Aging is a natural process that occurs gradually over time and involves changes in biological, psychological, and social domains. Biologically, aging is associated with declines in cognitive abilities like processing speed and working memory due to changes in the brain and decreases in immune function. The heart and blood vessels also undergo structural and functional changes with aging like thickening of arteries and a slower heart rate. While aging impacts many systems and abilities, there is significant variability between individuals.
The document discusses various concepts and theories of aging. It defines aging as the deterioration of physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility that occurs over time. It classifies aging as chronological, biological, psychological, social, and cognitive. It then describes several biologic theories of aging, including the programmed theory, gene theory, and free radical theory. It also discusses cellular theories such as the crosslink theory and wear and tear theory. Finally, it mentions several other theories like the immunologic theory and mitochondrial decline theory.
Biologist & gerontologist used concept of senescence to explain biological aging
Senescence or normal aging refers to a gradual, time related to biological process that takes places as degenerative processes overtake regenerative or growth processes.
or
senescence: a change in the behavior of an organism with age leading to a decreased power of survival and adjustment
The document discusses several theories of aging, including biological, psychological, environmental, and developmental theories. Biologically, theories propose that aging results from cellular changes over time, programmed genetics, accumulated errors and damage to DNA and cells, wear and tear on organs, or free radicals. Psychologically, theories explore how activity levels, disengagement from society, continuity of lifestyle, and social exchanges impact aging. Environmental factors like radiation and stress are also proposed to influence the aging process. Developmentally, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan are summarized.
This document provides an overview of the aging process and how it affects different parts of the human body. It discusses how aging slows cell multiplication and impacts the immune system, bones, brain, skin, hair, vision, hearing, and heart. Regular exercise, stress management, and healthy lifestyle choices can help ensure a more active old age despite physical changes from aging.
This document discusses aging and various theories related to it. It addresses what aging is, various theories that attempt to explain the aging process (such as programmed aging theory and genetic aging theory), signs of successful aging, life extension sciences, and strategies to potentially slow aging or extend life. The document provides a broad overview of topics relating to the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging.
Aging can be defined in several ways:
1) As the time-related deterioration of physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility that affects all individuals of a species over time.
2) As a multidimensional process of physical, psychological, and social changes that occurs as humans get older.
3) As a progressive functional decline or decrease in viability that increases susceptibility to death and disease as intrinsic age-related changes accumulate over time.
The document discusses various aging-related changes that can occur in the human body as people grow older. It covers changes that may happen in several body systems including sensory systems, brain and nervous system, muscles and bones, gastrointestinal tract, skin, heart, blood vessels, kidneys, endocrine system, and reproductive system. Some key points made are that aging is a normal process, various systems may slow down or lose fine-tuning with age, lifestyle can impact the degree of changes, and steps can be taken to help maximize independence as people age.
Biological aging refers to the gradual degeneration of the body's cells, tissues and organ systems over time. It can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary aging. Primary aging is inevitable and governed by genetic and biological factors. Secondary aging results from environmental influences like lifestyle. Tertiary aging refers to rapid decline in the last few years of life. Theories of aging include programmed and random theories. Programmed theories suggest aging is genetically determined while random theories cite factors like free radicals, cross-linking and wear and tear. Biological aging causes changes to appearance, skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, reproductive and sensory systems.
The document discusses various concepts and theories of aging. It defines aging as the deterioration of physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility that occurs over time. It classifies aging as chronological, biological, psychological, social, and cognitive. It then describes several biologic theories of aging, including the programmed theory, gene theory, and free radical theory. It also discusses cellular theories such as the crosslink theory and wear and tear theory. Finally, it mentions several other theories like the immunologic theory and mitochondrial decline theory.
Biologist & gerontologist used concept of senescence to explain biological aging
Senescence or normal aging refers to a gradual, time related to biological process that takes places as degenerative processes overtake regenerative or growth processes.
or
senescence: a change in the behavior of an organism with age leading to a decreased power of survival and adjustment
The document discusses several theories of aging, including biological, psychological, environmental, and developmental theories. Biologically, theories propose that aging results from cellular changes over time, programmed genetics, accumulated errors and damage to DNA and cells, wear and tear on organs, or free radicals. Psychologically, theories explore how activity levels, disengagement from society, continuity of lifestyle, and social exchanges impact aging. Environmental factors like radiation and stress are also proposed to influence the aging process. Developmentally, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan are summarized.
This document provides an overview of the aging process and how it affects different parts of the human body. It discusses how aging slows cell multiplication and impacts the immune system, bones, brain, skin, hair, vision, hearing, and heart. Regular exercise, stress management, and healthy lifestyle choices can help ensure a more active old age despite physical changes from aging.
This document discusses aging and various theories related to it. It addresses what aging is, various theories that attempt to explain the aging process (such as programmed aging theory and genetic aging theory), signs of successful aging, life extension sciences, and strategies to potentially slow aging or extend life. The document provides a broad overview of topics relating to the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging.
Aging can be defined in several ways:
1) As the time-related deterioration of physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility that affects all individuals of a species over time.
2) As a multidimensional process of physical, psychological, and social changes that occurs as humans get older.
3) As a progressive functional decline or decrease in viability that increases susceptibility to death and disease as intrinsic age-related changes accumulate over time.
The document discusses various aging-related changes that can occur in the human body as people grow older. It covers changes that may happen in several body systems including sensory systems, brain and nervous system, muscles and bones, gastrointestinal tract, skin, heart, blood vessels, kidneys, endocrine system, and reproductive system. Some key points made are that aging is a normal process, various systems may slow down or lose fine-tuning with age, lifestyle can impact the degree of changes, and steps can be taken to help maximize independence as people age.
Biological aging refers to the gradual degeneration of the body's cells, tissues and organ systems over time. It can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary aging. Primary aging is inevitable and governed by genetic and biological factors. Secondary aging results from environmental influences like lifestyle. Tertiary aging refers to rapid decline in the last few years of life. Theories of aging include programmed and random theories. Programmed theories suggest aging is genetically determined while random theories cite factors like free radicals, cross-linking and wear and tear. Biological aging causes changes to appearance, skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, reproductive and sensory systems.
The document discusses several topics related to aging including:
1. It summarizes several theories of aging including oxidative damage, mitochondrial genome damage, and wear and tear.
2. It describes genetic pathways involved in aging in C. elegans such as the insulin signaling pathway and pathways involving germ cells.
3. It notes that similar genetic pathways regulating aging have been found in other species such as Drosophila and mice. Understanding these pathways may help increase human life expectancy in the future.
Geriatric nursing is the specialty that concerns itself with the provision of nursing services to geriatric or aged individuals.
Aging can be defined as the time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility.
Aging process is the process of growing old or developing the appearance and characteristics of old age.
The theories of aging are classified into -
Biologic theories
Psychosocial theories
Developmental theories
The document discusses various biological theories of aging proposed over centuries. It describes genetic cellular theories which attribute aging to changes in DNA and RNA programmed by genes. Non-genetic cellular theories view aging as damage caused over time by the internal and external environment. Physiological system theories see aging resulting from the gradual failure of regulatory systems in the body. The document also discusses theories around sleep, aging solutions like antioxidants and collagen, and the goals of the Charles Rivers Institute to develop anti-aging therapies and identify mechanisms of aging.
There are several major theories that attempt to explain the biological process of aging:
1) Evolutionary theories propose that aging occurs because natural selection favors traits that benefit reproduction early in life, rather than maintenance of the body later in life.
2) Physiological theories explore the molecular mechanisms of aging, such as the idea that genetic programs control aging or that damage accumulates over time due to free radicals or errors in cellular maintenance.
3) Stochastic theories maintain that aging results from random chance events or environmental insults, rather than programmed processes. The document discusses several specific theories under each of these broad categories.
The document discusses several theories of aging from biological and sociological perspectives. Biologically, aging is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Stochastic theories propose aging results from random damage caused by free radicals and errors over time. Non-stochastic theories view aging as programmed by genes or hormones. Sociologically, theories examine how social engagement or disengagement impact aging, as well as the influence of social roles and status. Psychologically, theories explore how human needs, personality development, and life stages shape aging. The document provides examples and details for numerous theories of biological, sociological, and psychological aging.
The document summarizes several theories of aging from biological/physiological and psychosocial perspectives. Biologically, aging is explained by either programmed theories, which propose a biological timetable or internal clock, or error theories, which argue aging results from damage to cells over time. Psychosocially, theories view aging through a full life development lens or focus on challenges of mature life, such as accepting physical limitations. Overall, the document outlines numerous theories that attempt to explain the aging process at biological and psychological levels.
The document discusses various theories of aging from biological, sociological, psychological, and spiritual perspectives. Biologically, theories include the stochastic theories of error theory and free radical theory, as well as nonstochastic theories like the programmed theory. Sociologically, theories address disengagement, activity, continuity, and person-environment fit. Psychologically, theories outlined include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Jung's individualism, Erikson's stages of development, and selective optimization with compensation. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and proposed mechanisms within each theoretical perspective of the aging process.
The document discusses various theories of aging, which can be categorized into two major groups: developmental genetic theories and stochastic theories. Developmental genetic theories propose that aging is genetically programmed and predetermined, while stochastic theories state that aging results from random environmental damage over time. Some specific theories discussed include the free radical theory, calorie restriction theory, Hayflick limit theory, and theories related to the neuroendocrine and immune systems. However, the conclusion is that no single theory can fully explain the complex biological process of aging.
Aging is defined as progressive physiological changes that lead to a decline in biological functions over time. There are several theories that attempt to explain the aging process, including biological, psychosocial, and damage theories. Biological theories view aging as an involuntary process caused by internal or external factors that result in cellular and tissue changes over time. Damage theories propose that aging is caused by the accumulation of damage to cells and tissues from various sources, such as free radicals, genetic mutations, or wear and tear from repeated use. Psychosocial theories examine age-related cognitive and behavioral changes. Common biological aging theories include the programmed longevity, endocrine, immunological, rate of living, cross-linking, and free radical theories.
Short introduction
Definition
Theorieses of aging
causes of aging
life span
Aging can be defined as the time related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival .
Or
Can be define as increase in impairment in Physiological functions with age , Increased in suspectebility to diseases and decrease in ability of fertility
aging is the impact of time on the human body, and it occurs on multiple levels:
Cellular changes
Extracellular changes
1) cellular changes
Causes of aging
Cellular senescence and aging
Telomere shortening: linked to life expectancy and aging
Mitochondrial dysfunction and aging
Oxidative stress
Stem cell exhaustion
Developmental biology by T.subramonium
Developmental biology 6th edition
This document discusses 15 major theories on the biological basis of aging:
1) Evolutionary theories propose that lifespan is genetically determined and subject to natural selection.
2) The telomere theory suggests that shortening telomeres act as a "clock" that limits the number of times a cell can divide.
3) The reproductive-cell cycle theory links aging to declining reproductive hormones that dysregulate cell signaling.
4) DNA damage theories posit that aging results from accumulated DNA damage over time.
5) The gene loss theory observes that aging involves the gradual loss of genes, particularly in mitochondria.
The document describes several physiological changes that occur with aging. Key changes include a decline in organ function such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys. Muscle and bone mass is also lost. Other changes involve thinning skin, graying hair, declining vision and hearing. Maintaining regular exercise, a healthy diet, and preventative healthcare can help optimize health and well-being in older age.
This document discusses several theories of aging at the cellular, molecular, evolutionary, and systems levels. The main cellular theories discussed are telomere shortening and free radical damage accumulation over time. Evolutionary theories proposed include mutation accumulation, antagonistic pleiotropy, and the declining force of natural selection with age. Lifestyle and future biomedical interventions are mentioned as potential ways to promote healthy aging or extend lifespan.
https://physioaadhar.com/physiotherapy-blogs/
These two categories of the theory are also referred to as non-programmed ageing theories based on evolutionary concepts (where ageing is considered the result of an organism's inability to better combat natural deteriorative processes), and programmed ageing theories (which consider ageing to ultimately be the result o
this slides contain about the detailed information about the definition, introduction, classification, types, concept of aging, chronologic aging, biological aging, psychological aging, social aging, cognitive aging.
Author: Brent C. Williams, M.D., M.P.H., 2009
License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution – Share Alike 3.0 License:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
The aging process causes changes in cells and organs over time through a combination of genetic and environmental factors. As people age, cells divide more slowly, immune function declines, and regulation of cell death is disrupted. Physically, aging is associated with loss of height, weight gain until late adulthood, increased body fat, and slower reaction times. While some organ decline is normal, lifestyle factors influence diseases like heart disease and cataracts. The aging process varies between individuals.
The document discusses various theories of aging from biological, psychosocial, and sociological perspectives. It begins by defining key terms related to aging and the aging process. It then outlines several major biological theories of aging including programmed aging theories that propose genetic factors influence aging and error theories that propose environmental factors lead to cellular damage over time. Psychosocial theories discussed include disengagement theory, activity theory, and continuity theory. The document emphasizes there is no single factor that causes aging and different theories provide explanations for parts of the complex aging process.
Aging is the study of life changes that occur as one grows older across biological, psychological, social, legal, and functional domains. Common aging changes include declines in processing speed and working memory, sensory and perceptual changes, and changes in brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, muscles, bones and skin. The immune system also declines with age, making older adults more susceptible to infection. Overall, aging results from both primary aging due to genetic factors and secondary aging due to environmental influences and disease.
Aging is a gradual, continuous process of natural change that begins in early adulthood. During early middle age, many bodily functions begin to gradually decline. People do not become old or elderly at any specific age. Traditionally, age 65 has been designated as the beginning of old age.
The document discusses several topics related to aging including:
1. It summarizes several theories of aging including oxidative damage, mitochondrial genome damage, and wear and tear.
2. It describes genetic pathways involved in aging in C. elegans such as the insulin signaling pathway and pathways involving germ cells.
3. It notes that similar genetic pathways regulating aging have been found in other species such as Drosophila and mice. Understanding these pathways may help increase human life expectancy in the future.
Geriatric nursing is the specialty that concerns itself with the provision of nursing services to geriatric or aged individuals.
Aging can be defined as the time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility.
Aging process is the process of growing old or developing the appearance and characteristics of old age.
The theories of aging are classified into -
Biologic theories
Psychosocial theories
Developmental theories
The document discusses various biological theories of aging proposed over centuries. It describes genetic cellular theories which attribute aging to changes in DNA and RNA programmed by genes. Non-genetic cellular theories view aging as damage caused over time by the internal and external environment. Physiological system theories see aging resulting from the gradual failure of regulatory systems in the body. The document also discusses theories around sleep, aging solutions like antioxidants and collagen, and the goals of the Charles Rivers Institute to develop anti-aging therapies and identify mechanisms of aging.
There are several major theories that attempt to explain the biological process of aging:
1) Evolutionary theories propose that aging occurs because natural selection favors traits that benefit reproduction early in life, rather than maintenance of the body later in life.
2) Physiological theories explore the molecular mechanisms of aging, such as the idea that genetic programs control aging or that damage accumulates over time due to free radicals or errors in cellular maintenance.
3) Stochastic theories maintain that aging results from random chance events or environmental insults, rather than programmed processes. The document discusses several specific theories under each of these broad categories.
The document discusses several theories of aging from biological and sociological perspectives. Biologically, aging is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Stochastic theories propose aging results from random damage caused by free radicals and errors over time. Non-stochastic theories view aging as programmed by genes or hormones. Sociologically, theories examine how social engagement or disengagement impact aging, as well as the influence of social roles and status. Psychologically, theories explore how human needs, personality development, and life stages shape aging. The document provides examples and details for numerous theories of biological, sociological, and psychological aging.
The document summarizes several theories of aging from biological/physiological and psychosocial perspectives. Biologically, aging is explained by either programmed theories, which propose a biological timetable or internal clock, or error theories, which argue aging results from damage to cells over time. Psychosocially, theories view aging through a full life development lens or focus on challenges of mature life, such as accepting physical limitations. Overall, the document outlines numerous theories that attempt to explain the aging process at biological and psychological levels.
The document discusses various theories of aging from biological, sociological, psychological, and spiritual perspectives. Biologically, theories include the stochastic theories of error theory and free radical theory, as well as nonstochastic theories like the programmed theory. Sociologically, theories address disengagement, activity, continuity, and person-environment fit. Psychologically, theories outlined include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Jung's individualism, Erikson's stages of development, and selective optimization with compensation. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and proposed mechanisms within each theoretical perspective of the aging process.
The document discusses various theories of aging, which can be categorized into two major groups: developmental genetic theories and stochastic theories. Developmental genetic theories propose that aging is genetically programmed and predetermined, while stochastic theories state that aging results from random environmental damage over time. Some specific theories discussed include the free radical theory, calorie restriction theory, Hayflick limit theory, and theories related to the neuroendocrine and immune systems. However, the conclusion is that no single theory can fully explain the complex biological process of aging.
Aging is defined as progressive physiological changes that lead to a decline in biological functions over time. There are several theories that attempt to explain the aging process, including biological, psychosocial, and damage theories. Biological theories view aging as an involuntary process caused by internal or external factors that result in cellular and tissue changes over time. Damage theories propose that aging is caused by the accumulation of damage to cells and tissues from various sources, such as free radicals, genetic mutations, or wear and tear from repeated use. Psychosocial theories examine age-related cognitive and behavioral changes. Common biological aging theories include the programmed longevity, endocrine, immunological, rate of living, cross-linking, and free radical theories.
Short introduction
Definition
Theorieses of aging
causes of aging
life span
Aging can be defined as the time related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival .
Or
Can be define as increase in impairment in Physiological functions with age , Increased in suspectebility to diseases and decrease in ability of fertility
aging is the impact of time on the human body, and it occurs on multiple levels:
Cellular changes
Extracellular changes
1) cellular changes
Causes of aging
Cellular senescence and aging
Telomere shortening: linked to life expectancy and aging
Mitochondrial dysfunction and aging
Oxidative stress
Stem cell exhaustion
Developmental biology by T.subramonium
Developmental biology 6th edition
This document discusses 15 major theories on the biological basis of aging:
1) Evolutionary theories propose that lifespan is genetically determined and subject to natural selection.
2) The telomere theory suggests that shortening telomeres act as a "clock" that limits the number of times a cell can divide.
3) The reproductive-cell cycle theory links aging to declining reproductive hormones that dysregulate cell signaling.
4) DNA damage theories posit that aging results from accumulated DNA damage over time.
5) The gene loss theory observes that aging involves the gradual loss of genes, particularly in mitochondria.
The document describes several physiological changes that occur with aging. Key changes include a decline in organ function such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys. Muscle and bone mass is also lost. Other changes involve thinning skin, graying hair, declining vision and hearing. Maintaining regular exercise, a healthy diet, and preventative healthcare can help optimize health and well-being in older age.
This document discusses several theories of aging at the cellular, molecular, evolutionary, and systems levels. The main cellular theories discussed are telomere shortening and free radical damage accumulation over time. Evolutionary theories proposed include mutation accumulation, antagonistic pleiotropy, and the declining force of natural selection with age. Lifestyle and future biomedical interventions are mentioned as potential ways to promote healthy aging or extend lifespan.
https://physioaadhar.com/physiotherapy-blogs/
These two categories of the theory are also referred to as non-programmed ageing theories based on evolutionary concepts (where ageing is considered the result of an organism's inability to better combat natural deteriorative processes), and programmed ageing theories (which consider ageing to ultimately be the result o
this slides contain about the detailed information about the definition, introduction, classification, types, concept of aging, chronologic aging, biological aging, psychological aging, social aging, cognitive aging.
Author: Brent C. Williams, M.D., M.P.H., 2009
License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution – Share Alike 3.0 License:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
The aging process causes changes in cells and organs over time through a combination of genetic and environmental factors. As people age, cells divide more slowly, immune function declines, and regulation of cell death is disrupted. Physically, aging is associated with loss of height, weight gain until late adulthood, increased body fat, and slower reaction times. While some organ decline is normal, lifestyle factors influence diseases like heart disease and cataracts. The aging process varies between individuals.
The document discusses various theories of aging from biological, psychosocial, and sociological perspectives. It begins by defining key terms related to aging and the aging process. It then outlines several major biological theories of aging including programmed aging theories that propose genetic factors influence aging and error theories that propose environmental factors lead to cellular damage over time. Psychosocial theories discussed include disengagement theory, activity theory, and continuity theory. The document emphasizes there is no single factor that causes aging and different theories provide explanations for parts of the complex aging process.
Aging is the study of life changes that occur as one grows older across biological, psychological, social, legal, and functional domains. Common aging changes include declines in processing speed and working memory, sensory and perceptual changes, and changes in brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, muscles, bones and skin. The immune system also declines with age, making older adults more susceptible to infection. Overall, aging results from both primary aging due to genetic factors and secondary aging due to environmental influences and disease.
Aging is a gradual, continuous process of natural change that begins in early adulthood. During early middle age, many bodily functions begin to gradually decline. People do not become old or elderly at any specific age. Traditionally, age 65 has been designated as the beginning of old age.
Ankit Patel presented on care of the elderly. The document defined elderly as over 65 years old and discussed care needs unique to seniors. It described the normal aging process, including biological, psychological, sociocultural, and sexual changes that occur. Biologically, aging impacts nearly every system of the body, slowing functions and decreasing abilities over time in areas like memory, mobility, and senses. Psychologically, grief and loss are cumulative, and psychiatric disorders are more common in elderly. Socially, aging can bring respect or negative stereotypes depending on culture.
The document discusses aging and theories of aging. It provides information on:
1) Biological theories which attempt to explain aging processes on a physical level including genetic, environmental, immune, wear and tear, and neuroendocrine theories.
2) Psychosocial theories which focus on social and psychological changes with age including personality, disengagement, activity, and continuity theories.
3) Normal physical, psychological, social, cultural, sexual, and health-related aspects of aging.
The document provides an overview of concepts and theories of aging. It defines aging and classifies it objectively by chronological age and subjectively by changes in behavior, self-perception, and reaction to biological changes. It discusses concepts of aging including chronological, biological, psychological, social, and cognitive aging. It also outlines several biologic theories that attempt to explain the aging process from a physical perspective, including the programmed theory, gene theory, and free radical theory. In addition, it covers psychosocial theories like disengagement theory and activity theory that examine social and behavioral changes with aging. Developmental theories are also discussed, such as Erikson's theory of ego integrity versus despair in late adulthood.
A man's life is normally divided into five main stages namely infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. In each of these stages an individual has to find himself in different situations and face different problems. The old age is not without problems. In old age physical strength deteriorates, mental stability diminishes; money power becomes bleak coupled with negligence from the younger generation.
NURSING CARE OF ELDERLY BY RAKESH SINGHRakesh Singh
This document provides an overview of nursing care for the elderly. It begins by defining elderly as over 65 years old and outlines the normal aging process, which includes biological, psychological, sociocultural, and sexual aspects. Biologically, aging impacts nearly every system of the body, slowing functions and decreasing abilities. Psychologically, memory changes and the ability to learn new information remains intact. Socially, aging can bring losses and the elderly desire respect and dignity.
This document discusses geropsychiatry and related topics. It defines geropsychiatry as a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with mental health and illness in older adults. It also defines related terms like geriatrics, gerontology, and gerontics. It discusses theories of aging including biological theories focusing on genetic and cellular changes, and psychosocial theories examining social and psychological factors. Finally, it outlines techniques for effective communication with older adults.
anp seminar ppt new.pptx about geriatricKittyTuttu
This document discusses geriatric nursing and considerations for caring for elderly patients. It begins by defining geriatric nursing as focusing on promoting health and preventing/treating disability and disease in older patients. It then discusses several theories of aging, including biological theories related to programmed cell life limits and error accumulation, and psychosocial theories including continuity, disengagement, and activity theories. The document outlines common age-related changes in body systems and disorders, such as respiratory and cardiac issues. It concludes by discussing psychological aspects of aging, special concerns for geriatric patients, and relevant government policies.
medical surgical nursing , nursing care of elderly patient with disease conditions and different care given to them,it contain introduction , definition, nursing care, patient teaching, diet management, research.
The document discusses quality nursing care for the elderly. It begins with definitions of elderly, geriatrics, and geriatric nursing. It then covers concepts and theories of aging including biological, psychosocial, and developmental theories. Finally, it discusses needs assessment of the elderly which includes functional assessment, physical examination, nutrition assessment, and health history review to identify problems and needs. The goal is to integrate theoretical knowledge of geriatrics with best assessment skills to provide quality care for older adults.
This document discusses aging and the elderly. It defines key terms like aging, gerontology, and geriatric care. It also outlines the four dimensions of aging: chronological, biological, psychological, and social. The document then discusses the assessment of elderly patients, noting it is multidimensional and focuses on functional status and quality of life. Specific system changes that occur with aging, like decreased renal and GI function, are also mentioned.
Gerontology is the multidisciplinary study of the aging process and older adults, concerning physical, mental, and social changes between maturity and death. Geriatrics specifically studies health and diseases in later life, aiming to promote health and prevent/treat diseases and disabilities in elderly. The aging process involves cumulative changes in organs and tissues over time due to genetic and environmental factors, leading to decreased function. Key factors include non-functional cell buildup, DNA damage triggering cell death, and reduced antioxidant defenses. Maintaining good nutrition through a moderate diet, social interaction, daily exercise, and relaxation can help elderly attain longer, healthier lives.
This document discusses age-related problems in geriatrics. It begins with definitions of aging, geriatrics, and gerontology. It then covers theories of aging and normal physical, psychosocial, cognitive, and pharmacological changes that occur with aging. Common health problems in older adults are also discussed, including depression, substance abuse, delirium, dementia, geriatric syndromes, and increased susceptibility to infection. The document concludes with sections on the medical and nursing management of various aging-related conditions.
Ageing process it is the process in which ageshivpalsingh40
The document discusses aging and the aging process. It defines aging and provides chronological categories of aging. Some key physical changes that occur with age are discussed for body systems like muscular/skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, and others. Sensory capacities like vision, hearing, taste, and smell also decline with age. Social changes include retirement, widowhood, loneliness, and role changes. Psychological changes involve affects like self-esteem, personality, and depression as well as cognitive functioning including intelligence, learning, and memory.
This document discusses geriatrics and geriatric care. It begins with definitions of geriatrics, geriatric nursing, and gerontology. The objectives of geriatric care are then outlined as maintenance of health, detection of early disease, and prevention of deterioration. General principles of geriatric care are listed, focusing on individualized care, independence, and comfort. Biological aging processes are described for various body systems. Theories of aging are explained. Geriatric health assessment approaches are introduced. Community support and responsibilities of nurses are outlined.
1) Theories of aging attempt to explain the aging process from biological, sociological, and psychological perspectives. Biologically, aging is viewed as the accumulation of random errors and damage over time according to stochastic theories. Programmed theories propose that aging is predetermined.
2) Sociological theories include disengagement theory, which is no longer supported, and activity theory which proposes that activity is important for well-being in aging. Psychologically, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Erikson's stages of life provide frameworks for understanding aging.
3) A comprehensive history and physical assessment of elderly patients should include demographic information, chief complaints, present and past illness, social history, and review of systems to fully evaluate
The document discusses aging from biological, psychological, social, and cognitive perspectives. It defines aging as the progressive physiological changes in an organism that lead to a decline in functions and ability to adapt. Biologically, aging is associated with deterioration of organs and systems. Psychologically, aging involves changes in mental functioning and personality. Socially, aging impacts roles and relationships. Cognitively, aging causes declines in reasoning, memory, and processing speed. Theories of aging include the effects of wear and tear, tissue aging, disease processes, activity levels, stress, radiation exposure, nutrition, and lifestyle factors.
This presentation is about geriatric Psychiatry awareness. it contains basic information about what is geriatric psychiatry, which are the main psychiatry disorder found in elderly and how to manage them?. it contains some detailed information about late life depression, delirium and dementia in geriatric population.
Psychological and social factors affecting aging womanRavi Soni
The document discusses various social and psychological factors affecting aging women. It begins by defining aging and noting that aging is different for women than men due to hormonal changes, diseases, and changes in bodily appearance. It then discusses maintaining stability and accepting changes as a key psychological factor. Social factors include role changes, marriage and widowhood, retirement, and involvement in extended families and groups. The document outlines developmental milestones in old age such as integrating one's life, developing wisdom, conducting life reviews, retirement, grandparenthood, and facing mortality. It concludes by noting benefits of growing old such as a happier outlook and wisdom.
Traumatic Brain Injury to temporal lobe and cognitive rehabilitationRavi Soni
This presentation briefs you about temporal lobe basic anatomy, Structures, functions, Mechanisms of Temporal lobe Injury and Cognitive rehabilitation strategies for temporal lobe deficits
Alzheimer's disease: Clinical Assessment and ManagementRavi Soni
This PPT is a seminar on the Alzheimer's disease which was prepared for sensitizing post graduate psychiatry students on the day of World Alzheimer's Day.
Evidence based treatment approaches for prevention of dementiaRavi Soni
This presentation reviews all the available treatment which have been used for prevention of dementia. The evidences were taken from the Cochrane reviews and library.
Relationship of Metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment has been discussed. Metabolic causes of Dementia and their reversibility has been discussed.
Late onset mania is a kind of Psychiatric illness in which Manic symptoms develops for the first time after the age of 60 years or the continuation of recurrent bipolar illness.
This PPT contains all the important guidelines that are needed to manage a patient of Dementia. It involves diagnosis, psychosocial treatment, non-pharmacological management and pharmacological management. This PPT is prepared from NICE, APA and SIGN guidelines.
This presentation describes various movement disorders and its management strategies with particular focus of management of parkinson's disease. It gives basic overview of the drugs also.
This ppt describes various movement disorders found commonly in elderly persons. It also describes hyper and hypokinetic disorder categorization with cause and pathophysiology of movement disorders.
1. The document discusses the genetics of several cognitive disorders in elderly individuals, including Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Lewy body disease, vascular dementia, and Huntington's disease.
2. For Alzheimer's disease, mutations in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes are associated with early-onset familial Alzheimer's, while the APOE ε4 allele is a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's.
3. For frontotemporal lobar degeneration, mutations in the PGRN and MAPT genes are most common, while other genes like C9ORF72 and VCP have also been linked. Genetic causes
Suicidal tendencies in late life depressionRavi Soni
This document discusses suicidal tendencies and prevention in the elderly. It provides statistics on elderly suicide rates globally and in India. Key points include that nearly 10% of Indian suicides are among those aged 65+, though the rate is lower than other countries due to family support of elders. Common risk factors for elderly suicide are depression, physical illness, social isolation and loss of spouse. Treatment of depression and pain are important for prevention, though SSRIs may increase short-term risk which decreases after the initial period. Goals for prevention include raising awareness of suicide and depression.
The patient is a 65-year-old retired male teacher presenting with a 4-year history of progressive cognitive and behavioral decline. He has been diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder for over 35 years. Over the last 4 years, his family has reported increasing forgetfulness, irritability, suspiciousness, sleep disturbances, and difficulties with activities of daily living. His cognitive evaluation shows impairments in attention, memory, visuospatial abilities, and executive function. Brain imaging reveals diffuse cerebral atrophy. Based on the clinical presentation and investigations, the provisional diagnosis is late-onset Alzheimer's disease with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Other considerations include mixed Alzheimer's and vascular dementia or vascular dementia. The patient is being treated with
This document discusses social issues and factors in old age. It covers topics like aging concepts, ageism, loneliness, social isolation, retirement, and marriage/widowhood. Regarding loneliness, it describes three types (situational, developmental, internal), risk factors, impacts on health, and potential interventions. Social isolation is also discussed in depth, including its prevalence, attributes, and negative health consequences. Interventions for social isolation focus on convening regular social groups. The relationship between retirement and mental health is complex, with involuntary retirement increasing mental health risks. Marriage provides benefits in old age, but many older women live alone due to higher male mortality rates.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
2. Aging Concept
• Aging is a pattern of life changes that occurs
as one grows older.
• Gerontology is the study of individual and
collective aging processes
– Biological age
– Psychological age
– Social age
– Legal age
– Functional age
3. Normal Aging
Who is old?
• Biological and psychological aging changes usually occur
gradually, over years or decades, and as a result, there is no
single age at which people in general can be said to be old.
• Commonly people older than 65 are called ‘OLD’
• Gerontologists often draw finer chronological demarcations:
• Young-old: <75
• Old-old: >75
• Oldest-old: >85
4. Cognitive Abilities in Later Life: A Processing
Resource Model
• Declines in three fundamental cognitive-processing
resources:
1. Processing Speed: reduced speed of information processing
and response- most predictable
2. Working Memory: refers to short-term retention and
manipulation of information held in conscious memory, a
type of “online” cognitive processing. exa. Examples include
consciously recalling a telephone number long enough to write it down
3. Sensory and Perceptual changes: decrements in visual and
auditory acuity and other perceptual changes.
5. Explanations of Cognitive Aging
Changes
• Neuropathological and neuroimaging studies: changes in brain with
aging
• generalized atrophic and white matter changes as well as region-
specific variations in the extent of cell loss
• Affected areas: Within the cortex, the prefrontal lobes are
disproportionately affected, Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
are affected but data are conflictual
• Subcortical monoaminergic cell populations, are also subject to
prominent decline in aging
• Spared areas: Temporo-parietal association areas
• Areas in which there is relative sparing with age: the globus
pallidus, the paleocerebellum, the sensory cortices, and the pons
9. Personality and Emotional Changes
1. Coexisting Stability and Change:
• Developmental optimism: subjective growth in personality
2. Influences on Adult personality: three developmental
forces:
- Social clock
- grand adaptive strategy: individual’s desire for continuity
in personal past and present
- genetic factors: A study of elderly twins and multigenerational
families found a genetic contribution to negative affect but not to
positive affect
• Eriksonian Psychosocial developmental stages
• Late adulthood: integrity vs despair
• Virtue: wisdom
10. Personality and Emotional Changes
3. Personality and Perceptions of Health: Older adults’ perceptions
of their health have been linked to a variety of objective health
outcomes, including mortality
• Depression: affects subjective health concerns
• Neuroticism: is inversely associated with self-perceptions of good
health
• Extraversion: is positively associated
these associations were stronger among persons age 75 and older than among persons
in their 60s and early 70s (Duberstein et al. 2003)
4. Emotions, Coping, and Well-Being:
Emotions: old age is an emotionally rich and complex phase of life, and
the salience of emotion, increases in later years
have better control over emotions than do younger adults
11. Personality and Emotional Changes
• Coping: older people tend to cope with stressful events in different ways
• rely more on emotion-focused forms of coping, as opposed to active,
problem-solving approaches
• Emotion-focused coping is more
passive than confrontational,
individual than interpersonal, and
is oriented toward control of distressing feelings rather than toward
alteration of stressful situations
• Wellbeing: Specific stressful events have less of an effect on subjective
well-being in old age than does attainment of personal goals or the onset
of physical disability
• A model relates resilience in old age (i.e., maintaining adaptive behavior
in the face of stress and recovering from adversity) to a process of
selective optimization, in which goals are reshaped to fit current
limitations and environments, and resources are spared for personally
important activities that sustain self-esteem
12. Social Context of Aging
• Old age is accompanied by role change and, often, role loss
• expect transformations in occupational, family, and community
roles
1. Education, Work, and Financial Status
• Education: changes perception and thinking about life and health
• Work: lack of work, loss of income, continuous work help physically
as well as financially
• Financial status: retirement, loss of income
• Source of income: pension plans, social security, personal earnings, asset
incomes
2. Marriage and Widowhood:
3. Retirement and Grandparenthood:
4. Extended Families, Friends, and Group Involvement:
13. Biological Aging
• What is Aging?
• definition of aging was proposed by Birren and Zarit (1985):
“Biological aging, senescing, is the process of change in the organism,
which over time lowers the probability of survival and reduces the
physiological capacity for self-regulation, repair and adaptation to
environmental demands”
• Modern gerontologists distinguish
• Primary aging, which is postulated to reflect an intrinsic, presumably
genetically preprogrammed limit on cellular longevity,
• Secondary aging, which is due to the accumulated effects of
environmental insult, disease, and trauma.
• Primary aging seems to account for the relatively constant maximum life
span observed in almost all animal species studies,
• secondary aging explains much of the variability among individual
members of a species.
14. Theories of aging
• Aging theories can be divided into
• Organ-based,
• Physiological,
• Genomic hypotheses
• Organ-based theories hypothesize that human aging results from
incremental loss of organ function driven by the immune system or
alterations in neuro-endocrine function of the CNS.
• Physiological theories suggest that toxic levels of cellular waste products
accumulate over time resulting from free radical damage, incapacitation
of neuroprotective mechanisms, or cross-linkage of vital molecules, for
example, collagen, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and vital proteins.
15. Genomic Hypothesis
• hypothesize aging as the consequence of somatic mutations,
multiple genetic errors, or programmed cell death
• Evidence that the “Hayflick phenomenon” is under genetic
control includes
1) a fair correlation between the doubling limit and the maximum species-specific life
span of the cell donor and
2) a reduced doubling limit in cells cultured from patients with genetic diseases of
accelerated aging
• The precise mechanism underlying the observed limits on normal cellular
division is not completely known, but several lines of evidence point to
telomeric shortening as at least one likely “clock” mechanism.
• A conceptual disagreement exists between theories that human senescent
brain alterations result from disuse versus overuse (i.e., the “use it or lose it”
theory) and those that attribute aging to cumulative damage (i.e., the
“wearing it out” theory)
17. Observed Changes in the Heart
• Deposits of the "aging pigment," lipofuscin accumulate.
• The valves of the heart thicken and become stiffer.
• The number of pacemaker cells decrease and fatty & fibrous
tissues increase around the SA node. These changes may result
in a slightly slower heart rate
• A slight increase in the size of the heart, especially the left
ventricle, is common. The heart wall thickens, so the amount of
blood that the chamber can hold may actually decrease.
• The heart may fill more slowly. To compensate, elderly subjects
demonstrate a doubling of percent atrial contribution to filling.
18. EFFECT OF CHANGES
• Under normal circumstances, the heart continues to
adequately supply all parts of the body. However, an
aging heart may be slightly less able to tolerate
increased workloads.
• Examples of stressors include: illness, infections,
emotional stress, injuries, and extreme physical
exertion.
19. Observed Changes in the Vessels
• Blood vessels
– Arteries
» thickening & stiffening in the media of large arteries is
though to be caused by collagen cross-linking
» smaller arteries may thicken/stiffen minimally; their
ability to dilate & constrict diminishes significantly
– Veins
» age-related changes are minimal and do not impede
normal functioning
20. Observed Changes in the Vessels
• The aorta becomes thicker, stiffer, and less flexible. This makes the blood
pressure higher resulting in LV hypertrophy.
• Increased large artery stiffness causes a fall in DBP, associated with a
continual rise in SBP. Higher SBP, left untreated, may accelerate large
artery stiffness and thus perpetuate a vicious cycle. Circulation. 1997;96:308-315
• Baroreceptors (stabilize BP during movement/activity) become less
sensitive with aging. This may contribute to the relatively common
finding of orthostatic hypotension.
21. Observed Hematologic Changes
• A decrease in total body water is observed with aging. Blood
volume therefore decreases.
• The number of red blood cells are reduced, but not
significantly.
• Most of the white blood cells stay at the same levels, but
lymphocytes decrease in number and effectiveness.
22. Observed Hematologic Changes
• Overall, cell counts and parameters in the
peripheral blood are not significantly different
from in young adult life.
• However, the cellularity of the bone marrow
decreases moderately. For example, 30%
cellularity on an iliac crest biopsy (which would be
very low for a young adult) is not unusual in an
older person.
24. Age and the Immune System
• The efficiency of the immune system declines with age, but this is
variable among persons.
• Nonspecific defenses become less effective
• The ability of the body to make antibodies diminishes.
• Autoimmune disorders are increased in older adults. Not everyone
believes that the increased incidence of autoimmune disease is an
expected part of aging.
– but all acknowledge the increase in findings of positive rheumatoid factor,
anti-nuclear antibody, and false-positive syphilis screens in healthy older
adults.
• The thymus gland (which produces hormones that activate T cells)
atrophies throughout life.
• The peripheral T-cells (J. Immunol. 144: 3569, 1990) proliferate much less exuberantly in
old age.
25. The Result….
• Common infections are often more severe
with slower recovery & decreased chances
of developing adequate immunity.
27. Observed Changes in the Lungs
• The number of cilia & their level of activity is
reduced.
• Glandular cells in large airways are reduced.
• Decreased number of nerve endings in larynx.
• The cough reflex is blunted thus decreasing the
effectiveness of cough.
• Decreased levels of secretory IgA in nose & lungs
decreased ability to neutralize viruses.
• The number of alveoli do not change significantly.
28. Observed Changes in the Lung
• The number of FUNCTIONAL alveoli decreases
as the alveolar walls become thin, the aveoli
enlarge, are less elastic.
• Decreased elasticity of the lungs may be due
to collagen cross-linking.
• The loss of elasticity accounts for "senile
hyperinflation"; unlike in smokers, there is
little or no destruction of the alveoli.
29. Observed Changes in the Lungs
• Combine less functional alveoli with slightly
thickened capillaries decreased surface
area available for O2-CO2 exchange lower O2
to supply vital organs, especially in setting of
acute respiratory illness.
30. Observed Changes in the Lungs
• The respiratory muscles lose strength &
endurance.
• There is increased stiffness of chest wall (ie,
decreased compliance).
• Pulmonary vasculature becomes less elastic,
pulmonary artery thickens & enlarges
increased resistance to blood flow in lungs
increased pulmonary artery pressure.
32. Observed Changes in the Kidney
• Renal blood vessels become smaller & thicker
reducing renal blood flow.
• Decreased renal blood flow from about 600ml/min
(age 40) to about 300ml/min (age 80)
• Kidney size decreases by 20-30% by age 90.
– This loss occurs primarily in the cortex where the
glomeruli (# of gloms decrease by 30-40% by age 80) are
located.
• Decreased GFR. Typically begins to decline at
about age 40. By age 75 GFR may be about 50%
less than young adult. Current research shows
that this is not true for all elders, however.
33. Observed Changes in the Kidney
• There is a decline in the number of renal tubular
cells, an increase in tubular diverticula, & a
thickening of the tubular walls decreased ability
to concentrate urine & clear drugs from the body.
• Overall kidney function, however, remains normal
unless there is excessive stress on the system.
35. Observed Changes in the Bladder & Such….
• The muscular ureters, urethra, & bladder
lose tone & elasticity. The bladder may
retain urine.
– This causes incomplete emptying.
• Decline in bladder capacity from about 500-
600mL to about 250ml less urine can be
stored in the bladder.
– This causes more frequent urination.
– The warning period between the urge and
actual urination is shortened or lost as one ages.
37. Observed Changes in the Musculoskeletal
System…..
• Muscles
– Sarcopenia (↓ muscle mass & contractile force) occurs
with age. Some of this muscle-wasting is due to
diminished growth hormone production (NEJM 323: 1, 1990),
– exactly how much is due to aging versus disuse is unclear.
– Sarcopenia is associated with increased fatigue & risk of
falling (so may compromise ADLs).
– Sarcopenia affects all muscles including, for example, the
respiratory muscles (↓ efficiency of breathing) & GI tract
(constipation).
38. Observed Changes in the Musculoskeletal
System…..
• Bone/Tendons/Ligaments
– Gradual loss of bone mass (bone resorption > bone
formation) starting around age 30s.
– Decreased water content in cartilage
• the “wear-&-tear” theory regarding cartilage destruction &
activity doesn’t hold up as osteoarthritis is also frequently seen in
sedentary elders.
– Decreased water in the cartilage of the intervertebral discs
results in a ↓ in compressibility and flexibility. This may
be one reason for loss of height.
– There is also some decrease in water content of tendons &
ligaments contributing to ↓ mobility.
40. Observed Changes in the GI Tract
• Some sources claim that one can expect atrophy & decrease in the number of
(especially) anterior (salty/sweet) taste buds, but this is controversial NEJM 322: 438, 1990
• Basal and maximal stomach acid production diminish sharply in old age. At the
same time, the mucosa thins. Very little seems to happen to the small bowel (J. Clin. Path.
45: 450, 1992)
• Decline in number of gastric cells decreased production HCL (an acidic
environment is necessary for the release of vitamin B12 from food sources)
• Decrease in amount of pancreatic enzymes without appreciable changes in fat,
CHO, or protein digestion.
• Diminished gastric (eg pepsinogen) & pancreatic enzymes result in a hinderance to
the absorption of other nutrients like iron, calcium, & folic acid.
• Hepatic blood flow, size & weight decrease with age. Overall function, however,
is preserved, but may be less efficient in the setting of drug overload.
• Decreased tone in stomach & intestines result in slower peristalsis constipation.
42. Observed Neurologic Changes
• There is neuronal loss in the brain throughout life (the amount &
location varies). J. Ger. 47: B26, 1992.
– Loss is chiefly gray matter not white matter
– there is some evidence that although some neuronal loss occurs with
age, many neurons have ↑ dendrite growth which may (at least
partially) compensate for neuronal loss in some areas of the brain.
• Slowed neuronal transmission
• Loss of brain weight and volume in most studies
• Loss of dendritic arbor, with reduced interneuronal connectivity
• Interneuronal accumulation of lipofuscin and loss of organelles
• Neurofibrillary degeneration of neurons; accumulation of senile
plaques, especially in hippocampus, amygdala, and frontal cortex
43. Observed Neurologic Changes
• The lens of the eye loses fluid and becomes less
flexible, making it more difficult to focus at the near
range.
• Dry eyes
• Changes in sleep cycle: takes longer to fall asleep,
total time spent sleeping is less than their younger
years, awakenings throughout the night, increase in
frequency of daytime naps
• Sense of smell markedly decreases
46. Observed Hair Changes
– Men:
• men loose the hair about their temples during their 20s
• hairline recedes or male pattern baldness may occur
• increased hair growth in ears, nostrils, & on eyebrows
• loss of body hair
– Women
• Usually do not bald, but may experience a receding hairline
• hair becomes thinner
• Increased hair growth about chin & around lips
• loss of body hair
47. Observed Toenail Changes
– Become thicker & more difficult to cut
– Grow more slowly
– May have a yellowish color
48. Observed Skin Changes - Epidermis
• The number of epidermal cells decreases by
10% per decade and they divide more slowly
making the skin less able to repair itself
quickly.
• Epidermal cells become thinner making the
skin look noticeably thinner.
• Changes in the epidermis allows more fluid
to escape the skin.
49. In Between
• The rete-ridges of the dermal-epidermal
junction flatten out
– making the skin more fragile and making it easier
for the skin to shear.
– This process also decreases the amount of
nutrients available to the epidermis by decreasing
the surface area in contact with the dermis.
= slower repair/turnover
50. Observed Skin Changes - Dermis
These changes cause the skin to wrinkle and sag.
• The dermal layer thins
• Less collagen is produced
• The elastin fibers that provide elasticity wear
out.
---------
• ↓ function of sebaceous & sweat glands
contribute to dry skin
51. Observed Skin Changes – SubQ
• The fat cells get smaller
– This leads to more noticeable wrinkles and
sagging
53. Endocrine System
• Because the endocrine system is so complex &
interrelated it is difficult to discern the effects
of aging on specific glands
54. Age-Related Changes in the Endocrine
System
• In most glands there is some atrophy &
decreased secretion with age, but the clinical
implications of this are not known.
• What may be different is hormonal action.
55. Age-Related Changes in the Endocrine
System
Hormonal alterations are variable & gender-
dependent
• Most apparent in:
– glucose homeostasis
– reproductive function
– calcium metabolism
• Subtle in:
– adrenal function
– thyroid function
56. Age-Related Changes in the Reproductive
System
Women
• The “climacteric” occurs (defined as the period during with reproductive capacity
decreases (ie, ovarian failure) then finally stops = loss of estrogen & progesterone;
FSH & LH ↑↑). This is also described as the transition from perimenopause (~age
40s) to menopause.
• thinning & graying of pubic hair
• loss of subQ fat in external genitalia giving them a shrunken appearance
• ovaries & uterus decreases in size & weight
• skin is less elastic + loss of glandular tissue gives breasts a sagging appearance
• other physical changes may include hot flashes (can cause sleep deprivation if they
occur at night), sweats, irritability, depression, headaches, myalgias. Sexual desire is
variable. The symptoms are typically present for about 5 years
• atrophy of vaginal tissues due to low estrogen levels = thinning & dryness occurs;
57. Age-Related Changes in the Reproductive
System
Men
• Testosterone decreases, testes become softer & smaller
• Erections are less firm & often require direct stimulation to
retain rigidity
• Though fewer viable sperm are produced & their motility
decreases, men continue to produce enough viable sperm to
fertilize ova well into older age.
• Less seminal fluid may be ejaculated
• they may not experience orgasms every time they have sex
• the prostate gland enlarges; this often results in compression
of the urethra which may inhibit the flow of urine.
59. Integrity vs despair
• Psychosocial
Conflict: Integrity versus
despair
• Major Question: "Did I
live a meaningful life?“
• Basic Virtue: Wisdom
• Important
Event(s): Reflecting back
on life
• Integrity: the state of
being whole and
undivided
• Despair: the complete
loss or absence of hope
• This stage occurs during late
adulthood from age 65 through the
end of life.
• During this period of time, people
reflect back on the life they have
lived and come away with either a
sense of fulfillment from a life well
lived or a sense of regret and
despair over a life misspent.
60. THE END
“healthy children will not fear life if
their elders have integrity enough not to fear
death.”
Editor's Notes
Biological age is the relative age or condition of a person’s organs and body systems.
Psychological age refers to a person’s adaptive capacities.
Social age refers to a person’s habits and roles relative to society’s expectations.
Legal age is based on chronological years.
Functional age is how people compare physiologically to others of similar age.
Prospective memory (i.e., memory for actions intended in the future)
Implicit: Incidental facts or features (e.g., the color of someone’s dress)
Explicit: like someone’s name
When older adults compare their current and past selves, they usually perceive more growth than decline in personality; that is, desirable traits are perceived as outweighing undesirable traits to an increasing degree through middle age and early old age.
Social clock: societies have rather firm beliefs about age appropriateness of various actions.
Continuity has been described as “a grand adaptive strategy” promoted by individual preference and reinforced by social approval (Atchley 1989).
In late adulthood, the primary tasks concern integrity versus despair; that is, each person is faced with making sense of his or her actions over a lifetime and with judging the purpose and effect of these actions.
elderly individuals tend to have smaller social networks and less frequent interpersonal contacts.
Older people rely more heavily than younger adults on family members and long-term friendships for input on important matters.
Hayflick and associates (Hayflick 1965; Hayflick and Moorhead 1961) in a series of experiments that established the maximum number of cell divisions (doublings) that would occur in carefully cultured normal human cells at about 50±10.
Telomeres are unique protein- DNA structures that make up the terminal region of chromosomes in eukaryotic cells. The telomere section of the chromosome does not contain genetic information; rather, it is composed of repeated stretches of six nucleotides (TTAGGG in vertebrates) that seem to perform a stabilizing or protective function for the end of the chromosome
Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death
Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair.
Erikson (1982) defines wisdom as a kind of &quot;informed and detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself