The document provides an overview of Android, covering its history, development, architecture, and the mobile app development process. It highlights Android as an open-source platform from Google and the Open Handset Alliance, showcasing its growth in the mobile market and various device applications. Key topics include Android versions, architecture layers, application development processes, and the tools and components involved in building Android applications.

1. An Introduction to Android

2. Agenda
Why Mobile App Development?
Different Operating Systems
Android Devices in the market
Android History
Android Versions
What is Android?
Android Platform
Open Handset Alliance
Open Handset Members
Android Architecture
Android Development Process
Android Build Process

3. Why Mobile App Development?
Mobile platform is the platform of the future
Double-digit growth in world-wide smart phone ownership
Job market is hot
Market for mobile software rises day by day

4. Different Operating Systems
Symbian – Nokia – Microsoft
BlackBerry – Research In Motion (RIM)
iOS (known as iPhone OS) – Apple
WebOS – Hewlett Packard (HP)
Bada – Samsung
Windows Mobile - Microsoft

5. Android Devices in the market
Smart Phones
Tablets
E-Reader Devices
NetBooks
MP4 Players
Internet TVs

6. Android History
Android Inc.founded in Palo Alto,california ,united
states in October 2003 by Andy Rubin.
It was developed by Google and later the Open
Handset Alliance (OHA).

7. Android Versions

8. Version Code name Release date API level
Android 1.0 Apple pie 2008 1
Android 1.1 Banana bread February 9, 2009 2
Android 1.5 Cupcake April 30, 2009 3
Android 1.6 Donut Sept 15, 2009 4
Android 2.0/2.1 Eclair Oct 26, 2009 7
Android 2.2 Froyo May 20, 2010 8
Android 2.3.3–2.3.7 Gingerbread February 9, 2011 10
Android 3.0-3.2.6 Honeycomb February 22, 2011 13
Android 4.0.3–4.0.4 Ice Cream Sandwich December 16, 2011 15
Android 4.1.x Jelly Bean July 9, 2012 16
Android 4.2.x Jelly Bean November 13, 2012 17
Android 4.3 Jelly Bean July 24, 2013 18
Android 4.4 KitKat October 31, 2013 19
Android 5.0 Lollipop October 17, 2014 20

10. What is Android?
 It is a open source software platform and operating system
for mobile devices
 Android is a software environment built for mobile devices
 It is based on the Linux kernel
 Developed by Google and later Open Handset Alliance
(OHA)
 Android application are built in Java language
 Android has its own virtual machine called DVM(Dalvik
Virtual Machine),which is used for executing the android
application

11. Android platform is
Complete:
 The android application development began with secure
operating system and robust framework for rich
application development
Open:
 The platform is provided through open source licensing,
also we have access to handset features while
developing applications
Free:
 Android applications are free to develop, as Andriod SDK,
ADT, etc required plugins are free

12. What is Open Handset Alliance?
 Open Handset Alliance is a consortium of
47 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to
advancing open standards for mobile devices.
 i.e. to deliver the consumer a richer, less expensive and better
mobile experience.
 OHA’s aim is to Develop technologies that will significantly
lower the cost of developing and distributing mobile devices
and services.

13. Open Handset Members
 Operators
 T-Mobile, Telecom Italia, Telefonica, NTT DoCoMo, KDDI, Sprint,
China Mobile
 Handset Manufacturers
 HTC, LG, Motorola, Samsung
 Semiconductor Companies
 Audience, Broadcom, Intel, Marvell, NVIDIA, Qualcomm, SiRF,
Synaptics, Texas Instruments
 Software Companies(Applications)
 Ascender, eBay, Esmertec, Google, LivingImage, NMS
communications, Packet Video, SkyPop
 Commercialization Companies
 Aplix, TAT, Wind River, Noser

14. Android Architecture
Before starting with Android Architecture
Why we are using Linux?
Because Linux kernel is proven core platform
It is reliable
It provides security
Hardware drivers
Process management
Memory management
Power management

15. Android Architecture
Four main Layers of Android architecture are
1. Applications
2. Application Framework
3. Libraries and Android Runtime
4. Linux Kernel

16. • Linux 2.6 Kernel
• Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) between
hardware and android software stack
• Provides memory management/ Process
management/ Power management
• It provides security
• Different Driver software's to manage Display,
Camera, Wi-Fi, etc…
• IPC – Inter Process Communication

17. • Android Libraries are develped in C/C++
• We cannot access these libraries directly, to access these
libraries we need application framework
Surface Manager – used for display management
Open GL/ES(Open Graphics Library/Extended system)
and SGL(Scalable Graphics Library) – used for 2D/3D
Graphics mainly for game development
Media Framework – (PacketVideo)Audio/Video codes(mp3, mpg4)

18. FreeType – Font rendering
SSL(Secured Socket Layer) – to have secure internet
connection
SQLite – Datastore i.e. Database
WebKit – Browser Engine to display webpages
libc – System C libraries

19. Core Libraries – It is written in Java language. It contains all of
the collection classes, utilities, IO.
Dalvik Virtual Machine(DVM)
• Register based Virtual Machine
• Optimized for Low memory requirements, limited
battery and limited CPU
• Designed to allow multiple VM instances to run at once
• Every program runs in its own VM instance
• Operates on DEX files
• Android byte codes are interpreted at runtime by DVM

20. • This is written in Java language and using Application
Framework we develop our Android applications.
Activity Manager – launcher, building block of
application, whatever is displayed on the screen
Window manager – It is use to create views and layouts.
Content Providers – used to share data of one application
to another. e.g. contacts, call log details
Notification manger – whenever you get emails, sms,
missed call we get notification i.e. alerts
View System – Button, textbox, checkbox, etc whatever
we see is nothing but View system

21. Resource Manager – We use View, images, audio/video
files, xml files, layout files all these additional things
we are using are handled by Resource Manger
Location Manger – It helps user to trace through
geographical location
Package Manager – It is use to retrieve the data about
installed packages on device.
Telephony manager – It is use to handle settings of
network connection and all information about
services on device.

22. • Top most layer of android architecture
• By default some applications are already available
like calculator, some browser, contacts that is
what application layer

23. Development process of an Android app
Android apps are built using Java and Android SDK
libraries
The Java code is compiled into Dalvik byte code i.e. .dex
The Dalvik Virtual Machine runs the .dex files

24. Development process of an Android app

25. Development process of an Android app

26. Android application Build Process
Android application are built in Java so first of all we
have Application Source Code that is our own Java
programs
If written in other language then using aidl(android
interface definition language) tools, will generate Java
interfaces
We have images, audio/video files, xml files all these
resources in our android application, which are
converted into the file called R.java
Who created this R.java then it is aapt (android asset
packing tool)
All these Java programs are given to Java compiler
Java compiler will create .class files

27. Android application Build Process

28. Android application Build Process
These .class files are given to dex(delvik executable tool)
tools
Some other additional class files like Google map class
files are i.e. 3rd
Party Libraries and Class Files are also
given to Dex tool
Now this Dex tool will create a single dex file.
This dex file along with the compiled resources from AAPT
and other additional resources is given to APK Builder
This APK Builder creates our android application i.e. .apk
file

29. Android application Build Process

30. Android application Build Process
Now to deploy it we need to follow two more steps

32. References
http://developer.android.com/index.html
http://www.android.com

33. Thank you
- Rajesh Jambukia