TRANSMISSION MEDIA
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describe about data transmission ,types of data transmission and their adv and disadv plus application of each types
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Guided Transmission Media
Guided (wired) transmission media refers to methods of transmitting data signals along a guided path like cabling systems. The main types of guided media are twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Twisted pair cable uses two insulated copper wires arranged in a spiral to transmit analog and digital signals over short distances. Coaxial cable consists of a copper conductor surrounded by insulation and shielding layers to support transmission over longer distances and more connections than twisted pair. Optical fiber uses glass core and cladding layers to transmit data using light signals over even longer distances with high bandwidth.
Network topologies
The document discusses network topologies and their characteristics. It describes physical and logical topologies. Common topologies include mesh, star, bus, ring, tree and hybrid configurations. Mesh provides redundancy but is expensive to implement while star is popular for its ease of installation and fault isolation. Bus uses the least cabling but a single break disables the network. Ring passes signals in one direction making it susceptible to breaks. Hybrid combines different topologies to balance advantages and disadvantages. The optimal topology depends on factors like cost, growth and cable requirements.
Ppt for tranmission media
Transmission media are located below the physical layer and are used to transmit signals representing data. There are two main types of transmission media: guided media (wired), which provide a conduit for transmission, and unguided media (wireless), which transmit via electromagnetic waves without a physical pathway. Common guided media include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. Unguided media include radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. Each type of transmission media has different characteristics that determine its suitable uses.
1. introduction data comm
This document provides an introduction to data communication. It discusses key topics such as:
- Data communication involves the exchange of data between devices via transmission media.
- Common transmission modes include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.
- Communication channels include narrowband, voice band, and broadband channels.
- Computer networks allow simultaneous access to shared data and devices from multiple nodes.
Guided and unguided media
Guided media uses physical cabling to guide transmission signals along a specific path and includes twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Twisted pair cable consists of two insulated copper wires twisted together, and can be unshielded or shielded. Coaxial cable contains two conductors separated by insulation. Fiber optic cable transmits information using pulses of light through glass cores. Unguided media uses electromagnetic waves to transmit without cabling through radio waves, microwaves, or infrared signals broadcast through free space. Radio waves can travel long distances, microwaves require line-of-sight and focused antennas, while infrared works for short-range indoor use.
Computer network basic concepts
This document provides an introduction to computer networks, including their basic concepts and classifications. It defines a computer network as interconnected computers that allow sharing of resources and information. The first major network was ARPANET funded by the US Department of Defense. Networks can be classified by scale as LAN, WAN, MAN, or PAN, or by structure as client-server or peer-to-peer. Topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. Network media include twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic and wireless. Internetworking connects distinct networks through common routing technologies like intranets, extranets and the global Internet.
WLAN
This document discusses wireless local area networks (WLANs). It begins by defining WLANs and tracing their history from early developments in the 1970s. The document then lists key advantages of WLANs like installation flexibility, reduced costs, and mobility. Potential disadvantages are also outlined, such as higher costs compared to wired networks and limitations from environmental factors. The document goes on to describe different types of WLAN configurations including infrastructure, peer-to-peer, bridge, and wireless distribution systems. Finally, practical uses of WLANs in corporate, education, finance, and healthcare settings are highlighted.
Presentation on different modes of data communication
This document discusses different modes of data communication, including wired and wireless technologies. It describes protocol models like OSI and TCP/IP that define network layers. Wired technologies covered include coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and twisted pair cable. Wireless technologies discussed are Bluetooth, WiMAX, infrared, and Wi-Fi. The document provides definitions, diagrams, advantages and disadvantages of each technology discussed.
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Guided Transmission Media
Guided (wired) transmission media refers to methods of transmitting data signals along a guided path like cabling systems. The main types of guided media are twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Twisted pair cable uses two insulated copper wires arranged in a spiral to transmit analog and digital signals over short distances. Coaxial cable consists of a copper conductor surrounded by insulation and shielding layers to support transmission over longer distances and more connections than twisted pair. Optical fiber uses glass core and cladding layers to transmit data using light signals over even longer distances with high bandwidth.
Network topologies
The document discusses network topologies and their characteristics. It describes physical and logical topologies. Common topologies include mesh, star, bus, ring, tree and hybrid configurations. Mesh provides redundancy but is expensive to implement while star is popular for its ease of installation and fault isolation. Bus uses the least cabling but a single break disables the network. Ring passes signals in one direction making it susceptible to breaks. Hybrid combines different topologies to balance advantages and disadvantages. The optimal topology depends on factors like cost, growth and cable requirements.
Ppt for tranmission media
Transmission media are located below the physical layer and are used to transmit signals representing data. There are two main types of transmission media: guided media (wired), which provide a conduit for transmission, and unguided media (wireless), which transmit via electromagnetic waves without a physical pathway. Common guided media include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. Unguided media include radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. Each type of transmission media has different characteristics that determine its suitable uses.
1. introduction data comm
This document provides an introduction to data communication. It discusses key topics such as:
- Data communication involves the exchange of data between devices via transmission media.
- Common transmission modes include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.
- Communication channels include narrowband, voice band, and broadband channels.
- Computer networks allow simultaneous access to shared data and devices from multiple nodes.
Guided and unguided media
Guided media uses physical cabling to guide transmission signals along a specific path and includes twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Twisted pair cable consists of two insulated copper wires twisted together, and can be unshielded or shielded. Coaxial cable contains two conductors separated by insulation. Fiber optic cable transmits information using pulses of light through glass cores. Unguided media uses electromagnetic waves to transmit without cabling through radio waves, microwaves, or infrared signals broadcast through free space. Radio waves can travel long distances, microwaves require line-of-sight and focused antennas, while infrared works for short-range indoor use.
Computer network basic concepts
This document provides an introduction to computer networks, including their basic concepts and classifications. It defines a computer network as interconnected computers that allow sharing of resources and information. The first major network was ARPANET funded by the US Department of Defense. Networks can be classified by scale as LAN, WAN, MAN, or PAN, or by structure as client-server or peer-to-peer. Topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. Network media include twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic and wireless. Internetworking connects distinct networks through common routing technologies like intranets, extranets and the global Internet.
WLAN
This document discusses wireless local area networks (WLANs). It begins by defining WLANs and tracing their history from early developments in the 1970s. The document then lists key advantages of WLANs like installation flexibility, reduced costs, and mobility. Potential disadvantages are also outlined, such as higher costs compared to wired networks and limitations from environmental factors. The document goes on to describe different types of WLAN configurations including infrastructure, peer-to-peer, bridge, and wireless distribution systems. Finally, practical uses of WLANs in corporate, education, finance, and healthcare settings are highlighted.
Presentation on different modes of data communication
This document discusses different modes of data communication, including wired and wireless technologies. It describes protocol models like OSI and TCP/IP that define network layers. Wired technologies covered include coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and twisted pair cable. Wireless technologies discussed are Bluetooth, WiMAX, infrared, and Wi-Fi. The document provides definitions, diagrams, advantages and disadvantages of each technology discussed.
Communication Channels
In telecommunications and computer networking, a communication channel or channel, refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel. A channel is used to convey an information signal, for example a digital bit stream, from one or several senders (or transmitters) to one or several receivers. A channel has a certain capacity for transmitting information, often measured by its bandwidth in Hz or its data rate in bits per second.Communicating data from one location to another requires some form of pathway or medium. These pathways, called communication channels, use two types of media: cable (twisted-pair wire, cable, and fiber-optic cable) and broadcast (microwave, satellite, radio, and infrared). Cable or wire line media use physical wires of cables to transmit data and information. Twisted-pair wire and coaxial cables are made of copper, and fiber-optic cable is made of glass.
These are examples of commonly used channel capacity and performance measures:
Spectral bandwidth in Hertz
Symbol rate in baud, pulses/s or symbols/s
Digital bandwidth bit/s measures: gross bit rate (signalling rate), net bit rate (information rate), channel capacity, and maximum throughput
Channel utilization
Link spectral efficiency
Signal-to-noise ratio measures: signal-to-interference ratio, Eb/No, carrier-to-interference ratio in decibel
Bit-error rate (BER), packet-error rate (PER)
Latency in seconds: propagation time, transmission time
Delay jitter
Topology presentation-sachin noire
The document is a presentation by Sachin from the 9:00 am batch about network topologies. It discusses ring, bus, star, and tree topologies, outlining their advantages and disadvantages. The presentation was created with help from the presenter's instructor, Beni Thomes sir.
Transmission media ppt
This document discusses different types of transmission media, including their characteristics and applications. It covers both guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber, as well as unguided or wireless transmission using radio frequencies, microwaves, and satellites. Key points discussed include the factors that determine transmission quality like bandwidth and interference, the advantages of higher bandwidth and fiber optics, and how different media are suited for various uses from local networks to long-distance trunks based on their data rates and transmission distances.
Presentation on topology
Topology describes how devices in a network are physically or logically connected. There are several common network topologies including star, bus, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid. Each topology has advantages and disadvantages depending on factors like scalability, fault tolerance, cable requirements, and ease of configuration. A hybrid topology combines elements of different standard topologies to provide benefits while minimizing individual topology limitations.
Computer networking devices
This document discusses various networking devices used to connect electronic devices and share resources in a computer network. It describes network interface cards (NICs) that provide the physical interface between a computer and cabling. It also covers repeaters that regenerate signals to extend distances, modems that modulate and demodulate signals for internet connections, hubs and switches that connect multiple devices either by broadcasting or selectively forwarding, bridges that segment networks while filtering traffic, and routers that intelligently connect different network types and choose optimal paths between them. The document provides details on the function and layer (physical, data link, network) of operation for each type of networking device.
Data communication
Explains what data communication is, modes of communications, cables can be used, guided and unguided media............etc
COMPUTER NETWORKING
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It discusses network diagrams, classifications of networks by range including LAN, WAN, PAN and MAN. Common network topologies such as bus, star, ring and mesh are described. The OSI and TCP/IP models are explained. Common network devices, switching technologies, and transmission media are defined. Signal types including analog and digital are also summarized.
multiplexing
This document discusses multiplexing techniques for transmitting multiple communication signals over a single transmission medium. It covers frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and statistical TDM. FDM involves splitting the transmission bandwidth into multiple frequency bands, one for each signal. TDM involves splitting time into intervals and assigning each signal to a time slot. Statistical TDM dynamically allocates time slots based on demand. Examples of technologies that use these techniques include analog carrier systems, SONET/SDH digital networks, cable modems, ADSL internet, and various xDSL technologies.
Transmission media
The document discusses different types of transmission media used to transmit data between devices. It defines transmission media as the means through which data is transformed from one place to another. Transmission media are broadly divided into guided media, which provide a physical path for signal propagation, and unguided media, which employ antennas to transmit through air. Common guided media include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber cable. Common unguided media include microwave, infrared, and radio waves.
Basic of telecommunication presentation
This document provides an overview of basic telecommunication concepts. It defines telecommunication as the transmission of information that allows communication over distance. Examples of telecommunication systems include telephone, satellite, mobile cellular, radar/sonar, and microwave radio. The key components of a telecommunication system are a transmitter that converts a message into a signal, a transmission medium that carries the signal, and a receiver that converts the signal back into usable information.
Wide area network (wan)
This document discusses different types of computer networks including LANs (local area networks spanning a single building or campus), MANs (metropolitan area networks spanning a single city), and WANs (wide area networks spanning multiple cities, countries, or continents). It provides details on the history and development of WANs, how they are constructed using switches, and how they can connect more sites than LANs or MANs. The document also compares key characteristics of LANs, MANs, and WANs such as cost, speed, and management.
introduction-to-computer-networking
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It discusses different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. It also defines common networking hardware like network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches and explains their basic functions. Finally, it introduces the concepts of local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs).
Physical Layer
The physical layer transports frames across network media by encoding the data as signals. It uses various media like copper cable, fiber, and wireless. For copper, standards define cable types and connectors like RJ45. Fiber uses glass strands to transmit light pulses. Wireless transmits radio signals. The physical layer represents data as electrical, light, or radio patterns and ensures reliable transmission by using encoding, signalling standards, and media access control. Hardware components include network adapters, cables, and connectors.
Transmission Medium
Transmission media are located below the physical layer and are used to transmit signals representing data in the form of electromagnetic energy. There are two main types of transmission media: guided and unguided. Guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable provide a conduit for transmission. Factors like transmission rate, cost, environmental resistance, and distance must be considered when choosing a transmission medium. Twisted pair is the most commonly used guided medium and comes in shielded and unshielded varieties. Coaxial cable provides higher bandwidth but is more difficult to install. Fiber optic cable has the highest bandwidth but is also the most expensive. Unguided media like radio waves, infrared, and microwaves transmit
Router
A router forwards data packets between computer networks based on IP addresses. It examines header information in each packet and determines the best path to send it towards its destination, choosing the route with the lowest cost. Routers work at the IP protocol level and maintain routing tables with information about neighboring routers and the costs of routes to efficiently transmit data packets between networks.
Lec1 :- Data communication and network
Introduction
Fundamental characteristics
Components of data communication
Data representation
Data Flow
Wireless local area netwok slide
A wireless local area network (WLAN) allows devices to connect to a local network using radio waves instead of cables. WLANs provide connectivity for devices like laptops, phones, and smart appliances over distances of hundreds of feet. Key advantages of WLANs are mobility and easier installation compared to wired networks. However, WLANs also face security risks and reliability issues from signal interference that wired networks do not.
Satellite communication
Communication satellites orbit Earth and are used to transmit radio, television and other signals. The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched in 1957. There are different types of satellites including active satellites that amplify and retransmit signals, addressing disadvantages of early passive satellites. Geostationary satellites orbit at the same rate as Earth's rotation, allowing ground antennas to remain fixed. Other orbits include medium Earth orbit and low Earth orbit. VSAT systems use small ground terminals to communicate via satellite. GPS uses a constellation of satellites to provide location services worldwide.
Introduction to Computer Networks
This document provides an overview of chapter 1 of a computer networks course. It introduces key topics that will be covered, including network hardware, network software, reference models (OSI and TCP/IP), example networks (Novell Netware, ARPANET, NSFNET, Internet), and example data communication services. It discusses concepts like layers, protocols, interfaces, services, and connection-oriented vs connectionless networks at a high level.
Wireless communication
The document discusses wireless communication and provides definitions and descriptions of various wireless technologies. It defines wireless communication as telecommunication systems that transfer information without wires using forms of energy like radio waves. It then provides overviews of different types of wireless communication technologies including cellular systems, wireless local area networks (WLAN), satellite systems, paging systems, and Bluetooth (Personal Area Network). For each technology, it discusses their key characteristics and applications.
MOBILE COMMERCE UNIT-III PPT.pptx
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Chapter 1.pptx
- The document discusses key concepts in wireless technologies including wireless transmission fundamentals, global cellular networks, broadband wireless, Bluetooth, and future trends such as WiMAX, Mobile-Fi, ZigBee, and Ultrawideband.
- It covers analog and digital signaling and transmission, channel capacity, advantages and disadvantages of wireless communication, and types of wireless communication systems including Bluetooth applications and usage.
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Communication Channels
In telecommunications and computer networking, a communication channel or channel, refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel. A channel is used to convey an information signal, for example a digital bit stream, from one or several senders (or transmitters) to one or several receivers. A channel has a certain capacity for transmitting information, often measured by its bandwidth in Hz or its data rate in bits per second.Communicating data from one location to another requires some form of pathway or medium. These pathways, called communication channels, use two types of media: cable (twisted-pair wire, cable, and fiber-optic cable) and broadcast (microwave, satellite, radio, and infrared). Cable or wire line media use physical wires of cables to transmit data and information. Twisted-pair wire and coaxial cables are made of copper, and fiber-optic cable is made of glass.
These are examples of commonly used channel capacity and performance measures:
Spectral bandwidth in Hertz
Symbol rate in baud, pulses/s or symbols/s
Digital bandwidth bit/s measures: gross bit rate (signalling rate), net bit rate (information rate), channel capacity, and maximum throughput
Channel utilization
Link spectral efficiency
Signal-to-noise ratio measures: signal-to-interference ratio, Eb/No, carrier-to-interference ratio in decibel
Bit-error rate (BER), packet-error rate (PER)
Latency in seconds: propagation time, transmission time
Delay jitter
Topology presentation-sachin noire
The document is a presentation by Sachin from the 9:00 am batch about network topologies. It discusses ring, bus, star, and tree topologies, outlining their advantages and disadvantages. The presentation was created with help from the presenter's instructor, Beni Thomes sir.
Transmission media ppt
This document discusses different types of transmission media, including their characteristics and applications. It covers both guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber, as well as unguided or wireless transmission using radio frequencies, microwaves, and satellites. Key points discussed include the factors that determine transmission quality like bandwidth and interference, the advantages of higher bandwidth and fiber optics, and how different media are suited for various uses from local networks to long-distance trunks based on their data rates and transmission distances.
Presentation on topology
Topology describes how devices in a network are physically or logically connected. There are several common network topologies including star, bus, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid. Each topology has advantages and disadvantages depending on factors like scalability, fault tolerance, cable requirements, and ease of configuration. A hybrid topology combines elements of different standard topologies to provide benefits while minimizing individual topology limitations.
Computer networking devices
This document discusses various networking devices used to connect electronic devices and share resources in a computer network. It describes network interface cards (NICs) that provide the physical interface between a computer and cabling. It also covers repeaters that regenerate signals to extend distances, modems that modulate and demodulate signals for internet connections, hubs and switches that connect multiple devices either by broadcasting or selectively forwarding, bridges that segment networks while filtering traffic, and routers that intelligently connect different network types and choose optimal paths between them. The document provides details on the function and layer (physical, data link, network) of operation for each type of networking device.
Data communication
Explains what data communication is, modes of communications, cables can be used, guided and unguided media............etc
COMPUTER NETWORKING
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It discusses network diagrams, classifications of networks by range including LAN, WAN, PAN and MAN. Common network topologies such as bus, star, ring and mesh are described. The OSI and TCP/IP models are explained. Common network devices, switching technologies, and transmission media are defined. Signal types including analog and digital are also summarized.
multiplexing
This document discusses multiplexing techniques for transmitting multiple communication signals over a single transmission medium. It covers frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and statistical TDM. FDM involves splitting the transmission bandwidth into multiple frequency bands, one for each signal. TDM involves splitting time into intervals and assigning each signal to a time slot. Statistical TDM dynamically allocates time slots based on demand. Examples of technologies that use these techniques include analog carrier systems, SONET/SDH digital networks, cable modems, ADSL internet, and various xDSL technologies.
Transmission media
The document discusses different types of transmission media used to transmit data between devices. It defines transmission media as the means through which data is transformed from one place to another. Transmission media are broadly divided into guided media, which provide a physical path for signal propagation, and unguided media, which employ antennas to transmit through air. Common guided media include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber cable. Common unguided media include microwave, infrared, and radio waves.
Basic of telecommunication presentation
This document provides an overview of basic telecommunication concepts. It defines telecommunication as the transmission of information that allows communication over distance. Examples of telecommunication systems include telephone, satellite, mobile cellular, radar/sonar, and microwave radio. The key components of a telecommunication system are a transmitter that converts a message into a signal, a transmission medium that carries the signal, and a receiver that converts the signal back into usable information.
Wide area network (wan)
This document discusses different types of computer networks including LANs (local area networks spanning a single building or campus), MANs (metropolitan area networks spanning a single city), and WANs (wide area networks spanning multiple cities, countries, or continents). It provides details on the history and development of WANs, how they are constructed using switches, and how they can connect more sites than LANs or MANs. The document also compares key characteristics of LANs, MANs, and WANs such as cost, speed, and management.
introduction-to-computer-networking
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It discusses different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. It also defines common networking hardware like network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches and explains their basic functions. Finally, it introduces the concepts of local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs).
Physical Layer
The physical layer transports frames across network media by encoding the data as signals. It uses various media like copper cable, fiber, and wireless. For copper, standards define cable types and connectors like RJ45. Fiber uses glass strands to transmit light pulses. Wireless transmits radio signals. The physical layer represents data as electrical, light, or radio patterns and ensures reliable transmission by using encoding, signalling standards, and media access control. Hardware components include network adapters, cables, and connectors.
Transmission Medium
Transmission media are located below the physical layer and are used to transmit signals representing data in the form of electromagnetic energy. There are two main types of transmission media: guided and unguided. Guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable provide a conduit for transmission. Factors like transmission rate, cost, environmental resistance, and distance must be considered when choosing a transmission medium. Twisted pair is the most commonly used guided medium and comes in shielded and unshielded varieties. Coaxial cable provides higher bandwidth but is more difficult to install. Fiber optic cable has the highest bandwidth but is also the most expensive. Unguided media like radio waves, infrared, and microwaves transmit
Router
A router forwards data packets between computer networks based on IP addresses. It examines header information in each packet and determines the best path to send it towards its destination, choosing the route with the lowest cost. Routers work at the IP protocol level and maintain routing tables with information about neighboring routers and the costs of routes to efficiently transmit data packets between networks.
Lec1 :- Data communication and network
Introduction
Fundamental characteristics
Components of data communication
Data representation
Data Flow
Wireless local area netwok slide
A wireless local area network (WLAN) allows devices to connect to a local network using radio waves instead of cables. WLANs provide connectivity for devices like laptops, phones, and smart appliances over distances of hundreds of feet. Key advantages of WLANs are mobility and easier installation compared to wired networks. However, WLANs also face security risks and reliability issues from signal interference that wired networks do not.
Satellite communication
Communication satellites orbit Earth and are used to transmit radio, television and other signals. The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched in 1957. There are different types of satellites including active satellites that amplify and retransmit signals, addressing disadvantages of early passive satellites. Geostationary satellites orbit at the same rate as Earth's rotation, allowing ground antennas to remain fixed. Other orbits include medium Earth orbit and low Earth orbit. VSAT systems use small ground terminals to communicate via satellite. GPS uses a constellation of satellites to provide location services worldwide.
Introduction to Computer Networks
This document provides an overview of chapter 1 of a computer networks course. It introduces key topics that will be covered, including network hardware, network software, reference models (OSI and TCP/IP), example networks (Novell Netware, ARPANET, NSFNET, Internet), and example data communication services. It discusses concepts like layers, protocols, interfaces, services, and connection-oriented vs connectionless networks at a high level.
Wireless communication
The document discusses wireless communication and provides definitions and descriptions of various wireless technologies. It defines wireless communication as telecommunication systems that transfer information without wires using forms of energy like radio waves. It then provides overviews of different types of wireless communication technologies including cellular systems, wireless local area networks (WLAN), satellite systems, paging systems, and Bluetooth (Personal Area Network). For each technology, it discusses their key characteristics and applications.
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Unit01
Networks connect computers and devices to enable sharing of resources and communication between users. They come in various topologies like bus, star, ring and hybrid and use different media like coaxial cable, twisted pair, fiber optic or wireless. Common networking technologies include Ethernet, Token Ring, WiFi and FDDI, each with their own standards and characteristics. Understanding networks involves knowledge of topologies, media, technologies and how they work together to transmit and receive signals that represent digital data.
Wired Transmission Media
Wired transmission media includes twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and optical fiber cables. It provides physically constrained signal propagation with little interference. Wired networks are highly compatible, reliable, secure, and can transmit data at faster speeds compared to wireless networks. However, wireless networks have become more prevalent in everyday devices due to their convenience over wired networks.
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Telecommunication involves the transmission of signals over a distance for communication purposes using technology. It includes systems like telephony, radio, television, and computer networks. Telecommunication networks connect terminal nodes through transmission links and use circuit switching, message switching, or packet switching to route signals through the network. Common telecommunication networks include telephone networks, computer networks, the Internet, and radio networks.
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Fiber optic communication transmits information using pulses of light through optical fibers. It can transmit voice, video, and telemetry with high bandwidth over long distances with immunity to electromagnetic interference. The process involves creating an optical signal from an electrical one, relaying it along the fiber, receiving it, and converting it back to electrical. Fiber optic transmission has advantages like extremely high bandwidth, long transmission distances, resistance to interference, low security risks, small size, light weight, and ability to accommodate increasing bandwidth. However, it also has disadvantages such as fragility during installation, attenuation over long distances requiring extra equipment, higher initial installation costs than copper, and needing specialized equipment. Fiber optics have many applications in telecommunications, networking
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This document discusses different types of transmission media used to send data from one place to another. It describes unshielded twisted pair cable, shielded twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. For each type of cable, it provides key advantages such as installation ease, speed capacity, distance capability, noise immunity, and bandwidth. The document aims to explain the different transmission media options and their characteristics to consider when selecting the best medium for a given application.
Transmission Media
Transmission media carry signals between communication devices and come in both physical and wireless forms. Physical media include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fibre optic cable which carry signals through physical wires or strands. Wireless media transmit signals through the air using technologies like broadcast radio, cellular networks, Bluetooth, WiFi and satellites. Each transmission medium has different characteristics like bandwidth, transfer rate and suitability for different communication needs which make some better than others depending on the situation.
Mba i-ifm-u-4-data communication and network
The document discusses different types of network topologies including bus, ring, and star topologies. It defines each topology and describes their advantages and disadvantages. The bus topology defines all computers connected to a central cable or bus. It has advantages of being easy to connect devices and requiring less cable length but has disadvantages if the main cable breaks or in troubleshooting failures. The ring topology defines devices arranged in a closed loop with data traveling in one direction. It has advantages of quick data transfer and simple transmission but disadvantages in speed if all devices must be passed through and in troubleshooting broken rings. The star topology defines all devices connecting to a central hub. It has advantages of easy installation and fault detection but disadvantages of more cable required and a
Mba i-ifm-u-4-data communication and network
The document discusses different types of network topologies including bus, ring, and star topologies. It defines each topology and describes their advantages and disadvantages. The bus topology defines all computers and devices connected to a central cable or bus. It has advantages of being easy to connect devices and requiring less cable length but has disadvantages if the main cable breaks or in troubleshooting failures. The ring topology defines devices arranged in a closed loop with data traveling in one direction. It has advantages of quick data transfer and simple transmission but disadvantages in speed if all devices must be passed through and in troubleshooting broken rings. The star topology defines all devices connecting to a central hub. It has advantages of easy installation and fault detection but disadvantages in cable length and
Networking devices
Networking and telecommunication involves the transmission of information over distances using telecommunication networks. There are different types of communication including simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. Key aspects of networking and telecommunication discussed in the document include bits, bandwidth, computer networks, networking devices like servers and workstations, transmission media, networking architecture models like client-server and peer-to-peer, types of computer networks including LAN, MAN and WAN, and communication protocols.
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一比一原版(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Accident detection system project report.pdf
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
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Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
#scopuspublication #scopusindexed #callforpapers #researchpapers #cfp #researchers #phdstudent #researchScholar #journalpaper #submission #journalsubmission #WBAN #requirements #tailoredtreatment #MACstrategy #enhancedefficiency #protrcal #computing #analysis #wirelessbodyareanetworks #wirelessnetworks
#adhocnetwork #VANETs #OLSRrouting #routing #MPR #nderesidualenergy #korea #cognitiveradionetworks #radionetworks #rendezvoussequence
Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
一比一原版(USF毕业证)旧金山大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：95270640】【旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证成绩单】【微信：95270640】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证毕业证学位证【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Thyristors - Introduction, Principle of Operation of SCR, Static Anode- Cathode Characteristics of SCR, Two transistor model of SCR, Gate Characteristics of SCR, Turn-ON Methods, Turn-OFF Mechanism, Turn-OFF Methods: Natural and Forced Commutation – Class A and Class B types, Gate Trigger Circuit: Resistance Firing Circuit, Resistance capacitance firing circuit.
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A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 Standard
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA
- 1. DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SIGNAL AND DATA PROCESSING CIRCUIT ASSIGNMENT OD 014CO 1. ERICK KASHOMA 130222433439 2. MARSEL COSTANTINE 130222421203
- 2. What is Transmission media • Sending of data from one device to another called Transmission of data. • Medium used to transmit data call media • So transmission of data through medium called Transmission media.its the pathway that carries the information from sender to receiver. • Transmission media are located below physical layer
- 3. Types of transmission Media • Transmission media classified into two group 1. Wired or guided or bound transmission media 2. Unwired or unguided Transmission media
- 5. Wired or guided transmission media • Wired transmission media are the cables that are tangible or have physical existence Examples of wired transmission are Fiber optical cables Co axial cable Twisted cable
- 6. Advantage of wired transmission media • It possible to connect more devices to one another using wired network • Some of wired transmission media for instance DLS:internet access will transmit data far faster than wireless • Its compatible with both order cell phone and computers using everything from phone line to usb or Ethernet
- 7. Disadvantage of wired transmission media • It has limited by the physical geography • Some of cables affected by external electromagnetic field eg UTP • Some of cables needs expert during the maintenance and installation process • Its expensive
- 8. Application of wired or guided transmission • They are used in telecommunication company • Highly bandwidth capability with unshielded twisted pair cables is used in LAN • The DSL(digital subscribe line) line that are used in telephone companies to provide high data rate connection
- 9. Wireless or unguided transmission media • This is away of transmitting data without using cables • Some of popular examples of unguided transmission media are Microwave Radio wave Infra red
- 10. Advantage of wireless or unguided transmission media • Its not bounded by physical geography • It has ability to transfer data far compared some of wired transmission Disadvantage • Wireless transmission media has no good security so its will be easily to be attacked with hacker • Wireless connection often suffer from interference and weak signals depending on location -so its affect the speed of data transmission • Weather change can affect signal transmission sometime tend low or weak signal
- 11. Application of wireless or unguided media They are used in satellite network They are used in cellular phone They are used in wireless LANs