The boxes can be joined at either end but the operator must be
drawn against the state that it produces. The boxes can also be
flipped
A variety of symbol patterns are possible
normally
closed
normally
open

140. Basic Blueprint Reading
Operators
Operators of a valve are drawn to the side of a valve
box to the side of the box it will be operating. Some
operator types are:
Lever
Push button
Pedal
Pull button
Treadle
Push/pull button
140
General manual
Rotary knob

141. Operators Cont’d
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pressure
Spring normally
as a return
Pilot pressure
Roller
Differential pressure
Uni-direction
or one way trip
141
Plunger
Detent in 3 positions

142. Operators Cont’d
Basic Blueprint Reading
Electrical
142
Solenoid
direct
Solenoid pilot
Solenoid pilot
with manual
override and
external pilot
supply
Solenoid pilot
with manual override
and integral pilot
supply
When no integral
or external pilot
supply is shown it
is assumed to be
integral

143. Port markings
Basic Blueprint Reading
The valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or
numbers as follows:
Alphabetical
Designations
Numerical
Designations
A, B, C …….. O (excludes L)
Leakage Fluid
L …………………………
9
Supply Air
P …………………………
1
Exhaust
R, S, T ………………..W
3, 5, 7 ……
Pilot Lines
143
Working Lines
2, 4, 6 . . . .
Z, Y, X …………………..
12, 14, 16, 18…

144. Port Markings Examples
2
2
Basic Blueprint Reading
12
12
10
3
1
2
4
14
2
14
12
3
1
5
144
1
4
12
1
10
3

145. Basic Blueprint Reading
Port Markings
2
12
14
4
1
145
12
10
3
1
2
3
2
12
14
10
1
4
5
2
1
12
3

146. Simplified cylinder symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading
Single acting – the load returns
cylinder to original position
Single acting with
spring returning cylinder
to original position
Double acting – moved by fluid
from either end
146

147. Rotary actuators
Basic Blueprint Reading
Semi rotary double acting
Rotary motor single direction
of rotation
Rotary motor bi-directional
147

148. Example Pneumatic Schematic
UP
PB1
BALANCER
VALVE
3
#12
1
#1
#2
#0
2
Basic Blueprint Reading
DOWN
PB2
#2
COMMON
PB3
#1
3
1
#1
#7
#8
1
CLAMP
PB4
2
3
4
1
2
UNCLAMP
PB5
#3
1
2-2
2-2
4
1
2
1
5
1
#9
2
#10
PV2
NTD3
#11
NTD4
#25
#1
2
1
3
4
2
1
#19
2
12
#16
PV3
2
5
1
4
2
12
5 1 3
1
2
#20
ROTATE
RETURN
RAISE
DISABLE
14
#25
3
OR1
ROTATE
SAFETY
PB9
#13
OR3
#22
3
1
OR2
3
#13
3
148
CLAMP
CYL. A1
BV3
5
1
#11
1
ROTATE
ADVANCE
14
#10
CLAMP
SAFETY
PB8
1
#15
1
1
CLAMP
CLOSED LV1
BV2
CLAMP
RETRACT
3
ROTATE
RET. PB7
3
2
12
#18
#24
NTD2
3
#14
#22
4
3
#8
3
NTD1
3
1
2-2
#6
CLAMP
EXTEND
14
PV1
3
1
3
#9
PS1
2
#5
3
BV1
5 1 3
#23
#4
ROTATE
ADV. PB6
R1
CLAMP
PRESSURE
#1
2
COMBINATION
BLOCKING VALVE &
FLOW CONTROL
BV4
#17
ROTATE
CYL. B1
#21
3
1
2
1
OR4
RAISE
ENABLE
#12
3
1
2

149. Summary
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Review
Objectives
 Question and Answer Session
 RETURN
149
TO MAIN MENU

150. PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
150

151. Objectives
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Define
151
Piping Drawings
 Identify Piping Symbols
 Define Process and Instrumentation Drawings
(P&ID)
 Identify P&ID Symbols

152. Symbols and Drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Piping
152
drawings show the size and location of
pipes, fittings, and valves.
 To read and interpret Piping drawings and Piping
and Instrument drawings (P&ID’s), the student
must learn the meaning of the symbols.
 This presentation discusses some the common
symbols that are used to depict system
components.

153. Piping Drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The
153
single line format is most commonly used in
Piping and P&ID drawings.
 The single line format represents all piping,
regardless of size, as single line.
 All system equipment is represented by simple
standard symbols.

154. Pipe Crossing
Basic Blueprint Reading

The crossing of pipes without
connections is normally shown
without interrupting the line.

When there is a need to show
that one pipe must pass behind
another, the line representing
the pipe farthest may be shown
with a break, where the other
pipe passes in front of it
Near pipe
Far pipe
154

155. Connections
Basic Blueprint Reading

155
Permanent connections, whether made by welding, gluing or
soldering, may be shown as a heavy dot

Detachable connections are shown by a single thick line .
Detachable
connection
Detachable
connection such
as a flange
Permanent
connection
Adjoining
apparatus

156. Fittings
156
If standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not
shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line.

Basic Blueprint Reading

A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary
to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer.
Pipe Line Without
Flanges
Pipe
Going
Away
Pipe
Coming
Towards
Pipe Line with flanges
connected to ends
Rear
view
flange
Front
view
flange

157. Basic Blueprint Reading
Single Line example
GLOBE VALVE
CROSS
UNION
Y-FITTING
ELBOW
CAP
PLUG
TEE
COUPLING
(JOINT)
CHECK VALVE
REDUCER
ELBOW
157
GATE VALVE
45° ELBOW

158. Pictorial Drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Pictorial
158
or double line drawings present the
same type information as a single line, but the
equipment is represented as if it had been
photographed.
 This format is rarely used since it requires
much more effort to produce than a single line
drawing and does not present any more
information as to how the system functions.

159. Pictorial example
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Orthographic
CROSS
Y-FITTING
CAP
GLOBE
VALVE
TEE
COUPLING
(JOINT)
ELBOW
159
Pipe Drawing
PLUG
CHECK
VALVE
UNION
REDUCER
GATE
VALVE
45° ELBOW

160. Common Piping Symbols
Comparison
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pictorial
90° Elbows
Straight Tee
Reducing Tee
Sanitary Tee
P-Trap
160
Gate Valve
Symbol

161. Valves
Basic Blueprint Reading

Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate,
and pressure of fluids
GATE VALVE
GLOBE VALVE
CHECK VALVE
CONTROL VALVE
PLUG VALVE
BALL VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE
161

162. P&ID’s

Basic Blueprint Reading

162


The piping of a single system may contain more than a single
medium.
For example, although the main process flow line may carry water,
the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas,
or hydraulic fluid.
Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals
and electrical wires as well as piping.
The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for
indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating
between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.

163. Process and Instrumentation
Drawings P&ID’s
Basic Blueprint Reading

163
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
These process flow diagrams include:
Pipe line numbers and directions
Pipe specifications and line sizes
All equipment
All valves
All Instrumentation with controlling devices

164. Lines
MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE
Basic Blueprint Reading
MINOR PROCESS LINES
PROCESS TUBING
HYDRAULIC LINES
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL
ELECTRICAL LEADS
PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR)
INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING
164

165. Valve Symbols
165
Valve Normally
Closed
Needle Valve
Normally Open
Needle Valve
Normally Closed
Ball Valve
Normally Open
Ball Valve
Normally Closed
Globe Valve
Normally Open
Globe Valve
Normally Closed
Gate Valve
Normally Open
Gate Valve
Normally Closed
Butterfly Valve
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valve Normally
Open
Two Valve
Manifold
Blind Flanged
Generic Valve
Note: the generic valve is
commonly used on drawings with
the valve state noted next to it
N.C.

166. Control Valve Actuators
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Some
valves are provided with actuators
to allow remote operation, to increase
mechanical advantage, or both. Below are
a few symbols for the common valve
actuators.
Diaphragm
Electric
Motor
Solenoid
166
Piston
Manual

167. Balloon Labeling
Basic Blueprint Reading



A control valve may serve any number of functions within a
fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling
system is used to identify the function of a control valve.
The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter
to be controlled by the valve.
For example:
–
–
–
–
–
F = flow
T = temperature
L = level
P = pressure
H = hand (manually operated valve
FC
Flow Control
Valve
167

168. Basic Blueprint Reading

168
One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional information
about how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaces
with the system or piece of equipment.

The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided
into four categories.
Sensed
Parameter
Type of Indicator
or Controller
Type of
Component
Type of Signal
F = flow
T = temperature
P = pressure
I = current
L = level
V = voltage
Z = position
R = recorder
I = indicator
C = controller
T = transmitter
M = modifier
E = element
I = current
V = voltage
P = pneumatic

169. Basic Symbol Modifiers/Transmitters
Basic Blueprint Reading
Locally Mounted Instrument
Board Mounted Instrument
Instrument Behind Board
Example: Locally mounted
voltage to current pressure
modifier
P/I
PM
or
P/I
or
E/I
Examples of Transmitters
FT
169
FT
Flow Transmitter
PT
PressureTransmitter

170. Controllers
Basic Blueprint Reading


Controllers process the signal from an instrument loop
and use it to position or manipulate some other system
component.
Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the
balloon after the controlling parameter.
Flow Controller
FC
P
Temperature Controller TC
Proportional - Integral
PI
Pressure Controller
PC
Proportional –
Integral - Differential
PID
Level Controller
170
Proportional
TC
Current to Pneumatic
I/P

171. Components
Basic Blueprint Reading

Within every system there are major components
such as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat
exchangers, and fans.
Compressor
Steam Turbine
Pumps
171
Heat
Exchanger
Tanks
S
or
or

172. Misc. Symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading

In addition to the normal symbols used on P&ID’s to
represent specific pieces of equipment additional
drawing symbols are used to guide or provide
additional information about the drawing.
XX-001-X-Y
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at
coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawing
XX-002-X-Y
Pipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 at
coordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawing
XX-003-X-Y
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 at
coordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions.
Building/Area Boundary
172

173. Example P&ID Drawing
Basic Blueprint Reading
E-101
REBOILER
V-101
DEPROPANIZER
E-102
OVERHEAD
CONDENSER
V-102
REFLUX
ACCUMULATOR
125°F
35
COOLING
WATER
E-102
V-101
FEED
20
255 PSIG
210°F
FLARE
PC
V-102
240# @ 118°f
LC
1
245°F
FRC
LG
HEATING
MEDIUM
E-101
REBOILER
230°F
275°F
LC
P-101A & 101B
PRODUCT
STORAGE
STORAGE
173
P-101A & 101B
PRODUCT AND
REFLUX PUMPS

174. Summary
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Review
Objectives
 Question and Answer Session
 RETURN
174
TO MAIN MENU

175. CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
175

176. Objectives
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Define
176
Topographical Maps
 Define Contour Maps
 Define Geology and Mining Terms
 Define Site Plans Drawings
 Define Floor Plans
 Define Elevation Drawings
 Define Structural Drawings and symbols

177. Topographical Maps
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Maps
177
which describe in detail local features of
the earth’s surface, either natural or man-made,
are called topographic maps (or drawings).
 Data taken from surveys are used to build these
drawings.
 Surveying is the actual measurement of
distances, elevations, and directions on the
earth’s surface.

178. Contours
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Most
178
topographical maps are drawn as contours.
 Contours are lines drawn on a map to show
points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a
single contour line have the same elevation.
 A contour interval is the vertical distance
between horizontal planes passing through
successive contours as illustrated in the following
slide..

179. Example Contours Map
Basic Blueprint Reading
Control Points
179
Contours
Relative
Elevations
Profile

180. Contours Continued
Basic Blueprint Reading

180


Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns of
distribution of points of recorded elevation.
A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as
illustrated in the next slide.
Line are established at right angles to each other,
dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size and
elevations are determined at the corners of the squares

181. Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Grid Contour Map
Contour
Elevation
Grid
181

182. Geology and Mining Terms

Basic Blueprint Reading






Strike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarily
measured from north.
Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planes
Stratum or Seam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding
planes.
Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault.
Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another
formation.
Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two bedding
planes of a stratum, seam, or vein.
Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it
eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earth’s surface.
–
182
See following slide for examples

183. Basic Blueprint Reading
Geology Terms Example
Strike
Outcrop Area
Bedding Plane
Dip Angle
183
Fault Plane
Seam or Stratum
Thickness

184. Topographical Map Symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading

Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate
land features and objects. The following are but a few examples.
Highway
Railroad
Telephone Line
Power Line
184
Highway Bridge
Railroad Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Dam

185. Site or Layout Drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading

185


Layout drawings are also called general plans and profile
drawings. T
They provide the necessary information on the location,
alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal
parts in relation to the ground at the site.
They also provide other important details, such as the
nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent
structures and roads.

186. Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Site Drawing
186

187. Example Symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading
Earth-rough grade
187
Concrete
Paving
Gravel
Earth-finish grade

188. Floor Plans
 Floor
Basic Blueprint Reading
–
–
–
–
–
188
plans includes:
thicknesses, and character of the building walls on
that particular floor
the widths and locations of door and window
openings
the lengths and character of partitions
the number and arrangement of rooms
the types and locations of utility installations

189. Floor Layout Example
Basic Blueprint Reading
Door Symbol
189
Window Symbol

190. Elevation Drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Elevation
drawings are closely related to the floor
plans of a building.
 These drawings are of vertical views of the
building, usually of the outside walls.
Front Elevation
190
Side Elevation

191. Structural Drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Architectural
191
and structural drawings are
generally considered to be the drawings of steel,
wood, concrete, and other materials used to
construct buildings.

192. Basic Blueprint Reading
Example of Structural Drawing Detail
192

193. Beams
Basic Blueprint Reading

A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per
foot of length.

The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the
letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by
nominal depth and weight per foot
or
S
Symbols
193
p
To t
n
ro
F
En
d
Top
Front
End

194. Channels
A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C.
Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot
Basic Blueprint Reading

p
To
t
on
Fr
C
En
d
Symbols
Top
End
194
Front
or

195. Angles
Basic Blueprint Reading
 The
cross section of an angle resembles the
letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions
in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.
To
n
ro
F
Top
Front
195
p
End
End
t
L
Symbol

196. Tees
Basic Blueprint Reading
A
structural tee is made by slitting a
standard I- or H- beam through the center of
its web, thus forming two T-shapes from
each beam. In dimensioning, the structural
tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.
p
To
t
on
Fr
Top
196
En
d
Front
End
ST or T
Symbols

197. Members
Basic Blueprint Reading

197


The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing
structural members that support and transfer the loads on
the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each
other.
The places where members are connected to other
members are called joints.
The total load supported by the structural members at
a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus
the total live load.

198. Vertical Members

Basic Blueprint Reading



198
Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; in
buildings they may be called pillars.
A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It
could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the
ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that
provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure.
The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are
called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called
sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called
top plates or stud caps.
Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.

199. Horizontal Members
Basic Blueprint Reading

199


A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans
a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam.
A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever.
One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is
called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.

200. Trusses
Basic Blueprint Reading
A
200
truss is a framework consisting of two
horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined
together by a number of vertical and/or inclined
members to form a series of triangles.
Trusses

201. Summary
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Review
Objectives
 Question and Answer Session
 RETURN
201
TO MAIN MENU

202. MACHINE DRAWINGS
202

203. Objectives
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Define
203
Tolerances
 Define Basic Features of Machine Drawings

204. Machine Drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading
 In
204
learning to read machine drawings, we must
first become familiar with the common terms,
symbols, and conventions defined and
discussed in the following slides.

205. Tolerances

Basic Blueprint Reading

205



Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore
variations must be allowed.
This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total
amount the dimension may vary.
It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount,
either by a fraction or decimal.
Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific
dimension.
Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different
methods; the following slide shows three examples.
– The unilateral method is used when variation from the design
size is permissible in one direction only.
– The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or
minus variation that is acceptable.
– In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimum
measurements are both stated

206. Tolerance Examples
Unilateral Method
Basic Blueprint Reading
.498 DIA
+ .000
- .002
Bilateral Method
30° ± 1°
.875
± .005
7± 1
8 64
.500 DIA
+ .002
- .000
2.250 + .010
- .005
.498 DIA
.496
Limit Method
206
.500 DIA
.502

207. Tolerance Symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading
Flatness &
Straightness
Roundness
Symmetry
Angularity
(MMC) Maximum
Material Condition
Perpendicularity
Parallelism
(RFS) Regardless
of Feature size
Datum Identifying
symbol
Concentricity
True Position
Feature Control
Symbol
207
A
Symbol
.001
M
S
-A-
Tolerance
Datum

208. Class Exercise
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Do
208
Class Exercise Tolerances

209. Fillets and Rounds
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Fillets
are concave metal corner (inside)
surfaces.
 Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that
have been rounded to prevent chipping and to
avoid sharp cutting edges
Fillet
209
Rounds

210. Slots and Slides
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Slots
and slides mate two specially shaped
pieces of material and securely hold them
together, yet allow them to move or slide.
Tee Slot Slide
210
Dovetail Slide
Tee Slot
Dovetail Slot

211. Keys, Keyseats, Keyways
Basic Blueprint Reading
A
key is a small wedge or rectangular piece of
metal inserted in a slot or groove between a
shaft and a hub to prevent slippage
Flat Bottom
Round Bottom
Keyseat and Keyway
211
Square

212. Screw Threads
use different methods to show thread
on drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Draftsmen
Without Thread Relief
With Thread Relief
212
Simplified Method of Thread Representation

213. Gears
Basic Blueprint Reading
 When
gears are drawn on machine drawings
usually only enough gear teeth are drawn to
identify the dimensions.
Working Depth
Whole Depth
Dedendum
Addendum
Clearance
Root Dia.
213
Pitch Dia.
Outside Dia.

214. Springs
Basic Blueprint Reading

There are three
classifications of helical
springs: compression,
extension, and torsion.
Drawings seldom show a
true presentation of the
helical shape; instead,
they usually show springs
Common Types of Helical Springs
with straight lines
Symbol Representation of Springs
214

215. Finish Marks

Many metal surfaces must be finished with machine tools for
various reasons.

A modified symbol (check mark) with a number or numbers above it
Basic Blueprint Reading
is used to show these surfaces and to specify the degree of finish .
x
60°
215
3½ X MIN.
02
x
60°
Example of Use

216. Welding
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Welding
is a process of joining metals by fusion
or heating into a single joined mass.
 Symbols will define the type of weld required.
Square Weld
216
Symbol
Fillet Weld
Symbol

217. Weld Drawing Symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading

A welding symbol consists of seven basic elements
4. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches
long with leg length of ½ inch
1. Reference Line
7. Tail – will have
information
about the
process. OAW is
a type of welding
here. It is left off
if no info needed.
2. Arrow – connects
reference line to joint
OAW
½
G
3. Weld symbol – this
indicates a fillet weld
217
2
5. Supplementary symbols –
this illustrates a convex weld
6. Finish symbol – g = grinding, c =
chipped, m = machined.

218. Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Drawing
218

219. Summary
Basic Blueprint Reading
 Review
Objectives
 Question and Answer Session
 RETURN
219
TO MAIN MENU