It is a composite graphical recording of cervical dilatation and descent of head against duration of labour in hours.
It also gives information about fetal and maternal condition that are all recorded on single sheet of paper.
The second stage of labor begins when the cervix is completely dilated (open), and ends with the birth of your baby. Contractions push the baby down the birth canal, and you may feel intense pressure, similar to an urge to have a bowel movement. Your health care provider may ask you to push with each contraction.
It explains the mechanism of normal labour to medical and para-medical staff.It also puts light on principle movements underlying mechanism of normal labour with pictures.Thank You Like an share it to the maximum.
The second stage of labor begins when the cervix is completely dilated (open), and ends with the birth of your baby. Contractions push the baby down the birth canal, and you may feel intense pressure, similar to an urge to have a bowel movement. Your health care provider may ask you to push with each contraction.
It explains the mechanism of normal labour to medical and para-medical staff.It also puts light on principle movements underlying mechanism of normal labour with pictures.Thank You Like an share it to the maximum.
This presentation includes all the events , its sign and symptoms about IOL as well as management of women in the first stage of labor and how to assess the women in labor with the help of partograph.
Partogram is a useful tool for the assessment and management of labour. This presentation describes the method to plot partogram and means how to assess prolonged labour by using it.
Partograph is a composite graphical recording of progress of labour and salient condition of mother and fetus. For progress of labor and conditions of the mother and the fetus. It was developed and extensively tested by the world health organization (WHO)
This presentation explains the basic concepts involved in CTG such as how to read it and how it works and the terms associated with it and a machine manufacture by Philips known as the Avalon FM30 : Fetal monitor
A Partograph is a graphical record of progress during labor.
Progress is measured by cervical dilatation against time in hours, as well as by providing a record of the important conditions of the mother and fetus that may arise during the process
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
Florence nightingale’s environment theoryShrooti Shah
The foundation of Nightingale’s theory is the environment- all the external conditions and forces that influence the life and development of an organism.
According to her, external influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death.
Her goal was to help the patient retain his own vitality by meeting his basic needs through control of the environment.
Majority of fetal deaths occur in the antepartum period.
There is progressive decline in maternal deaths all over the world. Currently more interest is focused to evaluate the fetal health. The primary objective of antenatal assessment is to avoid fetal death.
High risk approach in maternal and child healthShrooti Shah
High risk pregnancy is defined as one which is complicated by factor or factors that adversely affects the pregnancy outcome –maternal or perinatal or both.The risk factors may be pre-existing prior to or at the time of first antenatal visit or may develop subsequently in the ongoing pregnancy labour or puerperium.
Over 50 percent of all maternal complications and 60 percent of all primary caesarean sections arise from the high risk group of cases.
Malpresentations are all presentations of
fetus other than vertex. Face presentation, brow presentation, shoulder presentation and breech presentation are common malpresentations.
“Individual difference and educational implications- thinking, intelligence a...Shrooti Shah
The differences among individuals, that distinguish or separate them from one another and make one as an unique individual in oneself, may be termed as individual differences.
Learning is most effective when differences in learner’s language, cultural, and social behaviour are taken into account.
A teacher should be sensitive to individual differences.
A teacher’s challenge is to acknowledge and celebrate the differences among children and work to maximize the growth in each child.
Puerperium is the period following childbirth during which the body tissues, specially the pelvic organs revert back approximately to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and physiologically. puerperium begins as soon as the placenta is expelled and lasts for approximately 6 weeks when the uterus becomes regressed almost to the non-pregnant size.
Series of events that takes place in the genital organ in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called labour.
there are four stages of labour.
The term immunity refers to the body’s specific protective response to an invading foreign agent or organism.
The human body has the ability to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organs. The capability is called immunity.
Arteriosclerosis is the most common disease of the arteries; the term means “hardening of the arteries”.
It is the diffuse process whereby the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries and arterioles become thickened.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Page 2
Definition
• It is a composite graphical recording of cervical
dilatation and descent of head against duration of
labour in hours.
• It also gives information about fetal and maternal
condition that are all recorded on single sheet of
paper.
4. Page 4
History
• E.A. freidman in 1954 provide a foundation basis for
development of partograph on the basis of
observation of large number of woman in labour.
• After that, the composite picture of labour was
reported by philpott in 1972, who combined details of
progress of labour together with information about
fetal and maternal conditions.
5. Page 5
Advantage of using Partograph
1. A single sheet of paper can provide details of
necessary information at a glance.
2. No need to record labour events repeatedly
3. Gives clear picture of normality and abnormality in
labour.
4. It can predict deviation from duration of labour. So
appropriate steps could be taken in time.
6. Page 6
Advantage of using Partograph…
5. It facilitates handover procedure of staffs.
6. Save working time of staff against writing labour
notes in long hand.
7. Educational value for all staff.
7. Page 7
Principles of plotting partograph
• The active phase of labour commence at 4 cm
cervical dilatation.
• The latent phase of labour should not last longer than
8 hours.
• During active labour, the rate of cervical dilatation
should not be slower than 1cm/hours.
• A lag time at 4 hours between a slowing of labour
and the need for intervention is unlikely to
compromises the fetus or the woman and avoid
unnecessary intervention
8. Page 8
Method of recording partograph
• Patient information: Fill out name, gravida, para,
hospital number, date and time of admission and time
of ruptured membranes.
9. Page 9
Method of recording partograph
• Fetal heart rate: The rate of the fetal heart rate
indicates the state of the fetus inside the uterus.
Record every half hour.
10. Page 10
Method of recording partograph
• Amniotic fluid: Record the colour of amniotic
fluid at every vaginal examination:
• I: membranes intact;
• C: membranes ruptured, clear fluid;
• M: meconium-stained fluid;
• B: blood-stained fluid.
11. Page 11
Moulding
• Moulding is a state of reduction or loss of space between
skull bones.
• Presence of increased moulding of the head high in the
pelvis indicates CPD.
• Recording of degree of moulding
• 0: Bones are separated and sutures can be felt easily
• 1: sutures apposed
• 2: sutures overlapped but reducible
• 3: sutures overlapped and not reducible
12. Page 12
Cervical dilatation
• Assessed at every vaginal examination and marked
with a cross (X).
• Begin plotting on the partograph at 4 cm.
• This graph consists of homogenous squares, ten
square vertically, each square indicate one centimeter
of cervical dilatation.
14. Page 14
Cervical dilatation
• The cross (X) in the graph are joined by a continuous
line begin plotting on the partograph at 4 cm.
• The climbing tendency of this line normally lies on
the left of the middle of the graph.
• Alert line: A line starts at 4 cm of cervical dilatation
to the point of expected full dilatation at the rate of 1
cm per hour.
• Action line: Parallel and 4 hours to the right of the
alert line
15. Page 15
Descent of the head
• This is assessed by abdominal examination before
doing vaginal examination.
• Refers to the part of the head (divided into 5 parts)
palpable above the symphysis pubis.
• Recorded as a circle (O) at every vaginal
examination.
17. Page 17
• Hours: Refers to the time elapsed since onset of
active phase of labour.
• Time: Record actual time.
18. Page 18
Uterine contractions
• Uterine contractions are recorded graphically on the
partograph according to their strength and frequency.
• Observation of contraction is made half hourly in the
active phase.
• Palpate the number of contractions in 10 minutes and
their duration in seconds
21. Page 21
Oxytocin drip
• This consists of two lines, one for the record of unit
of oxytocin per liter of intravenous fluid and other
one is for drop of fluid per minute.
• The recording can be made at the interval of 30
minutes as the uterine contraction
22. Page 22
Drugs and other intravenous fluids
• Record any additional drug given and are
recorded at the particular point of time.
• This includes sedatives, antibiotics, IV fluids
etc. The name of the drugs and doses given
should be written clearly in the long box.
23. Page 23
Maternal condition
• Pulse: Record every 30 minutes and mark with a dot (.).
• Blood pressure: Record every 4 hours and mark with
arrows.
• Temperature: Record every 2 hours.
24. Page 24
Urine analysis
• During the course of labour, the examination of urine
is important.
• In case of maternal distress the volume of urine may
decrease and it may contain ketone bodies.
26. Page 26
Exercise 1
• Mrs. Sita pokharel, 25 yrs old, Primigravida was
admitted in the latent phase of labour at 5 AM
2072/10/14:
- fetal head 4/5 palpable;
- cervix dilated 2 cm;
- 3 contractions in 10 minutes, each lasting 20
seconds;
- normal maternal and fetal condition.
27. Page 27
Exercise 1
• At 9 AM:
- Fetal heart rate; 134/min
- Membrane: intact
- Moulding : sutures are not apposed.
- Fetal head is 3/5 palpable
- Cervix dilated 5 cm
- 4 contractions in 10 minutes, each lasting 20
seconds
- Mother’s Pulse: 80/min, BP: 110/70 mm of Hg,
Temp: 98°F
30. Page 30
Exercise 1
• At 1 PM:
- Fetal heart rate: 140/min
- Membrane ruptured, amniotic fluid : Clear, Moulding: not
present
- Fetal head is 0/5 palpable;
- cervix is fully dilated;
- 4 contractions in 10 minutes each lasting 45 seconds;
- spontaneous vaginal delivery occurred at 2:20 PM.
- Alive male infant weighing 3000gms.
31. Page 31
Exercise 2
• Mrs. Rita Rai was admitted at 10 am on
2072/10/13, Membranes ruptured at 4 am,
Gravida 3, Para 2, Hospital number 7886.
• Fetal head 3/5 palpable above the symphysis
pubis
• Cervix 4 cm dilated
• 3 contractions in 10 minutes, each lasting 30
seconds
• FHR :140/min
• Amniotic fluid: Clear
32. Page 32
Exercise 2
• Sutures apposed
• Blood pressure: 120/70 mm of Hg
• Temperature : 98° F
• Pulse: 80/minute
• Urine output: 200ml, negative protein and
acetone
36. Page 36
Exercise 2
• At 5:00 p.m.:
• Fetal head 3/5 palpable above the symphysis
pubis
• Cervix 6 cm dilated
• Amniotic fluid meconium stained
• Sutures overlapped and not reducible
• Urine output 100 ml; protein negative, acetone
1+
• Cesearean section at 5:30 p.m., live female
infant, weight: 4500gms
37. Page 37
Exercise 3
• Mrs. Sarita` was admitted at 10 am on 14/10/2072.
• Membrane Intact
• Gravida 1 para 0
• Hospital no. 1443
• The fetal head is 5/5 palpable above the symphysis
pubis
• The cervix is 4 cm dilated
• 2 contractions in10 minutes, each lasting less than 20
seconds
• FHR 140/min
• Membrane - Intact
38. Page 38
Exercise 3
• At 10 am: Blood pressure: 100/70 mm of Hg,
Temperature: 97, Pulse: 80/min, Urine output: 400ml,
negative: Protein and acetone
• 10:30 am: FHR:140, contraction 2/10 each 15 sec, Pulse
90/min
• 11:00 am: FHR: 136, contraction 2/10 each 15 sec,
pulse 88/min
• 11:30 am: FHR: 140, contraction 2/10 each 20 sec,
pulse 84/min
• 12:00 MD: FHR: 136, contraction 2/10 each 20 sec,
pulse 88/min, temperature: 98F, fetal head: 5/5 palpable,
cervix: 4cm, membrane: intact
39. Page 39
Exercise 3
• 12:30 p.m: FHR: 136, contraction 1/10 each 20 sec,
pulse 90/min
• 1:00 p.m: FHR: 140, contraction 2/10 each 20 sec, pulse
84/min
• 1:30 p.m: FHR: 130, contraction 2/10 each 20 sec, pulse
88
• 2:00 p.m: FHR: 140, contraction 2/10 each 20 sec, pulse
90/min, Temperature 98F, Blood pressure :100/70 mm of
Hg. The fetal head is 5/5 palpable, urine output: 300ml,
negative protein and acetone, cervix: 4cm, sutures
apposed, Labour augmented with 5 units oxytocin in
500ml RL @10d/min, Membranes artificially ruptured,
clear fluid
40. Page 40
Exercise 3
• 2:30p.m: 2 contractions in 10 minutes, each lasting 30
seconds, infused rate increased to 20 dpm, FHR;140,
pulse 90/min.
• 3:00 p.m.: 3 contractions in 10 minutes, each lasting 30
seconds, infusion rate: 30d/min, FHR: 140, Pulse:
88/min
• 3:30 p.m.: 3 contractions in 10 minutes, each lasting 30
seconds, infusion rate: 40d/min, FHR: 140, Pulse:
88/min
• 4:00 p.m: Fetal head 2/5 palpable, cervix 6cm, sutures
apposed, 3 contractions in 10 minutes, each lasting 30
seconds, FHR; 144/min, Pulse: 92/min, Amniotic fluid:
Clear
41. Page 41
Exercise 3
• At 4:30 p.m: 3 contractions in 10mins,each lasting
45secs, FHR;140/min, Pulse:90/min, infusion remains at
50d/min
• At 5:00 p.m: FHR 138, Pulse 92/min, contractions 3/10
each 40 sec, Maintain at 50d/min.
• At 5:30 p.m: FHR 140, Pulse 94/min, contractions 3/10
each 45 sec, Maintain at 50d/min.
• At 6:00 p.m: FHR 140, Pulse 96/min, contractions 4/10
each 50 sec, Maintain at 50d/min.
• At 6:30 p.m: FHR 144, Pulse 94/min, contractions 4/10
each 50 sec, Maintain at 50d/min.
42. Page 42
Exercise 3
• At 7:00 p.m.: Fetal head 0/5 palpable, 4 contractions in
10 minutes, each lasting 50 seconds, FHR; 144/min,
pulse: 90/min, cervix fully dilated
• At 8:10 p.m.: Spontaneous vaginal delivery. alive male
infant weighing 2,600 gms
43. Page 43
Practice doesn’t make man perfect,
perfect practice makes man perfect, so
keep practising….