2. Pluperfect Subjunctive Active
• Three steps to form:
1. Remove ‘i’ from third principal part
2. Add ‘isse’
3. Add personal endings, -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
• Works for all conjugations . . . even irregular verbs!
paraui monui rexi cepi audiui fui
parauissem monuissem rexissem cepissem audiuissem fuissem
3. Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive
• Add essem, esses, etc. to the fourth principal part
• Remember that the fourth part must agree in case, number, and
gender with the subject of the sentence
• Works for all conjugations . . . even irregular verbs!
paratus monitus rectus captus auditus
paratus essem monitus essem rectus essem captus essem auditus essem
5. cum clauses
• cum is used often in a subordinate clause with a subjunctive verb,
typically imperfect or pluperfect
• Translate cum as ‘when’ if the main indicative verb is in the past tense
cum ad portum Ephesi aduenissent, ad urbem festinauerunt.
When they had arrived at the port of Ephesus, they hurried to the city.
• Note that the cum clause will happen before the main clause if the
subjunctive verb is pluperfect (see the example), but will happen at
the same time if the subjunctive verb is imperfect.
6. Exercise 20.1
1. Horatius, cum ad nauem rediisset, continuo dormiuit.
2. cum ad portum aduenissemus, ad urbem festinauimus.
3. cum in foro maneremus, multos milites uidimus.
4. cum miles quidam nos ad Bruti castra duxisset, tribuno militum
occurrimus nobis noto.
5. tribunus, cum nos uidisset, hilariter nos salutauit.
7. Exercise Translations
20.1.1: Horatius, when he had returned to the ship, immediately fell
asleep.
20.1.2: When we had arrived at the port, we hurried to the city.
20.1.3: When we were staying in the forum, we saw many soldiers.
20.1.4: When a certain soldier had led us to the camp of Brutus, we
met a tribune of the soldiers known to us.
20.1.5: The tribune, when he had seen us, greeted us cheerfully.
