Explains about the origin of research and approach in the modern research

1. Presented by
Prof. J. P.Verma
Director, Centre for Advanced Studies
MSc (Stat), PhD, MA(Psychology), Masters(Computer Application)
Email: vermajprakash@gmail.com
Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, India
(Deemed University)
Govt. of India, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

2. Something very abstract and complicated
But
Enjoyable if Research Process is properly understood
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3. A research project has a well-known structure
Beginning
Middle
End
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4. By Using Logics
Logical Reasoning was Used For any research problem
To get answer
logic have carried over into contemporary research
Due to which
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5. Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Modern Research uses both these reasoning
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6. Latest Books of Prof.J.P.Verma on Research
and Statistics published by Wiley, Springer
and TataMcGraw Hills can be
6
Seen
Here
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For any query about understanding this presentation Kindly write to
Dr. J.P.Verma
Professor of Statistics
Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education
(Deemed University)
(Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Govt. of India)
Shakti nagar, Gwalior – 474002, M.P., India
Email: vermajprakash@gmail.com

7. Bottom up approach
From specific observations to generalizations
begin to detect patterns and regularities
formulate some tentative hypotheses that you can explore
End up developing some general conclusions or theories
Most social researches have inductive and deductive processes both
More open-ended and exploratory
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8. Confirm or deny original theory
Top down approach
From the more general to the more specific
Begin with a theory about the topic of interest
Narrow down into more specific hypotheses you can test
Narrow down further while collecting observations
to address the hypotheses
Test the hypothesis with specific sample
More narrow and confirmatory
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9. How we come to know the world?
Epistemology
 How the world is known
 Philosophy of knowledge
Methodology
 Practical way of getting
to know about world
 Focused on specific
ways to understand our
world
Ontology
 How actually the world is
made
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10. Based on two major philosophical school of thoughts
Positivism
Post-Positivism
relativism, subjectivism, hermeneutics, deconstructivism, constructivism, feminism
Other alternatives
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11. Rejection of Metaphysics
Belief: The only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge
 Goal of knowledge is to describe the phenomena that we can observe,
measure or experience
 Knowledge of anything beyond that is impossible.
 Usually characterized by quantitative approach
 Society is like physical world and operates according to general rules
 Introspective and intuitive knowledge is rejected
 Researcher and the researched persons are independent of each other
Features
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12. The universe is deterministic
 It operates by laws of cause and effect
 No distinct difference between us and the way scientists think and work.
Only degree differs
 All observation is fallible and has error and that all theory is revisable.
 goal of science was to uncover the truth
 the goal of science is to know about the reality although we can never
achieve that goal.
 All observations are theory-laden and that scientists and subjects are
inherently biased by their cultural experiences, world views, and so on.
Features
Shift from Positivism to postpositivism in mid 20th Century
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13.  All theories are based on assumptions
 Violation of assumptions affects the validity of findings
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14. Truth of a given proposition, inference, or conclusion
General views about validity
Can I say that my study resulted valid conclusions because
 measure is a valid
 valid sample was drawn
 design had strong validity
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15. Research Question: Whether Incentive enhances productivity ?
Incentive Productivity
2% of the receipt Quantum of sales
six monthly
ConclusionValidity
Whether relationship exists
InternalValidity
ConstructValidity
ExternalValidity
If relationship exists, is it causal one?
Extent of generalizibility of construct
Extent of generalization of findings
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16.  Voluntary participation
 Informed consent
 No risk of harm
 Confidentiality
 Anonymity difficult if measured on multiple occasion
 Person's right to service – if program has beneficial effect
Clearance from Institutional Review Board
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17. Research Study
Correlational
Experimental
 Lack causal relationship
 IV already occurred
 Large sample required
 Internal validity is less
 Explain causal relationship
 Experimenter manipulates IV
 Small sample required
 Internal validity is more
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18. Steps in Experimental Research
Starts with a broad area of interest
Conceptualize Initial broad question for conducting study
Step 1
Step 2
Most social research in social sciences originates from some general problem
 Practical Problems in the field
 Literature in your field
 Requests for Proposals
 Think of your own
Decide feasibilityStep 3
 How long research will take
 Ethical constraints
 Needed cooperation
 Cost
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19. Define different research questions by narrowing down the problemStep 4
Steps in research process
Do review analysisStep 3
 Helps you in including all major constructs
 Helps in deriving the outcome you can expect in your study
 Helps in finding appropriate measurement instruments
 Get the prior experience to avoid common pitfalls
 Provides scientific base to your deductive research
An Example Whether Incentive improves Sales?
Two broad a question
Formulate hypothesis
Whether Cash incentive enhances sales of Vacuum cleaner
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20. Steps in research process
Choose statistical techniques accordingly
Test assumptions for the techniques to be used
Step 9
Step 10
Generalize the findings of the studyStep 12
Deduction and InductionStep 11
Write different hypotheses to be verifiedStep 7
Decide the design of the studyStep 8
Decide IV, the cause and DV, the effectStep 5
Decide Sampling planStep 6
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21. Concept Mapping
Six Steps Process
Facilitators works with the initiator(s)
1. Preparation step
 Decide the participants
 Identify focus of the project by deciding treatments
 Scheduling
2. Generation step
 Develop a large set of statements that addresses the focus or
outcomes (Use method of brainstorming, brain writing etc.)
 Generate 200 statements
 Statements may be activities of the programs or outcomes
Problem: Life style Assessment of Employees due to policy change
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22. Concept Mapping
3. Structuring step
 Each participants sorts the statements into piles of similar ones
 They can make as few or as many piles as they want
 Each participant name each pile with a short descriptive label.
 Each participant rate each statement on some likert scale for their relative importance
4. Representation step
 Analysis is done
 Use either multidimensional scaling or Cluster analysis
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23. 5. Interpretation step
 Facilitators work with the stakeholders group to help them develop their own labels and
interpretations of the various maps
6. Utilization step
 Involves using the maps to help address the original focus.
Concept Mapping
Program side The maps can be used for operationalizing the program
Outcome side The maps can be used for developing measures and expected results
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For other presentation of Prof.J.P.Verma on
Repeated Measures Designs with SPSS Software
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