1. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
course System Design for Sustainability
subject 2. Introduction to product Life Cycle Design
learning resource 2.1
Introduction to product Life Cycle Design
carlo vezzoli
politecnico di milano . DESIGN dept. . DIS . School of Design . Italy
Learning Network on Sustainability (EU asia-link)
Learning Network on Sustainabile energy systems (EU edulink)
2. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
CONTENTS
. Product environmental effects and requirements
. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
. Life Cycle Design approach: life cycle + functional
. Introduction to Product Life Cycle Design criteria
. Resources minimisation
. Low impact resources selection
. Product life optimisation
. Material life extension
. Design for disassembly
3. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
(product) LIFE CYCLE DESIGN
(or eco-design, design for the environment, …)
the discipline integrating
ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
within the PRODUCT design process
4. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
it is to design for minimizing product’s
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
EACH ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT IS BASED ON A
SUBSTANCE’S EXCHANGE (IMPACT) BETWEEN THE
NATURE/ENVIRONMENT AND A (ANTHROPIC
TRASFORMATION) PROCESS OF A PRODUCTION
AND CONSUMPTION SYSTEM
input: substance extraction from the environment
output: substance emission in the environment
(not all impacts damage with the same entity)
ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
5. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
INPUT AND ITS (DAMAGING) EFFECTS
RESOURCES EXHAUSTION
ALTERATION OF THE ECOSYSTEMS’ BALANCE
(damaging outputs of extractive processes)
6. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
OUTPUT AND ITS (DAMAGING) EFFECTS
global warming (greenhouse effect)
ozone layer depletion
eutrophication
acidification
smog
toxicity
wastes
...
7. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
CAN WE ASSOCIATE THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
TO A PRODUCT?
AND HOW?
APPROACHES:
- PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
- FUNCTIONAL UNIT
EVALUATION METHOD:
- LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA)
ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS IN DESIGN
8. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE DESIGN: APPROACH
an extended design horizon
from product design
to the design of the product life cycle stages
9. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
LIFE CYCLE
APPROACH
manufac.
assemb.
finish
collection
resource’sachieving
m
ater.
energy
produc.
package
trasp.
storage
other
product’s
life cycle
10. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
an extended design horizon
from product design
to the design of the product life cycle stages
the design “reference”
from product design
to product’s “function” design
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE DESIGN: APPROACH
11. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
IS NOT THE PRODUCT TO BE DESIGNED
(ASSESSED) BUT, THE WHOLE OF THE
PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
FULFILLMENT OF A GIVEN FUNCTION
12. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
an extended design horizon
from product design
to the design of the product life cycle stages
the design “reference”
from product design
to product’s “function” design
the environmental design “objective”
minimise the environmental impact of the whole of
the phases in relation to the functional unit
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE DESIGN: APPROACH
13. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF
PRODUCT
LCA: LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
a quantitative method to assess the environmental
effects of the life cycle of a given product/service in
relation to its functional unit
ISO 14040
14. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
e.g. LCA upholstered seat (8 years life span)
PRE-PROD.
PRODUCTION
DISTRIBUT. USE DISPOSAL
15. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
e.g. LCA refrigerator (10 years life span)
PRE-PROD.
PRODUCTION
DISTRIBUT. USE DISPOSAL
16. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
“the design of the product life cycle
stages that, while considering all
requirements, aims at minimising
the environmental impact of the
whole of the life cycle phases in
relation to the functional unit”
(Vezzoli & Manzini, Springer, London, 2008)
PRODUCT LYFE CYCLE DESIGN: DEFINITION
17. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
LCD: ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA
RESOURCES MINIMISATION
LOW IMPACT RESOURCES SELECTION
PRODUCT LIFE OPTIMISATION
MATERIAL LIFE EXTENSION
DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY
18. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
MATERAIL USE MINIMISATION
in all life cycle phases (as a whole)
ENERGY USE MINIMISATION
in all life cycle phases (as a whole)
RESOURCES MINIMISATION
quantitative impact reduction
DESIGN FOR:
19. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
Ikea Air sofa,
Ikea
EX. MATERIALS CONSUMPTION MINIMISATION
20. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
FRIA,
refrigerator,
Tischner
EX. ENERGIES CONSUMPTION MINIMISATION
21. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
RESOURCES CONSERVATION/RENEWABILITY
in all life cycle phases (as a whole)
RESOURCES NON TOXICITY AND HARMFULNESS
in all life cycle phases (as a whole)
LOW IMPACT RESOURCES SELECTION
qualitative impact reduction
DESIGN FOR:
22. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
rags for cleaning in
micro-fiber (no
need for
detergent)
EX. TOXICITY AND HARMFULNESS MINIMISATION
23. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
Solar
shuttle,
Kopf Umwelt
EX. ENERGY RENEWABILITY IMPROVEMENT
24. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
gardening
vase in
mater-B,
cornstarch
bio-deg.
polimer by
Novamont
EX. MATERIAL BIO-COMPATIBILITY IMPROVEMENT
25. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
RESOURCES RENEWABILITY
DEPENDS ON:
- RE-GROWING SPECIFIC SPEED
- EXTRACTION FREQUENCY
a resource is renewable if:
a context related
anthropic consumption rate < natural re-growing rate
26. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
MATERIALS’ ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
A RANKING FROM THE BEST TO THE WORST IS
(USUALLY) “MISLEADING ”
DEPENDS ON:
- MATERIAL-SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS
- CHARACTERISTICS GIVEN TO PRODUCT
27. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
PRODUCT LIFE OPTIMISATION
DESIGN FOR:
EXTENDING PRODUCT (COMPONENT) LIFE SPAN
INTENSIFYING PRODUCT (COMPONENT) USE
28. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
CARE, changing top>kids table>writing desk, Stokke
EX. PRODUCT LIFE OPTIMISATION
29. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
PRODUCTION
DISTRIBUTION
USE
PRE-PRODUCTION
NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND
TECHNIQUES WITH LOWER
USE CONSUMPTION
USE
DISP.
P-PROD.
PROD.
DISTRIB.
UPDATING OF THE COMPONENTS
CAUSING CONSUMPTION
PRE-PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
DISTRIBUTION
USE
DISPOSAL
same function in time
PRE-PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
DISTRIBUTION
USE USE
AVOIDED IMPACTS LIGHTER IMPACTS
SHORT product/component life
EXTENDED product/component life
30. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
PRE-PROD. PROD. DISTR. DISPOS.
use (function) during time
PRE-PROD. PROD. DISTR. DISPOS.
PRE-PROD. PROD. DISTR. DISPOS.
PRE-PROD. PROD. DISTR. DISPOS.
B 1 B 2 B 3A 1 A 2 A 3C 1 C 2 C 3
A 1 A 2 A 3
B 1 B 2 B 3
C 1 C 2 C 3
LIFESPANINDIPENDENTFROMLENGHTOFUSE
AVOIDED IMPACTS
products/components NOT INTENSE life
product/component INTENSE life
31. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
MATERIAL LIFE EXTENSION
DESIGN FOR:
RECYCLING
ENERGY RECOVERY
COMPOSTING
32. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
PRE-
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION USE
LANDFILL
PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION USE
PRE-
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION USE
RECYCLING
COMBUSTION
COMPOSTING
PRE-PRODUCTION
material NON-EXTENDED life
material EXTENDED life
AVOIDED IMPACTS ADDITIONAL IMPACTS
33. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
MATERIALS’ RECYCLABILITY (COMB., COMP.)
DIPENDS ON:
- SPECIFIC MATERIAL’S CHARACTERISTICS
performances recovery (and costs of process)
- PRODUCT’S ARCHITECTURE
- RECYCLING PHASES
34. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
POST-CONSUMPTION RECYCLING PHASES:
(COMBUSTION, COMPOSTING)
. collection
. transportation
. separation (disassembly a/o crushing)
. identification
. cleaning
. secondary raw material’s production
35. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
water
bottle for
easy
recycling,
EVIAN
EX. MATERIAL LIFE EXTENSION
36. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
> of parts/components
PRODUCT LIFE OPTIMISATION
> of materials
MATERIAL LIFE EXTENSION
DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY
37. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
Mirra seat,
Herman Miller
EX. DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY
38. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
some have been developed (according to ISO/TR
14062:2002 Environmental management - Integrating environmental
aspects into product design and development)
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE DESIGN:
METHODS/TOOLS
…
UNEP-TUD (D4S) POLIMI-DIS (MPDS)
39. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
(brief)
product
strategies
product
concept
product
design
ingegner.
PRODUCT DESIGN
PHASES
processes/tools
to orientate
processes/tools
envirnomental assesm.
LCA on reference
product for design:
es. SIMAPRO
sustainability-focused
ideas generation:
tavole eco-idee (ICS)
abrdiged LCA check:
es. SIMAPRO
qualitative check:
cecklist (ICS)
check of sustainability
design priorities:
sch. IPSA/radar (ICS)
environmental design
priorities identification:
sch. IPSA/radar (ICS)
most promising
concept selection
low environmental
impact
processes selection:
tools to orientate
specific environmental
issues es. idemat
abrdiged LCA on
potential impact
reduction:
es. SIMAPRO
qualitative check:
cecklist (ICS)
LCA of comparisonfor
environmental quality
communication:
es. SIMAPRO
MPDS: Method for Product Design for Environmental Sustainability
(developed and adopted by DIS-Polimi)
40. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
… SOME OF THE MPDS TOOLS
free download at
www.lens.polimi.it / tools
Multicriteria Radar_ICS toolkit
Eco-idea tables_ICS toolkit
Idea 3
Idea 1
Idea 2
Checklist (guidelies related)_ICS toolkit
41. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
if you want to know more about:
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE DESIGN
(LECTURER’S BIBLIOGRAPHY)
Editor's Notes
Now we wiil see briefly the main notion of product LCD
This is the argument of the whole course at the second year
Firstly we will see what we mean by
Then we will introduce the concepts of … and …
Finally we will see the main design criteria, with some guidelines and examples
These criteria are:
…
…
…
…
…
Well by LCD we mean the discipline integrating ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS within the PRODUCT design process
This is usually referred to the product LIFE CYCLE DESIGN
You may find even other expression like ...
products ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS are related to product’s caused…ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
so, each environmental effect is based on a substance’s exchange (impact) between the nature/environment and a production and consumption system
We can have the env. effect in two ways
As input, namely substances’ extraction from the environment
Or as output, namely substances’ emission in the environment
Naturally not all the impacts are damaging or they are damaging with the same entity
Throwing into the environment 1 kg of water is quite different than throwing 1 kg of asbestos powder or lead
Let us see then what are generally the env. effects that we come to consider when we are talking about the produt env. req.
We saw already the other time what are the main environmental impacts dued to emissions
These usually are:
global warming (greenhouse effect)
ozone layer depletion
eutrophication
acidification
smog
toxicity
Wastes
There are even others, like the noise or the electromagnetic or genetic pollution
Nevertheless, we will not study those effects, but it is important for me that you know that when we speak about e. r. the design aim is to reduce the product’s infuence on these effects
So we can see the approach as as moving from …
By product life cycle it is meant the idea of considering the product as a single unit in all its life cycle phases, from …
And in relation to all the input and output of all the processes of all the phases; and to thier environmental impact.
In particulare 5 phases
…
A second key approach is that of designing the function more than the product
“
Solar shuttle IT IS MOVED BY AN ELECTRIC MOTOR POWERED BY SOLAR PANEL
Mater-Bi is a bio-polymer based on cornstarch, an agricultural renewable raw material, and natural plasticiser.
Mater-Bi iS fully bio-degradable and can be re-assimilated by the earth like any organic substance produced by the nature.
gardening vase IS A PERFECT USE OF SCHE MATERIAL, SINCE … IT CAN BE PLANTED WITH ITS FLOWER inside AND THEn IT WILL BIODEGRADE INTO THE GORUND, WITHOOUT THE NEED
An explanation is needed on RESOURCES RENEWABILITY
Can you tell me a material that is renewable and one which is not?
for ex. a same type of wood that comes from 2 different areas; of which one is planned and controlled and the other one not, leading to deforestation,
In this sense the same material can be defined renew. in the first case, and not renew. in the other case
The RENEWABILITY depends upon… and upon….
Therefore we could define that a resource is renewable if…