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Wetlands   mapping in North America using MODIS 500m imagery  July 28, 2011 ○ Gegen  Tana a , Ryutaro Tateishi b a  Graduate Schools of Science, Chiba University b  Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University
What is a wetland?
Background - Definition of wetlands (Broadly used) Ramsar Convention:  The Convention on Wetlands, signed in Ramsar, Iran,  in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for  national action and international cooperation for the conservation and  wise use of wetlands and their resources.  (source – the Convention on Wetlands website) The Ramsar convention (Ramsar 2004)  defined wetlands as areas of marsh, fen, peatland or  water , whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters.
- Global wetlands locations in the Ramar Convention 160 countries participate in and 1953 wetlands are contained. Total surface area of designated sites (hectares): 190,455,433 (source – the Convention on Wetlands website) The Ramsar definition of " wetlands " is a broad one, including not just marshes, fen and peatland, but also lakes, coral reefs, temporary pools, even underground caves, and all sorts of other systems everywhere from the mountains to the sea, including man-made habitats. Background
Background - The values of wetlands ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Wetlands are one of the most important ecosystems in the world. It is important to inventory and monitor wetlands. ,[object Object]
Background - Global wetland databases Problems existed in the wetlands maps on large scale: Global wetland databases: Global land cover maps which include wetlands: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Objective Advantages of MODIS data: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Study area North America is defined in this study as Canada, United States , Mexico, the countries of Central America and the Caribbean Islands.
MCD43A4 :   Terra+Aqua Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance 16-Day L3  Global 500m SIN Grid V005 (All 23 periods of 2008) Spectral bands (1-7): Data used - Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance
Data used - Digital elevation model and reference data Digital elevation model: Reference data: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
-  Land cover legend 20 land cover classes are defined by Land Cover Classification System (LCCS)  Definition Code Class name R,G,B   (color code) 1 Broadleaf  e vergreen  f orest 0,50,0 2 Broadleaf  d eciduous  f orest 60,150,0 3 Needleleaf  e vergreen  f orest 0,110,0 4 Needleleaf  d eciduous  f orest 85,110,25 5 Mixed  f orest 0,200,0 6 Tree  o pen 140,190,140 7 Shrub 190,190,0 8 Herbaceous 255,255,50 9 Herbaceous with  s parse  t ree   /  s hrub 180,230,100 10 Sparse  vegetation 255,255,205 11 Cropland 255,175,80 12 P addy  field 145,50,230 1 3 Cropland /  o ther  v egetation  m osaic 220,160,255 1 4 Mangrove 155,130,230 15 Wetland 180,250,240 16 Bare Area,consolidated(gravel,rock) 150,150,150 17 Bare Area,unconsolidated (sand) 200,200,200 18 Urban 255,0,0 19 Snow /  i ce 250,250,250 20 Water  bodies 175,210,240
- Definition of wetlands in LCCS Wetland formula in LCCS2 :  Closed to Open Woody Vegetation Water Quality: Fresh Water // Closed to Open             Woody Vegetation Water Quality: Brackish Water // Closed to Open Herbaceous Vegetation. Water Quality: Fresh Water or Brackish Water.     Depending on the level of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) expressed in  parts per million (ppm), three classes are distinguished: fresh, brackish  and saline water (Cowardin et al., 1979).   1) Fresh Water: Less than 1 000 ppm TDS.   2) Brackish Water: Between 1 000 and 10 000 ppm TDS.   3) Saline Water: More than 10 000 ppm TDS The main layer consists of closed to open woody vegetation.  The crown cover is between 100 and 15%.  The height is in the range of 7 - 2m. The main layer consists of closed to open herbaceous vegetation.  The crown cover is between 100 and 15%.  The height is in the range of 3 - 0.03m. Three main components : Hydrology, Soil and Vegetation  LCCS definition : Land cover definition by Land Cover Classification System version 2              (LCCS2) developed by  FAO (  http://www.glcn-lccs.org/ ) . Definition
Vegetated area  Validation  Wetland map  Non-vegetated area Methodology - The flow of the study 23 period of  MCD43A4(2008) NDWI  Preprocessing Reference  data Training data GLCNMO  STRM 90m  NDSI  MODIS Tasseled Cap Indices Maximum likelihood classification  Decision tree model III  IV  V  I  II  II
Methodology - Part I: MODIS preprocessing Download the MCD43A4 Mosaic the tiles Resampling Modis  Reprojection  Tool  (MRT) Cloud removal Reprojection Cloud free data
MODIS TC coefficients (Lobster  et al. (2007)): MODIS Tasseled Cap Indices:   The tasseled cap transformation was first developed in 1976 for Landsat MSS data. It is  one of the available methods for enhancing spectral information of Landsat TM.  The tasseled cap transformation was extended to MODIS data  ( Zhang  et al .(2002).   Three of the six tasseled cap transform bands are often used. ZHANG, X.Y., SCHAAF, C.B., FRIEDL, M.A., STRAHLER, A.H., GAO, F. and HODGES, J.F.C.,2002, MODIS tasseled cap transformation and its utility. In     Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS ’02), edited by, Toronto, Canada, 24–28 June (Piscataway, NJ: IEEE),     pp. 1063–1065. LOBSER, S.E., COHEN, W.B., 2007, MODIS tasselled cap: land cover characteristics expressed through  transformed MODIS data . International Journal of remote     Sensing, 28, pp. 5079–5101. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],- Part II: MODIS Tasseled Cap Indices Methodology
Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI): Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI): (Gao, 1996) - Part II: NDWI & NDSI Bo-Cai G.NDWI--A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space, Remote sensing of environment, 1996, pp257-266 Dorothy K. Halla, George A. Riggsb and Vincent V. Salomonsonc. NDSI:Development of methods for   mapping global snow cover using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data Remote Sensing of Environment, 1995 (D.K Halla, 1996) Methodology
- Part III: Dominant wetland types in North America (source – the Convention on Wetlands website) O — Permanent freshwater lakes (over 8 ha)  H — Intertidal marshes; includes salt marshes,  salt meadows, saltings, raised salt marshes;  includes tidal brackish and freshwater marshes. Tp - Permanent freshwater marshes/pools; ponds (below 8 ha), marshes and swamps on inorganic soils; with emergent vegetation water-logged for at least  most of the growing season. F — Estuarine waters; permanent water of estuaries  and estuarine systems of deltas. J — Coastal brackish/saline lagoons; brackish to  saline lagoons with at least one relatively narrow  connection to the sea. A — Permanent shallow marine waters in most  cases less than six metres deep at low tide; includes  sea bays and straits. E — Sand, shingle or pebble shores; includes sand  bars, spits and sandy islets; includes dune systems  and humid dune slacks. I — Intertidal forested wetlands; includes mangrove  swamps, nipah swamps and tidal freshwater swamp  forests. G — Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats. Xf - Freshwater, tree-dominated wetlands; includes  freshwater swamp forests, seasonally flooded forests,  wooded swamps on inorganic soils. Methodology
- Part III: Types of wetlands and Landsat ETM+ 1. Training data should satisfy the LCCS definition. Principles of training data collection: Totally  31  scenes of Landsat ETM+ images were used for collecting training sites.  Methodology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],According to the vegetation types described in the LCCS, wetlands in North America were classified into three types. 2. MCD43A4 is MODIS data with the spatial  resolution of 500m.   The pure training site  area should be selected larger than 250ha  (3 ×3 pixels ).
Methodology - Part III: Training data collection Common part of  existing maps Google Earth Ramsar Convention Landsat ETM+ Google Earth Non-vegetated* 1  and vegetated * 2  land cover types Wetland Collection of training data *1: Water, Snow, Urban, Bare (Rock&Sand) *2: Broadleaf evergreen forest, Broadleaf deciduous forest, Needleleaf evergreen forest, Needleleaf  deciduous forest, Mixed forest, Tree open, Shrub, Herbaceous, Herbaceous with sparse tree/shrub,  Sparse vegetation, Cropland, Paddy field, Cropland/other vegetation mosaic, Mangrove,
Methodology - Part IV: Decision tree model STRM 90m <1000m NDWI_8<0.2013  Water  Snow  Wetland&Other vagetation NDSI_P10<0.1391  Mask of Urban&Bare area (GLCNMO) Resampling  No Yes Yes No
Methodology - Part V: Maximum likelihood method ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Result Wetlands Others Water
Comparison (1) - Everglades National Park (United States) Google Earth image Result of this study GLOBCOVER GLC2000
Comparison (2) Result of this study GLOBCOVER GLC2000 - Reserva de la Biosfera Ría Celestún (Mexico) Google Earth image
Conclusions and future works ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thank you for your attention!
 
- Characteristics of remote sensing data for mapping wetlands Advantages: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Advantages: Disadvantages: Disadvantages: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],High spatial resolution remote sensing data: Moderate spatial resolution remote sensing data: Background
Background - Global wetland databases Name:Global wetland distribution Resolution: Year:1987 Name:Distribution of wetlands Resolution: Year: Name: GLC2000 Resolution: 1km Year:2000 Name: GLCNMO Resolution: 1km Year:2003 Name: GLOBCOVER Resolution: 300m Year:2005 Name:Global lakes and wetlands database Resolution:1km Year:2004 Wetlands Wetlands Wetlands

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Tana_IGARSS2011.ppt

  • 1. Wetlands mapping in North America using MODIS 500m imagery July 28, 2011 ○ Gegen Tana a , Ryutaro Tateishi b a Graduate Schools of Science, Chiba University b Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University
  • 2. What is a wetland?
  • 3. Background - Definition of wetlands (Broadly used) Ramsar Convention: The Convention on Wetlands, signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. (source – the Convention on Wetlands website) The Ramsar convention (Ramsar 2004) defined wetlands as areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water , whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters.
  • 4. - Global wetlands locations in the Ramar Convention 160 countries participate in and 1953 wetlands are contained. Total surface area of designated sites (hectares): 190,455,433 (source – the Convention on Wetlands website) The Ramsar definition of &quot; wetlands &quot; is a broad one, including not just marshes, fen and peatland, but also lakes, coral reefs, temporary pools, even underground caves, and all sorts of other systems everywhere from the mountains to the sea, including man-made habitats. Background
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. Study area North America is defined in this study as Canada, United States , Mexico, the countries of Central America and the Caribbean Islands.
  • 9. MCD43A4 : Terra+Aqua Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance 16-Day L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V005 (All 23 periods of 2008) Spectral bands (1-7): Data used - Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance
  • 10.
  • 11. - Land cover legend 20 land cover classes are defined by Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) Definition Code Class name R,G,B (color code) 1 Broadleaf e vergreen f orest 0,50,0 2 Broadleaf d eciduous f orest 60,150,0 3 Needleleaf e vergreen f orest 0,110,0 4 Needleleaf d eciduous f orest 85,110,25 5 Mixed f orest 0,200,0 6 Tree o pen 140,190,140 7 Shrub 190,190,0 8 Herbaceous 255,255,50 9 Herbaceous with s parse t ree / s hrub 180,230,100 10 Sparse vegetation 255,255,205 11 Cropland 255,175,80 12 P addy field 145,50,230 1 3 Cropland / o ther v egetation m osaic 220,160,255 1 4 Mangrove 155,130,230 15 Wetland 180,250,240 16 Bare Area,consolidated(gravel,rock) 150,150,150 17 Bare Area,unconsolidated (sand) 200,200,200 18 Urban 255,0,0 19 Snow / i ce 250,250,250 20 Water bodies 175,210,240
  • 12. - Definition of wetlands in LCCS Wetland formula in LCCS2 : Closed to Open Woody Vegetation Water Quality: Fresh Water // Closed to Open           Woody Vegetation Water Quality: Brackish Water // Closed to Open Herbaceous Vegetation. Water Quality: Fresh Water or Brackish Water.   Depending on the level of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) expressed in parts per million (ppm), three classes are distinguished: fresh, brackish and saline water (Cowardin et al., 1979).   1) Fresh Water: Less than 1 000 ppm TDS.   2) Brackish Water: Between 1 000 and 10 000 ppm TDS.   3) Saline Water: More than 10 000 ppm TDS The main layer consists of closed to open woody vegetation. The crown cover is between 100 and 15%. The height is in the range of 7 - 2m. The main layer consists of closed to open herbaceous vegetation. The crown cover is between 100 and 15%. The height is in the range of 3 - 0.03m. Three main components : Hydrology, Soil and Vegetation LCCS definition : Land cover definition by Land Cover Classification System version 2             (LCCS2) developed by FAO ( http://www.glcn-lccs.org/ ) . Definition
  • 13. Vegetated area Validation Wetland map Non-vegetated area Methodology - The flow of the study 23 period of MCD43A4(2008) NDWI Preprocessing Reference data Training data GLCNMO STRM 90m NDSI MODIS Tasseled Cap Indices Maximum likelihood classification Decision tree model III IV V I II II
  • 14. Methodology - Part I: MODIS preprocessing Download the MCD43A4 Mosaic the tiles Resampling Modis Reprojection Tool (MRT) Cloud removal Reprojection Cloud free data
  • 15.
  • 16. Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI): Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI): (Gao, 1996) - Part II: NDWI & NDSI Bo-Cai G.NDWI--A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space, Remote sensing of environment, 1996, pp257-266 Dorothy K. Halla, George A. Riggsb and Vincent V. Salomonsonc. NDSI:Development of methods for   mapping global snow cover using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data Remote Sensing of Environment, 1995 (D.K Halla, 1996) Methodology
  • 17. - Part III: Dominant wetland types in North America (source – the Convention on Wetlands website) O — Permanent freshwater lakes (over 8 ha) H — Intertidal marshes; includes salt marshes, salt meadows, saltings, raised salt marshes; includes tidal brackish and freshwater marshes. Tp - Permanent freshwater marshes/pools; ponds (below 8 ha), marshes and swamps on inorganic soils; with emergent vegetation water-logged for at least most of the growing season. F — Estuarine waters; permanent water of estuaries and estuarine systems of deltas. J — Coastal brackish/saline lagoons; brackish to saline lagoons with at least one relatively narrow connection to the sea. A — Permanent shallow marine waters in most cases less than six metres deep at low tide; includes sea bays and straits. E — Sand, shingle or pebble shores; includes sand bars, spits and sandy islets; includes dune systems and humid dune slacks. I — Intertidal forested wetlands; includes mangrove swamps, nipah swamps and tidal freshwater swamp forests. G — Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats. Xf - Freshwater, tree-dominated wetlands; includes freshwater swamp forests, seasonally flooded forests, wooded swamps on inorganic soils. Methodology
  • 18.
  • 19. Methodology - Part III: Training data collection Common part of existing maps Google Earth Ramsar Convention Landsat ETM+ Google Earth Non-vegetated* 1 and vegetated * 2 land cover types Wetland Collection of training data *1: Water, Snow, Urban, Bare (Rock&Sand) *2: Broadleaf evergreen forest, Broadleaf deciduous forest, Needleleaf evergreen forest, Needleleaf deciduous forest, Mixed forest, Tree open, Shrub, Herbaceous, Herbaceous with sparse tree/shrub, Sparse vegetation, Cropland, Paddy field, Cropland/other vegetation mosaic, Mangrove,
  • 20. Methodology - Part IV: Decision tree model STRM 90m <1000m NDWI_8<0.2013 Water Snow Wetland&Other vagetation NDSI_P10<0.1391 Mask of Urban&Bare area (GLCNMO) Resampling No Yes Yes No
  • 21.
  • 23. Comparison (1) - Everglades National Park (United States) Google Earth image Result of this study GLOBCOVER GLC2000
  • 24. Comparison (2) Result of this study GLOBCOVER GLC2000 - Reserva de la Biosfera Ría Celestún (Mexico) Google Earth image
  • 25.
  • 26. Thank you for your attention!
  • 27.  
  • 28.
  • 29. Background - Global wetland databases Name:Global wetland distribution Resolution: Year:1987 Name:Distribution of wetlands Resolution: Year: Name: GLC2000 Resolution: 1km Year:2000 Name: GLCNMO Resolution: 1km Year:2003 Name: GLOBCOVER Resolution: 300m Year:2005 Name:Global lakes and wetlands database Resolution:1km Year:2004 Wetlands Wetlands Wetlands