This document summarizes key aspects of the perfect passive system in Latin grammar, including: 1) The perfect passive is formed using the fourth principal part (perfect passive participle) plus a form of the verb "to be". 2) Examples are provided of perfect passive forms in indicative, future perfect, and pluperfect aspects. 3) Rules for declining participles and using ablatives with passive verbs are described. 4) The future participle and its formation is explained. 5) Translations are provided for example sentences using these passive forms.

1. CHAPTER 16 GRAMMAR,
PART II
Perfect Passive System

2. PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE
• The perfect passive is the perfect passive participle (the 4th principal
part) plus a form of sum.
•There are two translations: was _____ed and has been _____ed
paro, parare, paraui, paratus
Perfect Passive
Indicative
Translation
paratus sum I was prepared, have been prepared
paratus es You were prepared, have been prepared
paratus est He/She/It was prepared, has been prepared
parati sumus We were prepared, have been prepared
parati estis You all were prepared, have been prepared
parati sunt They were prepared, have been prepared

3. PERFECT PASSIVE IN A SENTENCE
• The participle portion of the verb declines and will agree with the
subject:
Dido deserta est. Dido has been deserted.
• Passive verbs are usually followed by an ablative either with a/ab
(agent) or without (means).
Quintus a patre vocatus est. Quintus was called by his
father.
epistola manu scripta est. The letter was written by hand.

4. EXERCISE 16.7 #1-2 AND 16.8 #1-2
16.7
1. o nautae, a deo iussi sumus ab Africa nauigare.
2. nonne a reginā bene recti estis, o ciues?
16.8
1. ciues omnes tumultibus (terrere).
2. urbs ab hostibus (capere).
territi
suntcapta
est

5. FUTURE PERFECT AND
PLUPERFECT PASSIVE
Future Perfect Passsive
paratus ero
I will have been
prepared
paratus eris
You will have been
prepared
paratus erit
He/She/It will have
been prepared
parati erimus
We will have been
prepared
parati eritis
You all will have been
prepared
parati erunt
They will have been
prepared
Pluperfect Passive
paratus eram I had been prepared
paratus eras
You had been
prepared
paratus erat
He/She/It had been
prepared
parati eramus
We had been
prepared
parati eratis
You all had been
prepared
parati errant
They had been
prepared

6. FUTURE PARTICIPLE
• This participle is formed by removing the ending on the fourth
principle part (-um) and adding –urus:
paratum -> paraturus, -a, -um
• The future participle has first and second declension endings and
declines like magnus, -a, -um.
• Translate as ‘about to _____’

7. EXERCISE 16.10 #1-3
1. maritum suum iterum uisura, Scintilla laetissima erat.
2. Caesar theatrum intrauit mortem obiturus.
3. Quintum Romam relicturum Heliodorus ualere iussit.

8. EXERCISE TRANSLATIONS
16.7.1: O sailors, we have been ordered by the god to sail from
Africa.
16.7.2: Surely you all have been ruled well by the queen, o citizens?
16.8.1: All the citizens have been scared by the riots.
16.8.2: The city has been captured by the enemies.
16.10.1: About to see her husband again, Scintilla was very happy.
16.10.2: Caesar, about to die, entered the theater.
16.10.3: Heliodorus ordered Quintus, about to leave Rome, to be
well.