Educational opportunities for people from poorly educated families are limited in most countries, but the UK does better than other countries in moving people up the social ladder.
A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
Key findings from the 2012 edition of Education at a Glance - United Kingdom
1. 1
1
Education at a Glance 2012
Key findings from the 2012 edition of
Education at a Glance
United Kingdom
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Embargo until
11 September
11:00 Paris
Andreas Schleicher
Advisor of the OECD Secretary-General on Education Policy
Deputy Director for Education
2. 2
2 Highlights - UK
• Educational opportunities for people from poorly educated
Education at a Glance 2012
families are limited in most countries, but the UK does better
than other countries in moving people up the social ladder
– Some 41% of 25-34 year-olds in the UK have attained a higher level of
education than their parents, compared with an OECD average of 37%
• The socio-economic composition of UK schools poses significant
challenges for disadvantaged and immigrant students
– 80% of students with an immigrant background attend schools with a high
percentage of immigrant students (OECD average 67%)
– No country has a higher share of immigrant students with highly-educated
mothers attending disadvantaged schools than the UK
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
• Enrolment rates among four-year-olds in early childhood and
primary education is high, but annual expenditure per pre-primary
student is below the OECD average
• The demand for tertiary graduates in the UK‟s labour market
continued to be strong, even during the global recession
– The average employment rate of tertiary-educated individuals in the UK
increased even during the crisis (by 0.1 percentage points) while the
employment rate among individuals with lower levels of education decreased
by 3.3 percentage points between 2008 and 2010 .
3. 3
3 Highlights - UK
• Large advantages continue to accrue to both individuals and the
Education at a Glance 2012
public from higher levels of education…
– The earnings premium from tertiary education is large and has grown further
over recent years. Tertiary graduates also generate an extra GBP 55 000 by
paying higher income tax and social contributions – far outweighing the public
cost of their education
… and rising penalties for those without baseline qualifications
– Individuals without an upper secondary qualification saw a marked drop in the
employment rate by 3.3 percentage points, from 59.3% in 2008 to 56% in
2010 – greater than the OECD average decrease of 2.5 percentage points
– The impact of educational disparities on life outcomes has grown.
• Rising spending levels
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
– Expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non tertiary
educational institutions as a percentage of GDP increased from 3.6% in 1995
to 4.5% in 2009 in the UK, from below the OECD average to a level that is now
clearly above the OECD average of 4.0%
– No country saw a steeper increase in spending on tertiary education than the
UK, but most of that was funded from private sources
– The costs for lower secondary education are driven by more hours of
instruction, small classes and attractive teacher compensation
• A notably young teaching force
• High but declining levels of school autonomy .
4. 4
4
Education at a Glance 2012
Across the world
more people obtain better qualifications
but the pace of change varies hugely across countries
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
5. Australia
5
5 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
1995
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Cost per student
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
0
Graduate supply
Turkey
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)
6. Australia
6
6 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
1995
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy United States
Japan
Korea
Cost per student
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
0
Graduate supply
Turkey
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)
7. Australia
7
7 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2000
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
United Kingdom
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate
8. Australia
8
8 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2001
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate
9. Australia
9
9 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2002
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate
10. Australia
10
10 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2003
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate
11. Australia
11
11 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2004
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate
12. Australia
12
12 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2005
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate
13. Australia
13
13 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2006
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate
14. Australia
14
14 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2007
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate
15. Australia
15
15 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2008
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate
16. Australia
16
16 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2009
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate
17. Australia
17
17 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2009
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy Denmark
Japan United Kingdom
Korea
15,000 Australia
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands New Zealand
New Zealand Finland
10,000 Iceland
Norway
Poland
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic Australia
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate
18. Australia
18
18 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2009
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
US
Italy
Japan UK
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands UK
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate
19. London, 10 September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Education at a Glance 2012
19
19
20
30
40
50
60
70
10
0
Korea
%
Japan
Canada
Ireland
Chart A1.1
Norway
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Australia
Luxembourg
Israel
Belgium
France
United States
Sweden
Netherlands
Switzerland
Finland
25-34 year-olds
Spain
Chile
Estonia
OECD average
Denmark
Poland
Iceland
Slovenia
attained tertiary-type A education
55-64 year-olds
Greece
Germany
Hungary
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Mexico
Austria
Italy
Growth in university-level qualifications (2010)
Turkey
Brazil
Estimates of the percentage of the 25-34 year-old and 55-64 year-old population that has
20. 22
22Education at a Glance 2012
Some progress towards reducing the share of
workers without baseline qualifications
A quarter of working-age individuals in the UK still do not have an upper
secondary qualification; but the UK has been more successful than many
other countries in reducing this share.
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
21. London, 10 September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Education at a Glance 2012
23
23
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
100
%
Korea
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Chart A1.2
Poland
Slovenia
Canada
Sweden
Finland
Switzerland
United States
Israel
Austria
Ireland
Chile
Germany
25-34 year-olds
Estonia
Hungary
Australia
Luxembourg
France
Norway
United Kingdom
Percentage, by age group (2010)
Netherlands
Belgium
OECD average
55-64 year-olds
Denmark
New Zealand
Greece
Iceland
Italy
Spain
Brazil
Portugal
Mexico
Population that has attained at least upper secondary education
Turkey
22. 30
30Education at a Glance 2012
Because of its strong links to
earnings, employment, wealth and the well-being of
individuals and nations, education is a powerful lever to
combat inequalities
but the educational opportunities for people from poorly educated
families are limited in most countries
The playing field is far from level in the UK, but compared with
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
other OECD countries students in the UK enjoy relatively fluid
intergenerational upward mobility
23. Participation in higher education among students whose
31
31Education at a Glance 2012
parents have low levels of education (2009)
Percentage of 20-34 year-old students in higher education whose parents have low levels of education
Percentage of parents with low levels of education in the total parent population
Odds of being a student in higher education if parents have low levels of education (right axis)
Odds ratio
100% 1.0
90% 0.9
80% 0.8
70% 0.7
60% 0.6
50% 0.5
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
40% 0.4
30% 0.3
20% 0.2
10% 0.1
0% 0.0
Hungary
Denmark
Austria
Sweden
Germany
Turkey
Portugal
Netherlands
Greece
Poland
Luxembourg
Belgium
Finland
Australia
Switzerland
New Zealand
Spain
Iceland
Ireland
OECD average
Norway
Slovenia
United States
Canada
Italy
France
Czech Republic
United Kingdom
Chart A6.1
24. Intergenerational mobility in education (2009)
33
33 Percentage of 25-34 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than their
parents‟ (upward mobility), lower (downward mobility) or the same (status quo) and status quo by
parents' educational level (low, medium, high)
Education at a Glance 2012
High Medium Low Downward mobility Upward mobility
„Status quo by parents educational level
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Turkey
Germany
Norway
Luxembourg
Sweden
Austria
Greece
Australia
Portugal
France
OECD average
Spain
Hungary
Switzerland
Ireland
Slovenia
Italy
Estonia
Belgium
Netherlands
Canada
Denmark
Czech Republic
Poland
New Zealand
Iceland
United Kingdom
Finland
Slovak Republic
United States
Chart
A6.5
25. 35
35Education at a Glance 2012
Investing in high-quality schooling for all appears
to be the best way to enhance educational
mobility later in life
Inequalities in early schooling attributable to different socio-
economic backgrounds are strongly linked to inequalities at the
tertiary level of education. There is no cross-country relationship
between the level of tuition fees for higher education and the
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
participation of disadvantaged youth in this level of education.
26. No relationship between share of private financing and
36
36Education at a Glance 2012
educational mobility in higher education
Percentage of private sources in higher education finance
80
United Kingdom
70 Higher share of private financing in higher education
United States
60
Australia
50
40 Canada
New Zealand Italy
Poland Portugal
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
30
Netherlands
Czech Republic Spain
20 France
Germany Ireland
Slovenia
Austria
Belgium Sweden
10
Iceland
Finland
Norway Denmark
Hungary
Higher degree of educational mobility
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Percentage of students in higher education whose parents have low education
27. A close relationship between equity at school
37
37Education at a Glance 2012
and equity in higher education
0.80
The odds of a 20-34 year-old attending higher education if parents have low levels of
Iceland
0.70
…the more likely it is that people with disadvantaged
Portugal
Ireland
0.60 Denmark
backgrounds make it into higher education
Sweden
0.50 Spain
Australia 1
education (2009)
Italy
Finland Poland Germany
0.40 Austria
Greece Norway
Switzerland Belgium Hungary
Czech Republic
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
0.30
United States 2
0.20
Canada 2 New Zealand 1
R² = 0.37
0.10
The weaker the influence of social background on learning outcomes at school (PISA)
0.00
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Impact of PISA index of economic, social, and cultural status (ESCS) on student reading performance (2000)
Note: The number of students attending higher education are under-reported for Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United
States compared to the other countries as they only include students who attained ISCED 5A, while the other countries include
students who attained ISCED 5A and/or 5B. Therefore, the omission of data on 5B qualifications may understate
intergenerational mobility in these countries.
1. Data source from Adult Literacy and Lifeskills Survey (ALL) of 2006.
28. 38
38Education at a Glance 2012
The socio-economic composition of UK schools poses
significant challenges for disadvantaged students
and students with an immigrant background
Immigrant children‟s performance on PISA is more strongly, and
negatively, associated with a concentration of disadvantage in
schools than with the size of the population of immigrant students in
a school or the concentration of students who speak a different
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
language at home than the language of instruction at school
29. Immigrant students and school profile (2009)
40
40 Percentage of immigrant students who are in the quartile of schools with
the highest concentration of students from a particular background
Education at a Glance 2012
Concentration of immigrant students in schools
Concentration of immigrant students speaking another language at home
Concentration of students with low-educated mothers
100
90
Percentage of immigrant students who are in the top quartile
80
70
60
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
50
40
30
20
10
Even immigrant students with highly-educated mothers are more
0
than twice as likely to be in disadvantaged schools than non-
S…
U…
L…
S…
S…
S…
U…
P…
B…
R…
F…
F…
M…
B…
I…
N…
I…
I…
A…
N…
I…
A…
A…
N…
E…
C…
C…
O…
G…
G…
D…
H…
immigrant students, in no other country is their share higher
30. Reading performance of immigrant students and school profile
41
41 Correlation between their performance and the percentage of students from
a particular background in the school (2009)
Education at a Glance 2012
Concentration of immigrant students
Concentration of immigrant students with a foreign language
Correlation
coefficent Concentration of students with low-educated mothers
0.3
0.1
-0.1
-0.3
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
-0.5
-0.7
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Germany
Portugal
Hungary
Netherlands
Sweden
Luxembourg
Israel
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
Estonia
Austria
Mexico
Slovenia
Argentina
Greece
Australia
Norway
OECD average
United States
Spain
Brazil
Iceland
Italy
Ireland
France
Russian Federation
New Zealand
Czech Republic
Canada
Chart A5.1
31. 42
42Education at a Glance 2012
In 2010, the UK had one of the highest enrolment
rates in early childhood and primary education
among four-year-olds…
…even if annual expenditure per pre-primary student
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
is less than the OECD average.
32. London, 10 September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Education at a Glance 2012
43
43
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
100
%
France
Netherlands
Spain
Chart C2.1
Mexico
Belgium
Denmark
Japan
Norway
United Kingdom
Italy
Luxembourg
Iceland
Germany
New Zealand
Sweden
Hungary
Estonia
Austria
2010
Slovenia
Israel
Portugal
2005
Czech Republic
OECD average
Korea
Chile
Argentina
Russian Federation
Slovak Republic
United States
Ireland
Poland
Finland
among four-year-olds (2005 and 2010)
Brazil
Greece
Australia
Canada
Switzerland
Indonesia
Enrolment rates in early childhood and primary education
Turkey
33. 44
44Education at a Glance 2012
A growing divide between the better- and less-educated
The earnings premium from tertiary education is large and has grown
further over recent years. Tertiary graduates also generate an extra GBP
55 000 by paying higher income tax and social contributions – far
outweighing the public cost of their education.
In turn, individuals without an upper secondary qualification, equivalent to
five good GCSEs or an equivalent vocational qualification, saw a marked drop
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
in the employment rate by 3.3 percentage points, from 59.3% in 2008 to
56% in 2010 – greater than the OECD average decrease of 2.5 pct points
34. London, 10 September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Education at a Glance 2012
45
45
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
100
%
Norway
Iceland
Switzerland
Sweden
Chart A7.1
Netherlands
Slovenia
Germany
Tertiary education
Denmark
Austria
Brazil
Portugal
United Kingdom
Luxembourg
Poland
Finland
Australia
Belgium
New Zealand
France
Czech Republic
OECD average
Israel
Slovak Republic
Canada
Ireland
Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary
Mexico
United States
Estonia
Greece
Spain
Japan
Percentage of 25-64 year-olds in employment, by level of education (2010)
Chile
Hungary
Italy
Below upper secondary
Korea
Positive relationship between education and employment
Turkey
35. London, 10 September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Education at a Glance 2012
51
51
USD
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
10,000
0
Luxembourg
Chart A10.4
United States
Austria
Ireland
Netherlands
Australia
United Kingdom
Canada
Korea
Norway
Germany
Net income 3-year-average exchange rate
Italy
Sweden
OECD Average
Czech Republic
New Zealand
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
France
(2009 or latest year available)
Belgium
Spain
Israel
Slovenia
Portugal
Greece
Comparing net income of highly educated adults
Slovak Republic
Net income (Purchasing Power Parity-adjusted)
Hungary
Net income, in USD, for 25-64 year-olds with a tertiary education
Poland
Estonia
36. 52
52 The value of higher education for a man
Components of the private net present value of higher education for
a man (2008 or latest available year)
Education at a Glance 2012
Direct cost Foregone earnings Income tax effect
Social contribution effect Transfers effect Gross earnings benefits
Unemployment effect Grants effect
Portugal $373,851
United States
Czech Republic $249,679 $329,552
Poland $230,630
Slovenia $225,663
Austria $225,048
Ireland $223,821
Slovak Republic $208,883
Hungary $208,386
Korea $189,766
OECD average $161,625
France $159,950
Italy
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
$155,346
Canada $153,520
Netherlands $145,886
Finland $145,608
Germany $144,682
Israel $143,582
United Kingdom $143,394
Japan $143,018
Belgium $116,225
Australia $115,287 Net
Spain
present
$102,975
Norway $82,076
Estonia $74,213 value in
Turkey
Sweden
$64,177
$61,454 USD
Denmark $56,369 equivalent
New Zealand $52,471
-400,000 -200,000 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000
USD equivalent
Chart A9.3
37. Public cost and benefits of higher education
55
55Education at a Glance 2012
For a man obtaining tertiary education (2008 or latest available year)
Public benefits Public costs
In equivalent USD
Hungary $254,984
United States $232,779
Ireland $172,602
Italy $168,693
Belgium $166,477
Germany $156,125
Slovenia $155,664
Netherlands $133,560
Austria $132,103
Poland $118,266
Czech Republic $115,790
Israel $107,436
OECD average $101,116
Finland $95,947
Australia $93,236
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
Portugal $89,464
United Kingdom $86,550
France $81,545
Japan $67,411
Canada $66,845 Net present
Slovak Republic $58,159 value
Korea $55,367
Norway $55,318
Sweden 43,419
Denmark $38,421
New Zealand $33,912
Spain $25,591
Turkey $21,724
Estonia $4,587
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000
Chart A9.5
38. London, 10 September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Education at a Glance 2012
57
57
Education has been a key driver for economic progress
39. Average GDP growth (real percentage change from the previous
58
58 year) and labour income growth in GDP, by educational categories
Countries with at least five years of growth estimates by educational categories; GDP growth
Education at a Glance 2012
estimates are matched with years of education growth estimates (2000-2010)
GDP Growth ISCED 5B/5A/6 ISCED 3/4 ISCED 0/1/2
5%
4%
3%
2%
Andreas Schleicher
London, 10 September 2012
1%
0%
-1%
Czech Republic
United States
Germany
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Israel
Ireland
France
New Zealand
Sweden
Hungary
Denmark
Korea
Canada
Finland
Country average
United Kingdom
Chart A10.1