2. What is taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the branch of
biology concerned with the
grouping and naming of
organisms
Biologists who study this are
called taxonomists
3. How did it start?
People wanted to organize
their world so they began
grouping, or classifying
everything they saw.
4. Why classify?
To help us study the earth
To help us organize all the
species we discover . . .
5. To give every species a name
based on a standard method
so scientists from different
countries can talk about the
same animal without
confusion
6. Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
Carolus Linnaeus was a
Swedish botanist
Developed a 7-level (taxa)
classification system based
on similarities between
organisms
7. HISTORY OF
CLASSIFICATION
CAROLLUS LINNAEUS
DEVELOPED THE
ARISTOTLE CLASSIFICATION ON ROBERT WHITTAKER
DIVIDED LIVING SIMILAR PROPERTIES, THE CONSIDERED
THINGS INTO FOUND BINOMIAL FIVE KINGDOMS
TWO KINGDOMS NOMENCLATURE AS SYSTEM
A SYSTEM TO GIVE A
SCIENTIFIC NAME
8. CAROLLUS LINNAEUS
The mnemonic device to help you remember the complete hierarchy
King--Phillip--Came--Over--For--Good--Soup
9. ROBERT WHITTAKER
Prokaryotic Cells Without Nuclei And Membrane-Bound Organelles
1. Kingdom Monera [10,000 species]: Unicellular and colonial--
including the true bacteria (eubacteria) and cyanobacteria (blue-
green algae).
Eukaryotic Cells With Nuclei And Membrane-Bound Organelles:
2. Kingdom Protista (Protoctista) [250,000 species]: Unicellular
protozoans and unicellular & multicellular (macroscopic) algae with
9 + 2 cilia and flagella (called undulipodia).
3. Kingdom Fungi [100,000 species]: Haploid and dikaryotic
(binucleate) cells, multicellular, generally heterotrophic, without cilia
and eukaryotic (9 + 2) flagella (undulipodia).
4. Kingdom Plantae [250,000 species]: Haplo-diploid life cycles,
mostly autotrophic, retaining embryo within female sex organ on
parent plant.
5. Kingdom Animalia [1,000,000 species]: Multicellular animals,
without cell walls and without photosynthetic pigments, forming
diploid blastula.
10. How does it work?
There are 6 broad kingdoms
Every living thing that we
know of fits into one of the
six kingdoms
Each level gets more specific
as fewer organisms fit into
any one group
12. An animal is known by
two names…
Canis lupus is the scientific
name for a gray wolf.
Canis is the genus name
lupus is the species name
This system uses a binomial
nomenclature
13. Genus…
A genus consists of a group
of closely related species
Other animals in the Canis
group include dogs and
coyotes
The genus name is always
Capitalized
14. Species...
A species consists of animals
that can mate and produce
fertile offspring
Only grey wolves are known
as lupus.
The species name is always
lowercase
15. Binomial Nomenclature
Bi means two
Nomen means name
A binomial nomenclature is a
classification system using
two names to identify an
organism
16. ‘Binomial’ = 2 names
species – all in
lower case
Fucus vesiculosus
Genus – has
a capital letter
Italics (or underlined)
-to show the words are
different to ordinary text.
17. Taxon Cat Man
KINGDOM Animalia Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata Chordata
CLASS Mammalia Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora Primates
FAMILY Felidae - cats Anthropoids - apes
GENUS Felis Homo
SPECIES cattus sapiens
18. Example: Cinnamon rose (Rosa cinnamomea)
Specific epithet --- cinnamomea
Genus --- Rosa
Family --- Rosaceae
Order --- Rosales
Class --- Dicotyledonae
Subdivision --- Angiospermae
Division --- Spermatophyta
Kingdom --- Plantae
19. Early Taxonomists
2000 years ago,
Aristotle was the
first taxonomist
Aristotle divided
organisms into plants
& animals
He subdivided them
by their habitat
---land, sea, or air
dwellers
19
20. Early Taxonomists
John Ray, a
botanist, was the
first to use Latin
for naming
His names were
very long
descriptions
telling everything
about the plant
20
21. Carolus Linnaeus
1707 – 1778
18th century
taxonomist
Classified
organisms by
their structure
Developed
naming system
still used today
21
22. Carolus Linnaeus
Called the “Father of
Taxonomy”
Developed the modern
system of naming known as
binomial nomenclature
Two-word name (Genus &
species)
22
26. Rules for Naming Organisms
The International Code for
Binomial Nomenclature contains
the rules for naming organisms
All names must be approved by
International Naming Congresses
(International Zoological
Congress)
This prevents duplicated names
26
27. Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain BROADEST TAXON
Kingdom
Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus Most
Species Specific
27
32. Where Do Viruses
Fit?
Not a cell
Not “alive”?
– Do not grow,
– do not maintain homeostasis Early
Nucleic acids in protein shell Stage of
Influenza
Use host cell to replicate
Virus
33. Basis for Modern Taxonomy
Homologous structures (same
structure, different function)
Similar embryo development
Molecular Similarity in DNA,
RNA, or amino acid sequence
of Proteins
33
38. THE CAT
FAMILY
Mountain lion, Puma,Panther,
Cougar,Cheetah,Tiger,Leopard,Jaguor
39. Felis concolor –
mountain lion, puma,
panther, cougar
Sumatran Tiger - Kingdom: Animalia,
Phylum, Chordata, Class Mammalia,
Order Carnivora, Family Felidae, Genus
Pathera, Species tigris
Panthera leo
Panthera tigris
Panthera pardus
47. Taxonomy
Rice Cat
Kingdom : Plantae Kingdom : Animalia
Division : Angiospermae Phylum : Chordata
Class :Monocotyledonae Class : Mammalia
Order : Poales Order :Carnivore
Family : Poaceae Family : Felidae
Genus : Oryzae Genus : Felis
Species : Oryza sativa Species :
Felis domesticus
48. “Latin is a language,
as dead as dead can be.
First it killed the Romans:
Now it’s killing me.”
49. “A name is a handle by
which we get to know
certain people, places and
plants.”
- Michael Dirr
50. But what about “rilver” maple
trees?
PLANTS MAKE
BUT DO NOT
READ BOOKS!
