The document identifies five types of phrases: prepositional phrases, appositive phrases, participial phrases, gerund phrases, and infinitive phrases. It provides examples and explanations of each type of phrase, including how they function within sentences. Prepositional phrases can function as adjectives or adverbs, appositive phrases identify or explain nouns, participial phrases modify nouns as adjectives, gerund phrases can serve as nouns, and infinitive phrases can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. The document concludes by analyzing phrases within an example paragraph and identifying the type of each phrase and its function.

1. OBJECTIVES
•Identify the five types of phrases
•Identify the words phrases modify
(a prerequisite to effective revision)

2. Phrase:
a group of related words that is used as a single part
of speech and does not contain a verb and its subject
Five Types of Phrases
Prepositional Phrase
Appositive Phrase
Participial Phrase
Gerund Phrase
Infinitive Phrase

3. Prepositional Phrase
Includes a preposition, a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition,
and any modifiers of that subject and functions as an adjective or as an adverb.
The adjective phrase modifies a noun or pronoun.
Cassie Smith made a batch of fry bread, using a recipe very similar to that
of her ancestors.
Sarah Kemble Knight kept a journal of her trip to New York.
Sarah Knight’s journey on horseback from Boston to New York was
long and difficult.
The adverb phrase modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb.
During the Civil War, Louisa Mae Alcott worked in a hospital as a
nurse for six weeks.
Louisa Mae Alcott wrote Little Women, a novel rich in New England
traditions.
Too late for Alcott and other early suffragists, U. S. voting laws were
changed.

4. Duncan is sitting in his chair eating a bowl of oatmeal.
Duncan is sitting in his chair eating a bowl of oatmeal. Adverb / Adjective
I got the twins ready for bed.
I got the twins ready for bed. Adverb
In the classic Japanese movie The Seven Samurai, fierce professional warriors
save a village from bandits.
In the classic Japanese movie The Seven Samurai, fierce professional warriors
save a village from bandits. Adverb / Adverb
The small Scandinavian animals in these photographs are called lemmings.
The small Scandinavian animals in these photographs are called lemmings.
Adjective
Legends say that when lemmings reach the cliffs along the sea, they leap into
the water and drown.
Legends say that when lemmings reach the cliffs along the sea, they leap into
the water and drown. Adjective / Adverb
Is this outfit appropriate for a job interview?
Is this outfit appropriate for a job interview? Adverb
Adjective? Adverb?

5. An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed next to another noun or pronoun
to identify or explain it.
An appositive phrase consists of the appositive and its modifiers.
We visited Boston Harbor, the site of the Boston Tea Party.
The Kenai Peninsula is the home of the Alaskan moose, the largest deer
In the world.
A great speaker, Thomas Paine inspired the colonists to resist the British.

6. Participle
Verb form that is used as an adjective / Modifies noun or pronoun
Two kinds of participles:
Present Participle: ends in –ing
Past Participle: ends in a past form, such as –ed, -en, -t, -k
Participial Phrase:
consists of a participle and all the words related to the participle
Waving, the campers boarded the bus.
Confused and frightened, they fled into the jungle.
We could hear something moving in the underbrush.
Having worked all day, Abe was ready for a rest.
Speaking eloquently, Barbara Jordan enthralled the audience.
Encouraged by his family, he submitted his book of poems for publication.

7. Known as Johnny Appleseed, John Chapman distributed apple seeds and
saplings to families headed west.
Known as Johnny Appleseed, John Chapman distributed apple seeds and
saplings to families headed west.
The salmon, deriving the pink color of its flesh from its diet, feeds on
shrimp-like crustaceans.
The salmon, deriving the pink color of its flesh from its diet, feeds on
shrimp-like crustaceans.
Having been aided by good weather and clear skies, the sailors rejoiced
as they sailed Into port.
Having been aided by good weather and clear skies, the sailors rejoiced
as they sailed Into port.
Trained on an overhead trellis, a white rosebush growing in Tombstone, Arizona,
covers some 8,000 square feet of aerial space.
Trained on an overhead trellis, a white rosebush growing in Tombstone, Arizona,
covers some 8,000 square feet of aerial space.
I would love to see it bursting into bloom in the spring.
I would love to see it bursting into bloom in the spring.
Smiling broadly, our champion entered the hall.
Smiling broadly, our champion entered the hall.

8. Gerund:
verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun
SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT
PREDICATE NOMINATIVE OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
Gerund Phrase:
consists of a gerund and all the words related to the gerund
Exercising regularly is important to your health. Subject
My brother likes working at the travel agency. Direct Object
Walter Mitty daydreamed of being a courageous pilot. Object of Preposition
An excellent way to build vocabulary is reading good literature. Pred. Nom.
He gave studying chemisty all his attention. Indirect Object

9. I enjoy reading John Grisham novels.
I enjoy reading John Grisham novels. Direct Object
Mom was upset about our being late.
Mom was upset about our being late. Object of Preposition
I have given camping in the mountains a fair try, but I still do not like it.
I have given camping in the mountains a fair try, but I still do not like it. I. O.
Fighting for women’s suffrage was Carrie Chapman Catt’s mission in life.
Fighting for women’s suffrage was Carrie Chapman Catt’s mission in life. Subj.
Janetta’s hobby is making silver and beaded jewelry.
Janetta’s hobby is making silver and beaded jewelry. Predicate Nominative

10. Infinitive:
To + plain form of the verb (to run, to sing, to dance, to study)
It can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
Infinitive Phrase:
Consists of the infinitive and all the words related to the infinitive.
Used as a Noun:
To finish homework is our plan. Subject
Julia wants to go to the beach with us on Sunday. Direct Object
Mike plans to give homework more attention. Indirect Object
Janetta’s plan is to make ten bracelets before Christmas. Pred. Nom.
Used as an Adjective:
Napoleon’s plan to conquer Europe failed.
Used as an Adverb:
Because of his sprained ankle, Chico was unable to play in the game.

11. Noun? Adjective? Adverb?
For me, one of the worst chores is to clean my room.
For me, one of the worst chores is to clean my room. Noun / Pred. Nom.
To land an American on the moon became the national goal of the United States
during the 1960’s.
To land an American on the moon became the national goal of the United States
during the 1960’s. Noun / Subject
Since I have taken up track, it seems I haven’t a moment to spare.
Since I have taken up track, it seems I haven’t a moment to spare. Adjective
Did you find that book difficult to understand?
Did you find that book difficult to understand? Adverb
According to our judicial system, the state makes the decision to prosecute the
Defendant in criminal cases.
According to our judicial system, the state makes the decision to prosecute the
Defendant in criminal cases. Adjective

12. Prepositional Phrase
Includes a preposition, a noun or pronoun
called the object of the preposition,
and any modifiers of that subject and
functions as an adjective or as an adverb.
An appositive is a noun or pronoun
placed next to another noun or
pronoun to identify or explain it.
An appositive phrase consists of the
appositive and its modifiers.
Participle
Verb form that is used as an adjective /
Modifies noun or pronoun
Two kinds of participles:
Present Participle: ends in –ing
Past Participle: ends in a past form,
such as –ed, -en, -t, -k
Participial Phrase:
consists of a participle and all the words
related to the participle
Gerund:
verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun
SUBJECT
DIRECT OBJECT
INDIRECT OBJECT
PREDICATE NOMINATIVE
OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
Gerund Phrase:
consists of a gerund and all the words related to
the gerund
Infinitive:
To + plain form of the verb
(to run, to sing, to dance, to study)
It can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
Infinitive Phrase:
Consists of the infinitive and all the words
related to the infinitive.

13. Each year, thousands of Americans travel (1) to hundreds of vacation spots
in the United States and other countries. (2) Anticipating all kinds of
weather and activities, many eager travelers pack far too much clothing and
equipment. The most effective way to pack is (3) to set out clothes for the
trip and then to put half of them back (4) in the closet. Of course, travelers
should give particularly careful thought to walking shoes, (5) the most
important item of apparel on any sightseeing trip. Experienced travelers
pack only two or three changes of casual clothing, even if they plan (6) to be
away for some time. (7) Taking out the smallest piece of luggage they own,
they study its capacity. It is possible to pack enough clothes for three
weeks in small luggage, (8) perhaps a duffel bag or shoulder bag.
Passengers can carry such bags onto an airliner and avoid (9) waiting at the
baggage claim area. For most people (10) doing a bit of hand laundry every
few days is preferable to spending their vacation burdened with heavy
suitcases.
Prepositional Phrase?
Used as Adj. or Adv?
Appositive Phrase?
Gerund Phrase?
How is it used?
Present Participial Phrase?
What does it modify?
Past Participial Phrase?
What does it modify?
Infinitive Phrase?
How is it used?

14. 1. travel (1) to hundreds of vacation spots in the United States
and other countries.
2. Anticipating all kinds of weather and activities, many eager
travelers pack
3. way to pack is (3) to set out clothes for the trip
4. to put half of them back (4) in the closet.
5. walking shoes, (5) the most important item of apparel on any
sightseeing trip.
6. if they plan (6) to be away for some time.
7. Taking out the smallest piece of luggage they own, they study
its capacity.
8. small luggage, (8) perhaps a duffel bag or shoulder bag.
9. avoid (9) waiting at the baggage claim area.
10. For most people (10) doing a bit of hand laundry every few
days is preferable
1. Preposition /
Adverb
2. Pres. Part. /
Modifies
travelers
3.Infinitive /
N. / Pred. Nom.
4. Prep. Ph./
Adverb
5. Appositive /
explains shoes
6. Infinitive /
N. / D. O.
7. Pres. Part.
Modifies they
8. Appositive /
luggage
9. Gerund
Direct Object
10.Gerund /
Subject