2. Development Patterns (Meijers and Burger 2009)
Source: Report on ‘Evaluating Transportation Land Use Impacts’, y Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
3. • Factors causing Transformations:
– Population growth
– Migration
– Upgradation of infrastructure
– Political and Management issues
5. Migration vs.
Population Growth
• In 1975 there were 11 cities
across the world with more
than 8 millions citizens. Most
of them were in developed
countries.
• In the year 2000 there already
were 24. Of them only 6 were
in developed countries.
• UN population broadcast
estimates that by 2015 24 of
the 30 largest cities in the
world will be in developing
countries.
Rio de Janeiro
6. Source; Dinesh Mehta, Emerging Challenges of Urban
Planning in India, Indian Urban Congress (2011)
7. An Uneven Growth
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Number of cities increase faster in developing countries that have more difficulties
to provide the basic needs (jobs, housing, drinking water, etc.) to their population.
Therefore, the chaotic urban sprawl that takes place in many developing countries
comes to be another world inequality.
Moreover in developed countries the urban growth rate tends to decrease,
whereas, in developing countries this rate is increasing constantly.
Indeed, nowadays developed countries only hold 35% of the world urban
population while the other 65% is in developing countries.
Hence, urban population is increasing around the world growth twice as fast as in
developed countries.
Therefore, its in developing countries where we can really talk of a population
explosion since 1970s. For example, the African urban population which was only
of 22 millions in 1950, has grown up to 350 millions by 2005.
Conclusion: developing countries have taken over from developed countries in
urban growth. However, this growth have brought poor conditions and low
standards of living to the cities.
9. MAIN PROBLEMS IN SHANTY TOWNS
• Overcrowding - the settlement has a high population density.
• Fires - fires can spread quickly.
• Overpopulation - the area does not have enough resources to support the
growing population.
• Competition for jobs - jobs are in short supply.
• Disease - poor sanitation and limited health care can lead to the spread of
disease.
• Lack of space - the newest and poorest arrivals may be forced to live on
the worst quality land.
• Insecurity - Social & physical insecurity related to being and rights.
• Infrastructure - services are poor, public transport is limited and
connections to the electricity supply can be limited and sometimes
dangerous.
23. Strong Centre Archetype
Urban Transport Archetypes.
Central Place Hierarchy
with Hexagonal Market
Areas.
Source: Thomson (1977).
Source: Christaller (1933).
24. The Central Place (left) and Network (right) Models of Urban Structure.
Source: Meijers (2007).
30. Housing Cost impacts;
Reduce Affordability
• Urban growth boundaries reduce
developable land supply, increasing
unit land costs.
• Increases some building costs
(structure parking, curbs, sidewalks,
sound barriers, etc.).
•
•
Increase Affordability
• Increased density, reduced parking
requirements and setbacks, reduces
land requirements per housing unit.
• More diverse, affordable housing
options
(secondary
suites,
apartments
over
shops,
loft
apartments).
• Smart growth market reforms
provide financial savings for reduces
parking demand and more compact
development.
Public infrastructure costs are far higher for lower density and dispersed
development than compact development.
Many smart growth strategies can increase housing affordability.
46. Instead of development in isolation and then carving out axes & avenues, a
site can be treated as more connected with the surroundings
INFILL DEVELOPMENT
