The document discusses several NoSQL database types including key-value stores, document stores, column family stores, and graph databases. It also covers MapReduce, sharding, MongoDB, Cassandra, HBase, BigTable, DynamoDB, Riak, CouchDB, and Neo4j. Additional topics include Hive, Pig, Flume, R, Lucene, Solr, Mahout, ZooKeeper, serialization formats like JSON, BSON, Thrift and Avro.