Tourism history
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This document provides a historical overview of the development of tourism from ancient times to the present day. It traces the key social, cultural, economic and technological changes that have facilitated and motivated travel over the centuries. Some of the major developments highlighted include the establishment of infrastructure like roads and hospitality in ancient Rome and Greece; the growth of leisure travel in the 18th century associated with spas and seaside resorts; the rise of mass tourism in the 19th-20th centuries linked to industrialization, urbanization, and new modes of transport like railways and steamships; and more recent factors such as globalization, low-cost air travel, and advances in technology.
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Why Europe and the West? Why Not
China?
David S. Landes
T he world history of technology is the story of a long, protracted inversion.As late as the end of the first millennium of our era, the civilizations ofAsia were well ahead of Europe in wealth and knowledge. The Europe of
what we call the Middle Ages (say, tenth century) had regressed from the power
and pomp of Greece and Rome, had lost much of the science it had once possessed,
had seen its economy retreat into generalized autarky. It traded little with other
societies, for it had little surplus to sell, and insofar as it wanted goods from outside,
it paid for them largely with human beings. Nothing testifies better to deep poverty
than the export of slaves or the persistent exodus of job-hungry migrants.
Five hundred years later, the tables had turned. I like to summarize the change
in one tell-tale event: the Portuguese penetration into the Indian Ocean led by
Vasco da Gama in 1498. This was an extraordinary achievement. Some scholars will
tell you that it was some kind of accident; that it could just as easily have been
Muslim sailors, or Indian, or Chinese to make the connection from the other
direction. Did not the Chinese send a series of large fleets sailing west as far as the
east African coast in the early fifteenth century— bigger, better and earlier than
anything the Portuguese had to show?
Don’t you believe it. These affirmations of Asian priority are especially prom-
inent and urgent nowadays because a new inversion is bringing Asia to the fore. A
“multicultural” world history finds it hard to live with a eurocentric story of
achievement and transformation. So a new would-be (politically correct) orthodoxy
would have us believe that a sequence of contingent events (gains by Portugal and
then others in the Indian Ocean, followed by conquests by Spain and then others
in the New World) gave Europe what began as a small edge and was then worked
up into centuries of dominion and exploitation. A gloss on this myth contends that
y David S. Landes is Emeritus Professor of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 20, Number 2—Spring 2006 —Pages 3–22
a number of non-European societies were themselves on the edge of a technolog-
ical and scientific breakthrough; that in effect, European tyranny (to paraphrase
Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”), “froze the genial current
of the [Asian] soul.”
A variant on this history-as-accident (or luck) is the pendulum approach
associated with Jack Goody’s (1996) book, East in the West. Everything starts on an
even keel thanks to the allegedly common heritage of the Bronze Age; but then
different parts move ahead, only to be caught up and passed by others, which then
lose ground to their predecessors. So Europe was just especially lucky, taking the
lead at the crucial turn to the Industrial Revolution. But Asia’s turn will now come;
indeed is already coming. As Go ...
The Athropocene
The document summarizes three major eras in human civilization - the Agrarian era, the Modern era, and the Digital era. It provides details on technological developments and innovations that occurred during each era, including the development of cities in ancient times, efficiency improvements during the Industrial Revolution, and the current era dominated by digital technologies and the internet. The document also discusses potential future developments, but notes that the future is difficult to predict with certainty.
Sesi 2 sejarah pariwisata
The document discusses the history of tourism from ancient times to the modern era. It describes how in ancient times, travel was primarily for trade or religious pilgrimages. Some of the earliest tourist attractions included pyramids in Egypt and sites in Greece and Rome. Early forms of transportation that enabled tourism included roads built by ancient civilizations, ships used by Phoenicians and Greeks, and railways beginning in the 1830s. The document also notes Thomas Cook as establishing the first travel agency in the 1840s and the development of early hotels and other accommodations.
Chapter 2- history of tourism.pptx
This document discusses the history and development of tourism from ancient times to the modern era. It covers early tourism among Sumerians and Phoenicians, the decline of travel during the medieval period, and the introduction of the "Grand Tour" during the Renaissance. The Industrial Revolution brought major changes like technological advances in transportation that increased mobility. In the 19th century, the development of railways and steam power transformed tourism into a mass market industry. Famous travel organizers like Thomas Cook emerged and helped popularize inclusive tours. The document then discusses trends in the 20th century, like the growth of tourism after World War 2 and the rise of package tours.
Utp history
The document provides a history of various modes of transport from ancient times to modern day. It describes how early humans walked along tracks for trade and transporting goods using domesticated animals. Over time, various vehicles were developed including boats, carts pulled by animals, and wheeled vehicles. Major developments included the Roman road networks, innovations in road construction materials, and the first steam-powered vehicles in the late 18th century. The document then outlines the history of specific transport modes such as rail, water, aviation and highlights some important innovations in each field.
History of Tourism
This chapter tackles about the historical milestones of the tourism industry. It also discusses the important historical events in the development of tourism in the Philippines.
Sejarah Perjalanan manusia
This document provides a brief history of tourism from prehistoric times to the modern era. It traces the evolution of tourism from early human travel for hunting and gathering, to organized religious pilgrimages in medieval times. The development of transportation infrastructure like roads and ships expanded tourism during ancient Greek, Roman, and British empires. Guided group tours became popular in the 19th century with Thomas Cook offering packaged tours. Mass tourism emerged in the 20th century alongside developments in transportation technology, rising incomes, paid time off work, and changing social values. The tourism industry continues growing rapidly today.
How the world's first subway system was built
It was the dawn of 1863, and London's not-yet-opened subway system — the first of its kind in the world — had the city in an uproar. Most people thought the project, which cost more than 100 million dollars in today's money, would never work. So how did they do it? Christian Wolmar explains how the London Underground was built at a time when no one had built a railway under a city before.
Chapter 1 : Introduction to Travel and Tourism
The document provides an overview of the travel and tourism industry including:
- Defining key terms like travel, tourism, travel agencies, and tour operators.
- Outlining the history and growth of tourism as an industry from the 17th century grand tours to modern mass tourism.
- Describing sectors within the industry like transportation, accommodation, food and beverage, and entertainment.
- Tracing the development of travel agencies and tour operators from the 18th century to their roles today organizing travel packages.
Gloablization
Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492 marked the beginning of global trade and colonization led by European powers like Spain and Portugal. In the following centuries, globalization accelerated through developments like the East India Company's trade monopoly in 1600, the expansion of the slave trade and rise of the Atlantic economy in 1650, and the founding of the Bank of England in 1694. Major technological innovations in the 18th and 19th centuries further drove globalization, including James Watt's steam engine, railroads, steamships, the oil industry, and mass production. The world wars of the 20th century disrupted globalization but new institutions like the UN, World Bank and IMF helped rebuild economic cooperation after World War 2.
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More from Hillary Jenkins
Presentation on casestudy
Dunedin is a city in New Zealand with a population of around 123,000 people including approximately 25,000 university students. It attracts over 860,000 guest nights in commercial accommodation each year and had 1.9 million visitors in 2009, around 53% of which were domestic visitors and 47% international. The city offers wildlife and nature, Victorian and Edwardian architecture, Scottish and Chinese heritage, a rugged coastline and diverse landscapes, and stories of New Zealand's colonial history. It is described as a lively university city and creative, arty place.
Signs and panels
This one sentence document provides a reference for photographs used in a 2010 slideshow created by Hillary Jenkins for Otago Polytechnic. The photographs have a creative commons license and were taken by the slideshow creator.
Categories attractions
The document categorizes different types of cultural and environmental activities. It divides cultural activities into indoor and outdoor categories. Indoor cultural activities include visiting museums, art galleries, and exhibitions, which attract many visitors. Outdoor cultural activities include festivals, visits to sites and monuments, and ceremonies. Environmental activities involve visiting gardens, natural attractions like lakes and mountains, and taking walks. Urban recreation includes shopping and special events in historic buildings and neighborhoods. The document also lists several categories of tourism experiences like rural, health, industrial, religious, and eco-tourism.
Accommodation services
The document provides an introduction to accommodation in the hospitality industry. It discusses that the accommodation sector is a vital part of the hospitality industry as it provides lodging and food for travelers away from home. The accommodation sector includes various establishment types such as hotels, motels, bed and breakfasts, hostels, and more. Guests of these establishments can be local or from domestic and international locations and have a variety of needs depending on factors like their age, gender, culture, and reasons for travel.
Tourist Area Lifecycle
The document discusses the tourist area life cycle model, which describes the stages a tourist destination typically goes through as the number of visitors increases over time. The stages are exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, and decline. As destinations progress through the life cycle, so too does the host community, going from euphoria about visitors to potential antagonism as saturation is approached if overtourism is not managed properly. The model aims to help destinations sustain tourism by understanding these phases and adapting products, markets and promotion accordingly.
The New Zealand Tourism Sector
The document outlines the various roles and responsibilities of organizations involved in New Zealand's tourism sector. It discusses national tourism bodies like Tourism Industry Association New Zealand (TIA), Ministry of Tourism (TMT), and Tourism New Zealand (TNZ). It also mentions regional, local, and Māori organizations involved in promoting tourism. Finally, it briefly discusses government agencies, economic development agencies, industry associations, education providers, and research organizations that play supporting roles in the tourism sector.
Tour Guiding Interpretation
Interpretation aims to reveal meanings and relationships through experiences rather than just communicating facts. It provides explanations for conserving natural, cultural or historic places by provoking insights. Effective interpretation is meaningful, curious, and engaging by relating to participants' experiences. It uses various art forms like science, history or demonstrations to stimulate thought while appealing to all senses and learning styles. The message must relate to the audience and setting, using techniques to potentially provoke change, and can take many forms like guided tours, presentations, interactive activities, or non-personal methods like signs.
Interpretation - The Site
Interpretation goes beyond just providing information by revealing deeper meaning and experiences. Effective interpreters serve as a link between visitors and the site by offering first-hand experiences through on-site interpretation. When interpreting a site, factors like historical significance, seasonal aspects, engineering feats, access, everyday use, and personal significance should be considered to fully convey what makes the site unique.
(2) Opportunities
This document discusses opportunities for sustainability in the accommodation sector. It provides a case study of Strattons Hotel that implemented resource efficiency initiatives like refillable toiletry dispensers and water/laundry savings, reducing costs by over £10,000 annually and diverting 98% of waste from landfill. Customer preferences are also changing to favor businesses with strong environmental practices and lower carbon footprints.
What Is Sustainability
The document discusses sustainability and sustainable practices for businesses. It defines sustainability as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Strong sustainability embraces renewable energy, treats waste as a resource, and values diversity and ecosystem resilience. Key aspects of strong sustainability are systems thinking, a principled definition, and backcasting to understand sustainability and practice it effectively.
Whats Going Wrong
This document discusses several issues facing global sustainability including climate change, peak oil, water shortages, population growth, and increasing consumption. It notes that while demand for resources is rising, the supply of life-supporting resources is declining, representing the "funnel" paradigm. For New Zealand, its tourism industry relies on promoting the country's "clean, green" image but this is threatened by the effects of issues like climate change, peak oil, and intensive farming practices, which are degrading the environment and hitting the walls of the funnel. The document argues that new approaches beyond "business as usual" are needed to address these global sustainability challenges.
Framework for Sustainable Practice
The document outlines a framework for sustainable practice with 5 components: understand, vision, baseline, plan/do, and measure. It describes each component, with understand focusing on systems thinking, vision establishing a sustainable future goal, baseline assessing the current situation, plan/do developing and implementing strategies, and measure reviewing progress. Following this framework and continually evaluating actions can help businesses work within natural and social systems to progress toward sustainability.
Baseline And Plan
1. The document outlines steps for creating a vision and plan for sustainable practices, including creating a vision statement, conducting a baseline analysis, and developing a strategic action plan.
2. It recommends "backcasting" by envisioning the desired future vision and working backwards to identify goals and actions.
3. A case study of Interface Carpets is presented as an example of a company that set goals to become more sustainable and outlined short, medium, and long term priority actions to work towards its vision.
Organisational Learning
This document discusses the importance of organizational learning and creating a learning organization. It defines a learning organization as one where people at all levels are continually increasing their capacity to produce results they care about. A learning organization promotes information sharing between employees to create a more knowledgeable workforce that is flexible and able to accept new ideas and changes through a shared vision. It also discusses five disciplines that are important for organizational learning: systems thinking, personal mastery, mental models, building a shared vision, and team learning.
Tools And Measurement
The document discusses how to communicate sustainability efforts without "greenwashing" through verification, measurement, and reporting. It outlines common "sins of greenwashing" like hidden trade-offs or lack of proof. Verification by independent third parties helps prove compliance with standards through labels or endorsements. Regular measurement is important to evaluate progress using indicators. Reporting tools like GRI and ISO 14001 standards can help with transparency if used to show a whole systems perspective. The best approach is to take meaningful sustainability actions and then discuss accomplishments through sound monitoring and reporting.
Corporate Social Responsibility
The document discusses various tools and standards for corporate social responsibility and environmental management, including:
- ISO 14000 environmental management standard
- Green Globe certification standard, which has a six step process including developing an environmental plan and obtaining certification
- CSR, which involves businesses self-regulating to ensure they follow law, ethics and international norms through tools like the UN Global Compact
3a. Qualmark
Qualmark is New Zealand's tourism quality assurance program that certifies operators as sustainable based on criteria in five key areas: energy efficiency, waste management, water conservation, conservation, and community. To be Qualmark certified, operators must meet minimum requirements including past compliance, licensing, and plans, and substantiate any environmental claims. The document discusses Qualmark's role in promoting sustainable tourism in New Zealand and providing visitors assurance that they can travel there while still feeling good through qualifying operators' sustainability practices.
Branding
Branding is an important marketing tool used to increase sales, profits, and customer satisfaction. A brand consists of a name, symbol, or design that identifies a product and conveys a reputation. Effective destination branding communicates rational messages about facts as well as emotional messages to invoke feelings. It seeks to attract visitors who are most likely to be satisfied and recommend the destination to others. Research such as focus groups and interviews helps define the brand proposition and ensure the needs of the largest target audience are met. The benefits of branding include increased customer loyalty, recruitment of new customers, and retention of existing customers.
Tourism Destination Marketing Part 2
This document discusses several aspects of tourism destination marketing including:
1) Assessing current and future markets through research on visitors, forecasts, and destination audits. Research includes counts, interviews, and surveys. Forecasting can be exploratory, speculative, or normative.
2) Analyzing a destination's appeal and positioning it in its life cycle which includes exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, and decline or rejuvenation.
3) Developing a strategic marketing mix and organization to implement objectives and evaluate results while taking into consideration a destination's image, branding, strategies for different target groups, and limited control over products and pricing.
Tourism Destination Marketing Part One
A destination can refer to a town, resort, or geographical region. Destinations differ in what they offer visitors, whether it be recreational activities like in Salzburg or business opportunities like in London. The success of a destination depends on six factors - amenities, attractions, activities, accessibility, ancillary services, and available packages. Amenities include infrastructure like roads, sewerage, and electricity as well as superstructure elements like buildings, airports, and societal structures. A destination's economy can be limited or diversified depending on its reliance on tourism.
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The recommendations encompass gender-sensitive planning, infrastructure enhancements, safety measures, and strategic interventions to address financial constraints, ensuring a holistic and sustainable development of the tourism industry in Nigeria.
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Excursions in Tahiti Island Adventure
Our excursions in tahiti offer stunning lagoon tours, vibrant marine life encounters, and cultural experiences. We ensure unforgettable adventures amidst breathtaking landscapes and serene waters. For more information, mail us at tracey@uniquetahiti.com.
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Best Places to Stay in New Brunswick, Canada.
New Brunswick, a picturesque province in eastern Canada, offers a plethora of unique and charming places to stay for every kind of traveler. From the historic allure of Fredericton and the vibrant culture of Saint John to the natural beauty of Fundy National Park and the serene coastal towns like St. Andrews by-the-Sea, there's something for everyone. Whether you prefer luxury resorts, cozy inns, rustic lodges, or budget-friendly options, the best places to stay in New Brunswick ensure a memorable stay, allowing you to fully immerse yourself in the province's rich history, stunning landscapes, and warm hospitality.
https://www.mmanor.ca/blog/best-5-bed-and-breakfast-new-brunswick-canada
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Tourism history
- 1. Tourism History Diploma in Applied Travel and Tourism