The document discusses stacks in C++. It defines a stack as a data structure that follows LIFO (Last In First Out) principle where the last element added is the first to be removed. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The key operations on a stack are push which adds an element and pop which removes an element. Example applications of stacks include function call stacks, converting infix to postfix notation, and reversing arrays.
Stack and its Applications : Data Structures ADTSoumen Santra
Stack is an Abstract Data Type (ADT), Last in First out (LIFO) concept.
Features of Stack: Abstract Data Type (ADT)
C implementations of Stack's Functions like push(), pop(), isEmpty(), isOverflow(), peep()
Stack Applications like Tower of Hanoi, Infix to Postfix Conversion, Postfix Evaluation, Parenthesis Checking etc.
Diagramatic Representation of Tower of Hanoi, Infix to Postfix Conversion & Postfix Evaluation
Queues
a. Concept and Definition
b. Queue as an ADT
c. Implementation of Insert and Delete operation of:
• Linear Queue
• Circular Queue
For More:
https://github.com/ashim888/dataStructureAndAlgorithm
http://www.ashimlamichhane.com.np/
Stack and its Applications : Data Structures ADTSoumen Santra
Stack is an Abstract Data Type (ADT), Last in First out (LIFO) concept.
Features of Stack: Abstract Data Type (ADT)
C implementations of Stack's Functions like push(), pop(), isEmpty(), isOverflow(), peep()
Stack Applications like Tower of Hanoi, Infix to Postfix Conversion, Postfix Evaluation, Parenthesis Checking etc.
Diagramatic Representation of Tower of Hanoi, Infix to Postfix Conversion & Postfix Evaluation
Queues
a. Concept and Definition
b. Queue as an ADT
c. Implementation of Insert and Delete operation of:
• Linear Queue
• Circular Queue
For More:
https://github.com/ashim888/dataStructureAndAlgorithm
http://www.ashimlamichhane.com.np/
a. Concept and Definition✓
b. Inserting and Deleting nodes ✓
c. Linked implementation of a stack (PUSH/POP) ✓
d. Linked implementation of a queue (Insert/Remove) ✓
e. Circular List
• Stack as a circular list (PUSH/POP) ✓
• Queue as a circular list (Insert/Remove) ✓
f. Doubly Linked List (Insert/Remove) ✓
For more course related material:
https://github.com/ashim888/dataStructureAndAlgorithm/
Personal blog
www.ashimlamichhane.com.np
Data Structure- Stack operations may involve initializing the stack, using it and then de-initializing it. Apart from these basic stuffs, a stack is used for the following two primary operations −
PUSH, POP, PEEP
a. Concept and Definition✓
b. Inserting and Deleting nodes ✓
c. Linked implementation of a stack (PUSH/POP) ✓
d. Linked implementation of a queue (Insert/Remove) ✓
e. Circular List
• Stack as a circular list (PUSH/POP) ✓
• Queue as a circular list (Insert/Remove) ✓
f. Doubly Linked List (Insert/Remove) ✓
For more course related material:
https://github.com/ashim888/dataStructureAndAlgorithm/
Personal blog
www.ashimlamichhane.com.np
Data Structure- Stack operations may involve initializing the stack, using it and then de-initializing it. Apart from these basic stuffs, a stack is used for the following two primary operations −
PUSH, POP, PEEP
(2) cpp abstractions abstraction_and_encapsulationNico Ludwig
This presentation comes with many additional notes (pdf): http://de.slideshare.net/nicolayludwig/2-cpp-abstractions-abstractionandencapsulation-38533809
Check out these exercises: http://de.slideshare.net/nicolayludwig/2-cpp-abstractions-abstractionandencapsulationexercises-38533848
- Concepts of Object-Orientation: Abstraction and Encapsulation
- Abstracted Types with Member Functions
- Constructors and default Constructors
- Restricting Access to Members
- Encapsulation with Classes
- Inline Member Functions
- Naming Conventions
This is an intermediate conversion course for C++, suitable for second year computing students who may have learned Java or another language in first year.
This simple slideshare gives an Illustration of working with cookies in NodeJS. There is always a confusion of working with cookies and of which NPM to select when working with Cookies, Hope this removes all confusion.
Stacks and Queues: Introduction to stacks
applications of stacks
implementation and comparison of stack implementations.
Introduction to queues
applications of queues and implementations
Priority Queues and applications
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. INTRODUCTION TO STACK
DEFINITION:
A stack is a data structure that provides temporary storage of data in such
a way that the element stored last will be retrieved first.
This method is also called LIFO – Last In First Out.
EXAMPLE:
In real life we can think of stack as a stack of copies, stack of plates etc. The
first copy put in the stack is the last one to be removed. Similarly last copy to
put in the stack is the first one to be removed.
3. OPERATIONS ON STACK
A stack is a linear data structure.
It is controlled by two operations: push and pop.
Both the operations take place from one end of the stack,
usually called top. Top points to the current top position of the
stack.
Push operation adds an element to the top of the stack.
Pop operation removes an element from the top of the stack.
These two operations implements the LIFO method .
5. STACK AS AN ARRAY
Array implementation of stack uses
an array to store data
an integer type variable usually called the top, which
points to the top of the stack.
NOTE: The variable top contains the index number of
the top most filled element of the array.
30
20
10
2
4
3
2
1
0TOP
6. PUSH OPERATION
Initially when the stack is empty, TOP can have any integer
value other than any valid index number of the array. Let TOP =
-1;
The first element in the empty stack goes to the 0th position of
the array and the Top is initialized to value 0.
After this every push operation increase the TOP by 1 and
inserts new data at that particular position.
As arrays are fixed in length, elements can not be inserted
beyond the maximum size of the array. Pushing data beyond
the maximum size of the stack results in “data overflow”.
8. POP OPERATION
The pop operation deletes the most recently entered item from
the stack.
Any attempt to delete an element from the empty stack results
in “data underflow” condition.
The variableTOP contains the index number of the current top
position of the stack.
Each time the pop operation is performed, theTOP variable is
decremented by 1.
10. PROGRAMTO ILLUSTRATE OPERATIONS ON
STACK AS AN INTEGER ARRAY
#include<iostream.h>
#include<process.h>
const int size=5
class stack
{ int arr[size];
int top; //top will point to the last item
//pushed onto the stack
public:
stack() { top=-1; } //constructor to create an
//empty stack, top=-1 indicate
//that no item is present in the array
void push(int item)
{ if(top==size-1)
cout<<”stack is full, given item cannot
be added”;
else
{ top++;
arr[top]=item;}
void pop()
{ if (top== -1)
cout<<”Stack is empty “;
else
{ cout<<arr[top];
top - -; }
}
void display()
{
for(int i=top;i>=0;i--)
cout<<arr[top];
}
void main()
{ stack s1;
int ch,data;
while(1)
{
cout<<”1.push”<<”n
2.pop”<<”n3.display”<<”n
4.exit”;
cout<<”Enter choice :”;
cin>>ch;
if (ch==1)
{ cout<<”enter item to
be pushed in the stack”;
cin>>data;
s1.push(data);
}
else if (ch == 2)
{ s1.pop(); }
else if (ch==3)
{ s1.display(); }
else
exit(-1);
} }
11. PROGRAMTO ILLUSTRATE OPERATIONS ON STACK
AS AN ARRAY OF OBJECTS
#include<iostream.h>
#include<process.h>
const int size=5
struct stu
{
int roll;
char name[20];
float total;
};
class stack
{ stu arr[size];
int top;
public:
stack() { top=-1; }
void push(int r, char
n[20],float tot)
{ if (top==size-1)
cout<<”overflow”;
else
{ top++;
arr[top].roll=r;
strcpy(arr[top].name,n);
arr[top].total=tot; }
void pop()
{ if (top== -1)
cout<<”Stack is empty “;
else
{ cout<<arr[top].roll<<
arr[top].name<<arr[top].tot;
top - -; }
void display()
{
for(int i=top;i>=0;i--)
cout<<arr[top].roll<<
arr[top].name<<arr[top].tot<<”n”;
}
void main()
{ stack s1;
int ch,data;
while(1)
{ cout<<”1.push”<<”n
2.pop”<<”n3.display”<<”n
4.exit”;
cout<<”Enter choice :”;
cin>>ch;
if (ch==1)
{ cin>>data;
s1.push(data); }
else if (ch == 2)
{ s1.pop(); }
else if (ch==3)
{ s1.display(); }
else
exit(-1); } }
12. APPLICATIONS OF STACK
A stack is an appropriate data structure on which information is stored and
then later retrieved in reverse order.The application of stack are as follows:
When a program executes, stack is used to store the return address at time
of function call. After the execution of the function is over, return address is
popped from stack and control is returned back to the calling function.
Converting an infix expression o postfix operation and to evaluate the
postfix expression.
Reversing an array, converting decimal number into binary number etc.
13. INFIX AND POSTFIX OPERATIONS
The infix expression is a conventional algebraic expression, in
which the operator is in between the operands.
For example: a+b
In the postfix expression the operator is placed after the
operands.
For example: ab+
14. NEED OF POSTFIX EXPRESSION
The postfix expressions are special because
They do not use parenthesis
The order of expression is uniquely reconstructed from the
expression itself.
These expressions are useful in computer applications.
15. CONVERTING INFIXTO POSTFIX EXPRESSION
CONVERT_I_P(I,P,STACK) Where I = infix expression, P = postfix expression, STACK = stack as an array
Step 1. Push ‘(‘ into STACK and add ‘)’ to the end of I.
Step 2. Scan expression I from left to right and repeat steps 3-6 for each element of I
until the stack is empty.
Step 3. If scanned element =‘(‘ , push it into the STACK.
Step 4. If scanned element = operand, add it to P.
Step 5. If scanned element = operator, then:
a) Repeatedly pop from STACK and add to P each operator from the top of
the stack until the operator at the top of the stack has lower precedence than
the operator extracted from I.
b) Add scanned operator to the top of the STACK.
Step 6. If scanned element = ‘)’ then:
a) Repeatedly pop from STACK and add to P each operator until the left
parenthesis is encountered.
b) Pop the left parenthesis but do not add to P.
16. CONVERTING INFIXTO POSTFIX EXPRESSION
Q Convert the following infix operation to
postfix operation.
((TRUE && FALSE) || ! (FALSE || TRUE))
Ans.The Postfix expression is:
TRUE FALSE && FALSETRUE || ! ||
17. EVALUATION OF POSTFIX EXPRESSION
Evaluate(P, result, STACK)
where P=Postfix expression, STACK =stack, result=to hold the result of evaluation
Step 1. Scan the postfix expression P from left to right and repeat the steps 2, 3
until the STACK is empty.
Step 2. If the scanned element = operand, push it into the STACK.
Step 3. If the scanned element = operator, then
a) Pop the two operands viz operand A and operand B from the STACK.
b) Evaluate ((operand B) operator (operand A))
c) Push the result of evaluation into the STACK.
Step 4. Set result=top most element of the STACK.
19. STACK AS A LINKED LIST
Linked list implementation of stack uses
A linked list to store data
A pointerTOP pointing to the top most position of the stack.
NOTE: Each node of a stack as a linked list has two parts : data part and link part and
is created with the help of self referential structure.
The data part stores the data and link part stores the address of the next node of the
linked list.
TOP
NODE
DATA LINK
20. PROGRAMTO ILLUSTRATE OPERATIONS ON STACK
AS A LINKED LIST
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct node
{
int roll;
char name[20];
float total;
node *next;
};
class stack
{
node *top;
public :
stack()
{ top=NULL;}
void push();
void pop();
void display();
};
void stack::push()
{
node *temp;
temp=new node;
cout<<"Enter roll :";
cin>>temp->roll;
cout<<"Enter name :";
cin>>temp->name;
cout<<"Enter total :";
cin>>temp->total;
temp->next=top;
top=temp;
}
void stack::pop()
{
if(top!=NULL)
{
node *temp=top;
top=top->next;
cout<<temp->roll<<temp-
>name<<temp->total
<<"deleted";
delete temp;
}
else
cout<<"Stack empty";
}
void stack::display()
{
node *temp=top;
while(temp!=NULL)
{
cout<<temp->roll<<temp-
>name<<temp->total<<" ";
temp=temp->next;
} }
void main()
{ stack st;
char ch;
do
{ cout<<"stack
optionsnP push
nO Pop nD
Display nQ quit";
cin>>ch;
switch(ch)
{ case 'P':
st.push();break;
case 'O':
st.pop();break;
case 'D':
st.display();break;
}
}while(ch!='Q');
}
21. PROGRAMTO ILLUSTRATE OPERATIONS ON STACK
AS A LINKED LIST : Explanation
struct node
{
int roll;
char name[20];
float total;
node *next;
};
Self Referential Structure:These are special structures which
contains pointers to themselves.
Here, next is a pointer of type node itself.
Self Referential structures are needed to create Linked Lists.
class stack
{
node *top;
public :
stack()
{ top=NULL;}
void push();
void pop();
void display();
};
class stack: It contains pointerTOP which will point to the top
of the stack.
The constructor function initializesTOP to NULL.
22. PROGRAMTO ILLUSTRATE OPERATIONS ON STACK
AS A LINKED LIST : Explanation
void stack::push()
{
node *temp; // pointer of type node
temp=new node; // new operator will create a new
//node and address of new node
// is stored in temp
cout<<"Enter roll :";
cin>>temp->roll; These lines will input
cout<<"Enter name :"; values into roll , name
cin>>temp->name; and total of newly
cout<<"Enter total :"; created node.
cin>>temp->total;
temp->next=top; // address stored inTOP gets
//stored in next of newly
//created node.
top=temp; // Top will contain address of
// newly created node
}
void stack::pop()
{
if(top!=NULL) // if stack is not empty
{
node *temp=top; // temp is a pointer
//containing address of first node
top=top->next; // top will now contain address of
//second node
cout<<temp->roll<< //This line will display
temp->name<<temp->total // data stored in
<<"deleted"; // deleted node
delete temp; // delete operator will delete the node
// stored at temp
}
else
cout<<"Stack empty";}