A man's life is normally divided into five main stages namely infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. In each of these stages an individual has to find himself in different situations and face different problems. The old age is not without problems. In old age physical strength deteriorates, mental stability diminishes; money power becomes bleak coupled with negligence from the younger generation.
Geriatric depression is a common and serious problem. It affects 17-37% of older adults in primary care settings and 11-30% of older adult inpatients and long-term care residents. Risk factors include advancing age, living in long-term care, female gender, physical illness or disability, lack of social support, and low socioeconomic status. Symptoms include apathy, loss of interest, withdrawal, appetite changes, sleep problems, feelings of worthlessness, and vague physical complaints. Treatment involves ensuring safety, meeting physical needs, supportive counseling, group therapies, education, and medication management. Suicide risk is elevated and prevention requires limiting access, family involvement, contracts, and treating underlying depression.
Elderly individuals face numerous psychosocial challenges including depression, social isolation, elder abuse, changes in societal roles, and losses. As people age, they experience role changes such as retirement, widowhood, and becoming grandparents which impact their identity and independence. They also face multiple losses including health, social contacts, finances, independence, and respect. Depression is common but often underrecognized and untreated. Social isolation can exacerbate mental health issues. Elder abuse includes physical, emotional, sexual, and financial abuse as well as neglect. Ageism also negatively impacts the elderly through discrimination and negative stereotypes. Maintaining life satisfaction, social support, health, finances, and personal control are factors that can promote successful aging.
The document discusses various physical, mental, psychosocial, and social changes that commonly occur among the elderly population. It notes specific changes like slowed reflexes, loss of muscle strength, decreased memory and senses. It also discusses challenges the elderly may face like social isolation, loss of income and independence. Finally, it outlines important considerations for caring for the elderly, including maintaining safety, encouraging exercise, managing medications and nutrition, and monitoring for potential abuse.
Here you get all update about care of elderly like introduction, definition, the normal aging process, factors affecting aging process, theories, , health problem in old age and their nursing care and health promotion in elderly.
Ankit Patel presented on care of the elderly. The document defined elderly as over 65 years old and discussed care needs unique to seniors. It described the normal aging process, including biological, psychological, sociocultural, and sexual changes that occur. Biologically, aging impacts nearly every system of the body, slowing functions and decreasing abilities over time in areas like memory, mobility, and senses. Psychologically, grief and loss are cumulative, and psychiatric disorders are more common in elderly. Socially, aging can bring respect or negative stereotypes depending on culture.
The document discusses geriatric care and aging. It defines key terms like gerontology, the study of aging, and geriatric care which aims to keep older persons independent and improve their quality of life. It outlines common physical, psychological, and social changes that occur with aging. It also discusses theories of aging, the role of nurses in geriatric care, assessing health in the elderly, and promoting nutrition, activity, and preventive care for older patients.
Nurses play an important role in supporting caregivers of elderly patients. They conduct caregiver assessments to identify needs. Nurses provide caregivers with information, link them to resources, and offer interventions to reduce distress and burnout. These interventions include support groups, education, and home visits. Nurses also teach skills to improve caregiver competence and confidence in areas like medication management. It is important for nurses to address the potential for elder abuse and help caregivers develop coping strategies. Caregivers can be formal, such as paid home health aides, or informal, like family. Both require training to safely care for patients' physical and emotional needs.
Needs assessments carried out by social workers evaluate an elderly person's living conditions, independent living skills, financial situation, family support, and needs for services. This determines if they require domiciliary care at home, attendance at day centers which provide activities and meals, or placement in residential or nursing homes that provide 24-hour care, meals, activities, and assistance with daily tasks.
Geriatric depression is a common and serious problem. It affects 17-37% of older adults in primary care settings and 11-30% of older adult inpatients and long-term care residents. Risk factors include advancing age, living in long-term care, female gender, physical illness or disability, lack of social support, and low socioeconomic status. Symptoms include apathy, loss of interest, withdrawal, appetite changes, sleep problems, feelings of worthlessness, and vague physical complaints. Treatment involves ensuring safety, meeting physical needs, supportive counseling, group therapies, education, and medication management. Suicide risk is elevated and prevention requires limiting access, family involvement, contracts, and treating underlying depression.
Elderly individuals face numerous psychosocial challenges including depression, social isolation, elder abuse, changes in societal roles, and losses. As people age, they experience role changes such as retirement, widowhood, and becoming grandparents which impact their identity and independence. They also face multiple losses including health, social contacts, finances, independence, and respect. Depression is common but often underrecognized and untreated. Social isolation can exacerbate mental health issues. Elder abuse includes physical, emotional, sexual, and financial abuse as well as neglect. Ageism also negatively impacts the elderly through discrimination and negative stereotypes. Maintaining life satisfaction, social support, health, finances, and personal control are factors that can promote successful aging.
The document discusses various physical, mental, psychosocial, and social changes that commonly occur among the elderly population. It notes specific changes like slowed reflexes, loss of muscle strength, decreased memory and senses. It also discusses challenges the elderly may face like social isolation, loss of income and independence. Finally, it outlines important considerations for caring for the elderly, including maintaining safety, encouraging exercise, managing medications and nutrition, and monitoring for potential abuse.
Here you get all update about care of elderly like introduction, definition, the normal aging process, factors affecting aging process, theories, , health problem in old age and their nursing care and health promotion in elderly.
Ankit Patel presented on care of the elderly. The document defined elderly as over 65 years old and discussed care needs unique to seniors. It described the normal aging process, including biological, psychological, sociocultural, and sexual changes that occur. Biologically, aging impacts nearly every system of the body, slowing functions and decreasing abilities over time in areas like memory, mobility, and senses. Psychologically, grief and loss are cumulative, and psychiatric disorders are more common in elderly. Socially, aging can bring respect or negative stereotypes depending on culture.
The document discusses geriatric care and aging. It defines key terms like gerontology, the study of aging, and geriatric care which aims to keep older persons independent and improve their quality of life. It outlines common physical, psychological, and social changes that occur with aging. It also discusses theories of aging, the role of nurses in geriatric care, assessing health in the elderly, and promoting nutrition, activity, and preventive care for older patients.
Nurses play an important role in supporting caregivers of elderly patients. They conduct caregiver assessments to identify needs. Nurses provide caregivers with information, link them to resources, and offer interventions to reduce distress and burnout. These interventions include support groups, education, and home visits. Nurses also teach skills to improve caregiver competence and confidence in areas like medication management. It is important for nurses to address the potential for elder abuse and help caregivers develop coping strategies. Caregivers can be formal, such as paid home health aides, or informal, like family. Both require training to safely care for patients' physical and emotional needs.
Needs assessments carried out by social workers evaluate an elderly person's living conditions, independent living skills, financial situation, family support, and needs for services. This determines if they require domiciliary care at home, attendance at day centers which provide activities and meals, or placement in residential or nursing homes that provide 24-hour care, meals, activities, and assistance with daily tasks.
Gediatry, mith and reality, theories of agingAnvin Thomas
The document discusses the history and physical examination of older adults. It emphasizes that the examination of older patients requires extra time and attention due to potential sensory, cognitive and medical issues. The exam should focus on functional status, medications, nutritional status and signs of abuse or neglect. The physical exam requires assessing various body systems while limiting the time in supine position which can cause discomfort. A thorough exam is important for appropriate diagnosis and treatment of conditions more common in older patients.
This document discusses geriatrics and geriatric care. It begins with definitions of geriatrics, geriatric nursing, and gerontology. The objectives of geriatric care are then outlined as maintenance of health, detection of early disease, and prevention of deterioration. General principles of geriatric care are listed, focusing on individualized care, independence, and comfort. Biological aging processes are described for various body systems. Theories of aging are explained. Geriatric health assessment approaches are introduced. Community support and responsibilities of nurses are outlined.
medical surgical nursing , nursing care of elderly patient with disease conditions and different care given to them,it contain introduction , definition, nursing care, patient teaching, diet management, research.
This document provides an overview of health care for the elderly in India. It discusses the increasing elderly population in India and challenges they face. Key points include:
- India's elderly population is growing rapidly and will exceed 300 million by 2051, placing stress on families and the health system.
- The elderly experience many health issues like cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, accidents and falls. Functional and economic dependency is also a major problem.
- Proper nutrition, physical activity, social engagement and managing medications are important for healthy aging. Support is needed through home care, day care centers and institutionalization in some cases.
- The government has introduced policies and programs to support elderly welfare, but more support is
All vital organs begin to lose some function as you age during adulthood. Aging changes occur in all of the body's cells, tissues, and organs, and these changes affect the functioning of all body systems. Living tissue is made up of cells. There are many different types of cells, but all have the same basic structure.
The document outlines various privileges, benefits, community programs, and health services available for senior citizens in India. It discusses national pension schemes, food assistance programs, tax benefits, travel concessions on public transportation, insurance schemes, and healthcare services specifically tailored for older populations. It also mentions various ministries that provide additional services and programs to support the elderly.
The document discusses provisions and programs for the elderly in India. It outlines constitutional provisions like articles 41 and 47 that require assistance and nutrition for the elderly. Key legislations like the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act of 2007 make it obligatory for children to maintain their elderly parents. Central government policies like the National Policy on Older Persons of 1999 and the National Program for Health Care of Elderly address financial security, health care, shelter and other needs of the elderly. NGOs like HelpAge India and the Geriatric Society of India also work to improve facilities and care for the elderly in India.
This document discusses geropsychiatry and related topics. It defines geropsychiatry as a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with mental health and illness in older adults. It also defines related terms like geriatrics, gerontology, and gerontics. It discusses theories of aging including biological theories focusing on genetic and cellular changes, and psychosocial theories examining social and psychological factors. Finally, it outlines techniques for effective communication with older adults.
The document discusses the aging population trends globally and in India. It notes that populations are transitioning to lower birth and death rates, resulting in more older persons than ever before. In India specifically, 10% of those over 60 suffer from mobility issues and over 50% of those over 70 have at least one chronic condition. The National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly was launched in 2010 to address the growing health needs of the elderly through community-based primary care and establishing geriatric services at various levels of the healthcare system from the community to regional centers. The program aims to promote healthy aging, prevent and manage diseases, and rehabilitate the elderly.
This document discusses abuse of elders. It defines elder abuse according to the WHO as harm caused within trusting relationships. Causes of abuse include negative attitudes and dependency. Types of abuse are physical, sexual, emotional, financial, and neglect. Signs of abuse include injuries, anxiety, and financial confusion. Prevention steps proposed include education, support programs, and monitoring for signs of abuse. The document also outlines welfare programs in India for seniors, including legal protections, healthcare programs, transportation concessions, and tax exemptions.
The term "care transitions" refers to the movement patients make between health care practitioners and settings as their condition and care needs change during the course of a chronic or acute illness.
This document discusses the legal and ethical issues related to caring for aged people. It covers topics such as negligence, malpractice, intentional torts like assault and battery, defamation, invasion of privacy, elder abuse and neglect. It also discusses advance directives, restraint use, do not resuscitate orders, withholding treatment, assisted suicide, informed consent, enteral feeding, and patient opposition to placement. The goal is to increase awareness of these issues and ensure the elderly are treated with dignity while protecting their rights and safety.
This document discusses aging and the elderly population. It notes that the worldwide population of those over age 60 will reach 2 billion by 2050. Aging is studied through gerontology and people are considered "elderly" from ages 60-85 and "very old" over age 85. Physically, aging can cause declines in vision, hearing, smell, taste and increased susceptibility to illness. Cognitive declines like memory loss may also occur. Socially, elderly tend to withdraw and reflect on their lives. Theories of aging include disengagement theory and activity theory. Issues facing the elderly include abuse, loneliness, poverty, health problems, and discrimination. Effects of aging include physical, psychological and social changes.
This document discusses psychosocial problems among the elderly and their assessment and management. It defines key terms related to geriatric care and aging. The most common causes of psychosocial problems in the elderly are described as financial insecurity, caregiving burden, self-neglect, housing issues, and elder abuse. Common mental health conditions seen include anxiety, sleep disorders, loneliness, dementia, delirium, depression, suicidal thoughts, aggression, financial stress, social isolation, and neurocognitive disorders. A thorough mental status examination of the elderly is important for assessing their behaviors, attitudes, and identifying any symptoms of mental illness.
The aging process causes changes in cells and organs over time through a combination of genetic and environmental factors. As people age, cells divide more slowly, immune function declines, and regulation of cell death is disrupted. Physically, aging is associated with loss of height, weight gain until late adulthood, increased body fat, and slower reaction times. While some organ decline is normal, lifestyle factors influence diseases like heart disease and cataracts. The aging process varies between individuals.
Elder abuse refers to the mistreatment and exploitation of older adults. It can include physical, emotional, sexual, or financial abuse, as well as neglect by caregivers or others in a trusting relationship.
This document discusses various biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging. It covers changes that occur in multiple body systems with age, including sensory, neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, and integumentary systems. Psychological changes discussed include intellectual functioning, learning ability, and common mental health problems among older adults like dementia and depression. Social theories of aging are also summarized such as disengagement theory, activity theory, selectivity theory, and continuity theory. The document provides an overview of the aging process from biological and multi-dimensional perspectives.
This document discusses geriatric care and nursing. It begins by defining geriatrics as focusing on healthcare for elderly patients. Geriatric nursing involves nursing care for older adults in various settings like homes, hospitals, and nursing homes. The document then covers aging processes and changes that commonly occur in body systems with age like sensory, cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal changes. It discusses theories of aging and factors affecting aging. Key principles of geriatric care are maintaining health, early disease detection, prevention, and independence. A comprehensive geriatric assessment evaluates areas like health history, physical and mental status, social support, safety, and integrated functioning.
Electroconvulsive Therapy is still being used. It is a procedure usually done under general anesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure.
NURSING CARE OF ELDERLY BY RAKESH SINGHRakesh Singh
This document provides an overview of nursing care for the elderly. It begins by defining elderly as over 65 years old and outlines the normal aging process, which includes biological, psychological, sociocultural, and sexual aspects. Biologically, aging impacts nearly every system of the body, slowing functions and decreasing abilities. Psychologically, memory changes and the ability to learn new information remains intact. Socially, aging can bring losses and the elderly desire respect and dignity.
Gediatry, mith and reality, theories of agingAnvin Thomas
The document discusses the history and physical examination of older adults. It emphasizes that the examination of older patients requires extra time and attention due to potential sensory, cognitive and medical issues. The exam should focus on functional status, medications, nutritional status and signs of abuse or neglect. The physical exam requires assessing various body systems while limiting the time in supine position which can cause discomfort. A thorough exam is important for appropriate diagnosis and treatment of conditions more common in older patients.
This document discusses geriatrics and geriatric care. It begins with definitions of geriatrics, geriatric nursing, and gerontology. The objectives of geriatric care are then outlined as maintenance of health, detection of early disease, and prevention of deterioration. General principles of geriatric care are listed, focusing on individualized care, independence, and comfort. Biological aging processes are described for various body systems. Theories of aging are explained. Geriatric health assessment approaches are introduced. Community support and responsibilities of nurses are outlined.
medical surgical nursing , nursing care of elderly patient with disease conditions and different care given to them,it contain introduction , definition, nursing care, patient teaching, diet management, research.
This document provides an overview of health care for the elderly in India. It discusses the increasing elderly population in India and challenges they face. Key points include:
- India's elderly population is growing rapidly and will exceed 300 million by 2051, placing stress on families and the health system.
- The elderly experience many health issues like cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, accidents and falls. Functional and economic dependency is also a major problem.
- Proper nutrition, physical activity, social engagement and managing medications are important for healthy aging. Support is needed through home care, day care centers and institutionalization in some cases.
- The government has introduced policies and programs to support elderly welfare, but more support is
All vital organs begin to lose some function as you age during adulthood. Aging changes occur in all of the body's cells, tissues, and organs, and these changes affect the functioning of all body systems. Living tissue is made up of cells. There are many different types of cells, but all have the same basic structure.
The document outlines various privileges, benefits, community programs, and health services available for senior citizens in India. It discusses national pension schemes, food assistance programs, tax benefits, travel concessions on public transportation, insurance schemes, and healthcare services specifically tailored for older populations. It also mentions various ministries that provide additional services and programs to support the elderly.
The document discusses provisions and programs for the elderly in India. It outlines constitutional provisions like articles 41 and 47 that require assistance and nutrition for the elderly. Key legislations like the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act of 2007 make it obligatory for children to maintain their elderly parents. Central government policies like the National Policy on Older Persons of 1999 and the National Program for Health Care of Elderly address financial security, health care, shelter and other needs of the elderly. NGOs like HelpAge India and the Geriatric Society of India also work to improve facilities and care for the elderly in India.
This document discusses geropsychiatry and related topics. It defines geropsychiatry as a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with mental health and illness in older adults. It also defines related terms like geriatrics, gerontology, and gerontics. It discusses theories of aging including biological theories focusing on genetic and cellular changes, and psychosocial theories examining social and psychological factors. Finally, it outlines techniques for effective communication with older adults.
The document discusses the aging population trends globally and in India. It notes that populations are transitioning to lower birth and death rates, resulting in more older persons than ever before. In India specifically, 10% of those over 60 suffer from mobility issues and over 50% of those over 70 have at least one chronic condition. The National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly was launched in 2010 to address the growing health needs of the elderly through community-based primary care and establishing geriatric services at various levels of the healthcare system from the community to regional centers. The program aims to promote healthy aging, prevent and manage diseases, and rehabilitate the elderly.
This document discusses abuse of elders. It defines elder abuse according to the WHO as harm caused within trusting relationships. Causes of abuse include negative attitudes and dependency. Types of abuse are physical, sexual, emotional, financial, and neglect. Signs of abuse include injuries, anxiety, and financial confusion. Prevention steps proposed include education, support programs, and monitoring for signs of abuse. The document also outlines welfare programs in India for seniors, including legal protections, healthcare programs, transportation concessions, and tax exemptions.
The term "care transitions" refers to the movement patients make between health care practitioners and settings as their condition and care needs change during the course of a chronic or acute illness.
This document discusses the legal and ethical issues related to caring for aged people. It covers topics such as negligence, malpractice, intentional torts like assault and battery, defamation, invasion of privacy, elder abuse and neglect. It also discusses advance directives, restraint use, do not resuscitate orders, withholding treatment, assisted suicide, informed consent, enteral feeding, and patient opposition to placement. The goal is to increase awareness of these issues and ensure the elderly are treated with dignity while protecting their rights and safety.
This document discusses aging and the elderly population. It notes that the worldwide population of those over age 60 will reach 2 billion by 2050. Aging is studied through gerontology and people are considered "elderly" from ages 60-85 and "very old" over age 85. Physically, aging can cause declines in vision, hearing, smell, taste and increased susceptibility to illness. Cognitive declines like memory loss may also occur. Socially, elderly tend to withdraw and reflect on their lives. Theories of aging include disengagement theory and activity theory. Issues facing the elderly include abuse, loneliness, poverty, health problems, and discrimination. Effects of aging include physical, psychological and social changes.
This document discusses psychosocial problems among the elderly and their assessment and management. It defines key terms related to geriatric care and aging. The most common causes of psychosocial problems in the elderly are described as financial insecurity, caregiving burden, self-neglect, housing issues, and elder abuse. Common mental health conditions seen include anxiety, sleep disorders, loneliness, dementia, delirium, depression, suicidal thoughts, aggression, financial stress, social isolation, and neurocognitive disorders. A thorough mental status examination of the elderly is important for assessing their behaviors, attitudes, and identifying any symptoms of mental illness.
The aging process causes changes in cells and organs over time through a combination of genetic and environmental factors. As people age, cells divide more slowly, immune function declines, and regulation of cell death is disrupted. Physically, aging is associated with loss of height, weight gain until late adulthood, increased body fat, and slower reaction times. While some organ decline is normal, lifestyle factors influence diseases like heart disease and cataracts. The aging process varies between individuals.
Elder abuse refers to the mistreatment and exploitation of older adults. It can include physical, emotional, sexual, or financial abuse, as well as neglect by caregivers or others in a trusting relationship.
This document discusses various biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging. It covers changes that occur in multiple body systems with age, including sensory, neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, and integumentary systems. Psychological changes discussed include intellectual functioning, learning ability, and common mental health problems among older adults like dementia and depression. Social theories of aging are also summarized such as disengagement theory, activity theory, selectivity theory, and continuity theory. The document provides an overview of the aging process from biological and multi-dimensional perspectives.
This document discusses geriatric care and nursing. It begins by defining geriatrics as focusing on healthcare for elderly patients. Geriatric nursing involves nursing care for older adults in various settings like homes, hospitals, and nursing homes. The document then covers aging processes and changes that commonly occur in body systems with age like sensory, cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal changes. It discusses theories of aging and factors affecting aging. Key principles of geriatric care are maintaining health, early disease detection, prevention, and independence. A comprehensive geriatric assessment evaluates areas like health history, physical and mental status, social support, safety, and integrated functioning.
Electroconvulsive Therapy is still being used. It is a procedure usually done under general anesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure.
NURSING CARE OF ELDERLY BY RAKESH SINGHRakesh Singh
This document provides an overview of nursing care for the elderly. It begins by defining elderly as over 65 years old and outlines the normal aging process, which includes biological, psychological, sociocultural, and sexual aspects. Biologically, aging impacts nearly every system of the body, slowing functions and decreasing abilities. Psychologically, memory changes and the ability to learn new information remains intact. Socially, aging can bring losses and the elderly desire respect and dignity.
- Old age is the final stage of life where physical strength and mental stability decline. Elderly are those over 65 who may have functional impairments.
- Aging is a biological process where systems slow down over time. People age differently and changes are usually gradual rather than dramatic.
- Aspects of aging include biological, psychological, sociocultural, and sexual changes. Biologically, systems like nervous, sensory, cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary show declines in function with age.
Ageing process it is the process in which ageshivpalsingh40
The document discusses aging and the aging process. It defines aging and provides chronological categories of aging. Some key physical changes that occur with age are discussed for body systems like muscular/skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, and others. Sensory capacities like vision, hearing, taste, and smell also decline with age. Social changes include retirement, widowhood, loneliness, and role changes. Psychological changes involve affects like self-esteem, personality, and depression as well as cognitive functioning including intelligence, learning, and memory.
This document discusses care of the older person and the normal aging process. It covers multiple body systems and how they change with age, including physical, mental, social, and sexual changes. Key points are that aging is a normal process, the body slows down over time, and nursing care aims to meet patients' physical, emotional and sexual needs while preventing abuse.
The document discusses geriatric care and the physical, psychological, and social changes that occur with aging. It covers changes to major body systems including the integumentary, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, digestive, urinary, endocrine, and reproductive systems. It discusses common diseases in elderly like Alzheimer's and provides tips for caring for elderly individuals, including maintaining routines, providing a safe environment, and using reality orientation. It emphasizes respecting an individual's culture, religion and beliefs.
Aging is a gradual, continuous process of natural change that begins in early adulthood. During early middle age, many bodily functions begin to gradually decline. People do not become old or elderly at any specific age. Traditionally, age 65 has been designated as the beginning of old age.
Aging is a natural process that occurs gradually over time and involves changes in biological, psychological, and social domains. Biologically, aging is associated with declines in cognitive abilities like processing speed and working memory due to changes in the brain and decreases in immune function. The heart and blood vessels also undergo structural and functional changes with aging like thickening of arteries and a slower heart rate. While aging impacts many systems and abilities, there is significant variability between individuals.
Common aging changes_spring 2014 abridgedShepard Joy
This document provides an overview of common age-related changes that occur at the cellular, physical, and organ system levels. It discusses changes that can impact the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive, musculoskeletal, nervous, sensory and immune systems. Some key points include how aging impacts lung capacity and heart function, increases risks for infection and fractures, and causes presbyopia, presbycusis and reduced senses of smell, taste and touch. The document emphasizes that understanding these normal aging processes is important for gerontological nursing care that promotes health and function.
Concept 'adulthood' (three phases: early, middle and late adulthood); Developmental aspects of early adulthood, cognitive development during early adulthood, personality and social development during early adulthood, Personality development, cognitive development (memory and intelligence); Social and Emotional development.
Physical and cognitive changes occur in late adulthood. Life expectancy has increased to around 80 years due to advances in medicine. Physical changes include presbycusis (age-related hearing loss), declining senses of smell and taste, osteoporosis, sleep issues, and sexual changes like diminished libido. Cognitive theories of aging include the cellular clock theory, hormonal stress theory, and free radical theory. Common health concerns in late adulthood are heart disease, cancer, stroke, arthritis, accidents, dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Memory involves both retrospective memories of the past and prospective memories of future plans.
Aging is the study of life changes that occur as one grows older across biological, psychological, social, legal, and functional domains. Common aging changes include declines in processing speed and working memory, sensory and perceptual changes, and changes in brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, muscles, bones and skin. The immune system also declines with age, making older adults more susceptible to infection. Overall, aging results from both primary aging due to genetic factors and secondary aging due to environmental influences and disease.
The document discusses the impact of aging on physiology, psychology, and social-emotional functioning. Physiologically, aging leads to declines in senses like vision and hearing, changes in skin and hair, loss of muscle and bone mass, and decreased function of organs like the heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal system. Psychologically, cognitive functions like memory typically decline with age, though intelligence and personality remain stable. Rates of depression also tend to increase in older adults. Socially and emotionally, retirement, loss of friends and family, loneliness, and loss of independence can negatively impact well-being and self-esteem in aging individuals.
Ageing is a universal process that causes multidimensional changes to the human body and mind over time. Physiologically, ageing impacts systems like sensory organs, skin, muscles, bones, heart, kidneys, and reproductive organs, generally causing deterioration. Psychologically, ageing can impact memory, processing speed, and mood. Socially, common challenges of ageing include retirement, loss of friends and family, loneliness, loss of independence and status, and depression.
This document summarizes age-related changes to the nervous system. It notes decreases in brain weight and cerebral blood flow. The myelin sheath and cellular structures like neurons deteriorate over time. Sensory systems like touch and hearing decline as well, with losses in peripheral receptors and auditory hair cells. Visual changes include reduced acuity and problems with glare. Cognitively, the ability to learn and recall new information reduces with age. Experimental findings show slower motor skills, reaction times, and responses requiring higher stimulation levels.
Geriatric patients present unique challenges due to physiological changes that occur with aging. Aging leads to decline in organ function and reserve capacity, making it difficult to distinguish effects of aging from disease. Geriatric patients often have multiple medical conditions and polypharmacy. They also require comprehensive assessment of functional ability. Atypical presentations of conditions like urinary tract infections, pneumonia, heart failure, and strokes are common in geriatric patients. Frailty increases vulnerability to stressors and is an important concept in geriatric medicine. Palliative care approaches are often needed to manage geriatric syndromes like dementia.
What is Geriatrics
Geriatrics is the branch of medicine that focuses on health care of the elderly. It aims to promote health and to prevent and treat diseases and disabilities in older adults.
Geriatrics was separated from internal medicine as a distinct entity in the same way that pediatrics is separated from adult internal medicine and neonatology is separated from pediatrics
Gerontology
Gerontology is the branch of biomedical sciences that studies aging. The term “geriatrics” is used to refer specifically to the medical study of diseases and problems of the elderly.
Changes with ageing
Skin
Epidermis thinner and fragile
Dermis less elastin and flexible
Hypodermis thinner and less padding
UV light accelerates skin ageing
Senile purpura
Eye
Ptosis
Dry eye
Tearing
Flatten & uneven cornea with light scattering
Hyperopia (farsightedness)
Smaller pupil requiring brighter light to read
Slower dark adaptation
Reduced contrast sensitivity
Ear
Reduced sweat glands with increased ear wax affecting hearing
Cochlea degeneration causing high tone loss
Kidneys
Reduced ability to excrete water, waste products and drugs
Less tolerate water depletion
Loss of circulation rhythm with nocturia
Smaller and less expansible bladder with frequency of urine
Less contractable bladder with hesitancy
Bigger prostate with fair urine stream
Bone
Continual loss of bone mass from the 4th decade
Hormonal change with more bone resorption than formation
Less Ca absorption
Shorter and stoop
Brittle with easy fracture
New bone formation at the verge of joints
Cartilage thinner
Nervous system
30,000-50,000 neurons die each day with diminishing reserve
IQ slowly decline after the age of 25
Reduced short term memory
Decreases retrieval ability
Interrupted and less deep sleep
Reduced pain, touch, temperature, and vibration sensations
Reduced postural control and balance
heart
Heart becomes more rigid with decreased output
Heartbeat less responsive to stress
Heartbeat less variable with each breathing
Irregular heart beat more common with ageing
Systolic blood pressure increases with age
Pulse pressure widened with hardened vessels
Less efficient venous return prone to postural hypotension
Lungs
Lungs become more rigid with early closure of small airways
Less efficient blood gas exchange
Chest wall becomes more rigid too
Reduced lung volume and vital capacity
Bronchial villi thinner and cough reflex less effective
Reduced ability to cope with challenges like climbing stairs, running
Reduced immunity prone to chest infection
GIT
Saliva glands secret less with dry mouth
Taste and smell senses decline
Less healthy teeth affecting chewing/nutrition
Stomach muscle weakened and less hungry
Small intestine villi absorb less calcium, vitamin B12, folic acid
Large intestine muscle weakened and secrets less mucus prone to constipation
Less liver blood flow and function with fall in toxic substance/drug clearance
Bile thicker with cholesterol prone gallstone
Diseases in old age
Geriatri
Geropsychology is the study of aging and provision of clinical services for older adults. As researchers, geropsychologists expand knowledge of aging and design interventions to address common problems. As practitioners, they help older persons and families overcome issues to enhance well-being. Common problems for the elderly include physical/cognitive decline, loneliness, poverty, health issues, and discrimination. Depression and anxiety are also prevalent, sometimes triggered by life changes. Psychotherapies like relaxation techniques, cognitive behavioral therapy, reminiscence therapy, and family therapy can help address mental health issues facing the elderly.
This document discusses the assessment of elderly patients. It outlines several key points regarding the assessment of elderly patients:
1) A geriatric assessment should be interdisciplinary and evaluate both medical and non-medical domains like function and quality of life.
2) Physiologic changes that occur with aging can impact assessment findings. For example, sensory deficits may interfere with history taking and many disorders only manifest as functional decline in elderly patients.
3) Several assessment tools are described, including the Timed Get Up and Go Test to evaluate mobility.
4) Certain findings may be misinterpreted in elderly patients. For example, fever responses can be blunted with infection and age-related crackles are common but
A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired. This typically includes a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history, but not deeper investigation such as neuroimaging.
First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery.
Nurse Managers are required to be aware of the techniques that can help them ensure effective management of educational/service unit. Communication is one of the most important activities in the nursing management. It is the foundation upon which the manager achieves organizational objectives.
Communication is a process of change. In order to achieve the desired result, the communication necessarily is effective and purposive.
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus. Sometimes, the walls of these blood vessels stretch so thin that the veins bulge and get irritated, especially when you poop. Hemorrhoids are also called piles.
Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) is the pre-eminent resuscitation course for the recognition and intervention of cardiopulmonary arrest or other cardiovascular emergencies.
Gallstones form when certain substances harden in the gallbladder or bile ducts. Risk factors include family history, being a woman over 40, obesity, high-fat diet, and certain medical conditions. Gallstones can cause inflammation of the gallbladder, blockage of ducts, pancreatitis, and rarely cancer. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, blood tests, and endoscopy. Treatment is usually surgical removal of the gallbladder to prevent complications from gallstones.
Pancreatitis is inflammation in the pancreas. The pancreas is a long, flat gland that sits tucked behind the stomach in the upper abdomen. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digestion and hormones that help regulate the way your body processes sugar (glucose).
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body.
The document summarizes the key parts and functions of the female reproductive system. It describes how the ovaries produce eggs and hormones, the fallopian tubes transport eggs to the uterus, and the uterus provides nourishment for a developing fetus. It also outlines the menstrual cycle and explains how the release of eggs, changes in hormones, and shedding of the uterine lining occur in a monthly cycle. Finally, it briefly discusses the breasts and their role in lactation after pregnancy.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
The nose has several important functions including smelling, breathing, filtering air, and draining secretions. It is composed of an external nose made of cartilage and bone, and two internal nasal cavities separated by a nasal septum. The nasal cavities contain conchae which increase their surface area. They are lined with mucosa and well-vascularized. Common issues involving the nose include nosebleeds, nasal fractures, deviated septums, infections, and rhinitis.
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
The human eye is an organ that reacts to light in many circumstances. As a conscious sense organ the human eye allows vision; rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision, including color differentiation and the perception of depth. The human eye can distinguish about 10 million colors.
The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. The skin is only a few millimeters thick yet is by far the largest organ in the body. The average person's skin weighs 10 pounds and has a surface area of almost 20 square feet.
Immunity can be defined as a complex biological system endowed with the capacity to recognize and tolerate whatever belongs to the self, and to recognize and reject what is foreign.
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
2. INTRODUCTION
A man's life is normally divided into five main stages
namely infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood
and old age. In each of these stages an individual
has to find himself in different situations and face
different problems. The old age is not without
problems. In old age physical strength deteriorates,
mental stability diminishes; money power becomes
bleak coupled with negligence from the younger
generation.
3. DEFINITION
Elderly is an individual over 65 years
old who have a functional
impairments
Elderly care, or simply eldercare, is the
fulfillment of the special needs and
requirements that are unique
to senior citizens. This broad term
encompasses such services as assisted
living, adult day care, long term
care, nursing homes (often referred to
as residential care), hospice care,
and home care
5. INTRODUCTION
• Aging is not merely the passage of time. It is
the manifestation of biological events that
occur over a span of time.
• It is important to recognize that people age
differently. The aging body does change.
Some systems slow down, while others lose
their "fine tuning."
• As a general rule, slight, gradual changes are
common, and most of these are not problems
to the person who experiences them. Sudden
and dramatic changes might indicate serious
health problems.
6. Normal aging has four aspects:
• BIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF AGING
• PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AGING
• SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS OF AGING
• SEXUAL ASPECTS OF AGEING
8. • Individuals are unique in their psychological
and physical aging process. As the individual
ages, there is a quantitative loss of cells and
changes in many of enzymatic activities within
cells . Age related a change occurs at different
rate in different people.
9. NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Decreased speed of neural conduction
• Decreased number of brain cells
• Decrease in cell of the nerve fibers
• Decreased neurotransmitters
• Decline in memory for recent events
• Decreased rapid eye movement sleep
• Decreased cerebral circulation
10.
11.
12.
13. SENSORY CHANGES
Eye :
• Diminished ability to focus on close objects
• Decreased visual acuity
• The eye's external changes give evidence of advancing
age. These changes result from loss of orbital fat, loss
of elastic tissue and decreased muscle tone.
• The cornea flattens which reduces the refractory
power
• The retina of older individual becomes thinner because
of fewer neural cells and receives only 1/3rd of the
amount of light that of a younger person. Due to this
problem in reading, not able to see in dim light and
also have difficulty in colour perception.
• The lens of the eye loses its elasticity and increases in
density
14.
15.
16. Ear:
• Hearing problem
• Cerumen gland are reduced in number dry and
hard ear wax, along with itching.
• Degenerative changes occur in ossicles
contributing to hearing loss
• Presbycusis is the term used to describe hearing
loss associated with normal aging.
Taste and smell:
• Decreased ability to taste and smell
• Very rarely the capacity to smell diminishes;
• Taste perception and taste discrimination
decreases as the age advances
17.
18.
19. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Decreased elasticity
• Decreased secretion of natural oil and perspiration
• Thinning of skin
• Decreased heat regulation
• Decreased protection against trauma and solar
exposure
• The number of pressure and light touch sensors
decreases with age
• Immune, vascular and thermoregulatory responses
of the skin decrease with age.
• Loss of hair colour and thinning of pubic, axillary and
scalp hair.
20.
21. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Decreased physical demands and activity of
heart.
• Slower heart rate and reduce cardiac output
• Decreased contractility
• Impaired coronary artery blood flow
• Less oxygen and blood supply to organ, so that
it affects the function of organ
• Decreased altered preload and after load
• Increased atherosclerotic plaques and blood
pressure
• Diminished ability to respond to stress.
22.
23.
24. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Respiratory muscles are atrophy and weaken
so reduced the ability of chest enlarge
• Short of breath
• Increased rigidity of thoracic cage, residual
lung volume
• Decreased gas exchange and diffusing capacity
• Decreased elasticity and vital capacity
• Decreased cough efficiency.
25.
26.
27. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Decreased bone density
• Decreased muscle size and strength
• Decreased joint cartilage
• In aging, the increased parathyroid hormone,
decreased vitamin D and calcitonin also play role in
calcium loss in older people.
• In women, estrogen deficiency, calcium
malabsorption, lifestyle factors (calcium intake and
exercise) can result in bone loss.
• Aging brings decline in numbers of muscles resulting
in reduced muscle mass.
• The muscle strength also reduces especially due to
lack of exercise.
28.
29.
30.
31. URINARY SYSTEM
• Decreased blood supply and loss of nephrons
• Less blood can filtered by the kidney
• Decreased bladder capacity, and concentrating
• Decreased diluting ability
• Increased prostate size
• Delayed sensation to void
• In female relaxed perineal muscles
• In men, BPH is associated with aging leads to urinary
incontinence (dribbling).
• Increasing age is also associated with an increase in
involuntary bladder contractions, a reduction in bladder
capacity and an increase in residual volume. These
contribute to development of incontinence in older adults.
• Weak pelvic muscles causes stress incontinence.
32.
33.
34. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
• Decreased salivary secretions, loss of teeth
• Lose of sense of smell and taste so decrease the
appetite and desire food
• Slowing of peristaltic action
• Altered nutrition, digestion and bowel function
• Weakening of lower esophageal sphincter
• Difficult to chew food because of loose teeth.
• Liver weight and size decreases with age
• There is decrease in number of hepatic cells and
as a result, a diminished capacity for metabolism
of drugs and hormones.
35.
36.
37. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Changes in women
• Decreased breast tissue
• Sexual dysfunction
• Decreased sexual desire
• Vaginal narrowing and decreased elasticity
• Decreased vaginal secretions
38. • Changes in men
• In male decreased size of penis and testes
• Erectile ability undergoes changes. Takes
longer time for erection, amount of semen is
reduced and the intensity of ejaculation is
lessened.
• It is not clear that whether the increase in
impotence is age related
41. MEMORY FUNCTIONING
• Short term memory deteriorate with age, long
term memory does not show similar changes.
• A well educated and mentally active person does
not exhibit such changes in faster rate.
• The time required for memory scanning is longer
for both recent and remote recall among older
people.
• This can be attributed to social or health factors
(stress, fatigue, illness), but it can also occur with
certain physiological changes due to aging.
(decreased blood flow to the brain)
42.
43. INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING
• Fluid abilities or abilities involved in solving novel
problems, tend to decline from adult period to
old age.
• High degree of regularity in intellectual function
present on most of the old age people
• Intellectual abilities of older people do not
decline, but do become obsolete.
• Their formal educational experience is reflected
in their intelligence performance
44.
45. LEARNING ABILITY
• The ability to learn is not decline by age.
• The slowing of reaction time with age and
over arousal of central nervous system are
noted in old age. It may lead to lower level of
performance in tasks which requires high
efficiency.
• Ability to learn continue throughout the life,
although strongly influenced by personal
interests and preferences.
• Accuracy of performances diminishes.
46.
47. LOSS AND GRIEF
• By the time individuals reach 60-70 yrs of age , they
have experienced numerous losses, and mourning
has become a life long process.
• It is impossible for some of the older age people to
complete the grief process in response to one loss
before the other loss occurs.
• Because the Grief is cumulative, this can result in
bereavement over load.
• This can further predispose to depression.
Attachment to others
• The need for attachment is consistent through out
the life span
• Well being of senior citizens can be contributed
through socialization and companionship.
48. Dealing with death
• Death anxiety among the elderly is more of a
myth than reality
• The feeling of abandment, pain and loss may
leads to fear or anxiety in elderly
Psychiatric disorders
• The later life constitute a time of especially
high risk for emotional distress
• Dementia, depressive disorders, delirium,
sleep disorders etc are the most common
psychiatric illness seen among elderly.
50. • Old age brings many important socially
induced changes, some of those changes have
the
• potential for negative effect on both the
physical and mental well being of older
persons
• They want protection from hazards and
weariness of every day tasks
• They want to treated with respect and dignity
and also want to die with respect and dignity
• In developing countries and Asian countries
the aged are awarded a position of honor, that
place emphasize on family cohesiveness.
51. • In industrialized countries many negative
stereotyped perspectives on aging still
persisting, aged are always tires or sick, slow
and forgetful, isolated and lonely,
unproductive etc
• Emplacement is one of the area where the
aged faces discrimination. Although
compulsory retirements has been eliminated,
discrimination still persist in hiring and
promoting the aged employees.
• The status of elderly may improve with time
as the number of elder person increases world
wide
53. Changes in female
• Menopause may begin anytime during the 40s or early 50s
• Gradual decline in the functioning of the ovaries and
subsequent reduction in the production of estrogen.
• The walls of the vagina become thin and inelastic and
vaginal lubrication decreases.
• Orgasmic uterine contractions become spastic.
• All these changes result in vaginal burning, pelvic aching,
irritability etc
• In some women these changes result in avoidance of
sexual intercourse
• These symptoms are more likely to occur with infrequent
intercourse of only one time a month or less
• Regular and more frequent sexual activity result in a
greater capacity for sexual performance
54. Changes in male
• Testosterone production decline gradually as the
age increases
• As a result of these hormonal changes the
erection takes place slowly and requires more
genital stimulation to achieve.
• The volume of ejaculate decreases and the force
of ejaculation lessens
• The testis become smaller, but most men
continue to produce viable sperm well in to old
age.
56. Three types of factor that mainly
affect aging
Genetic and
environmental
factor
Life style Disease
57. Genetic and Environmental Factors
• The aging process depends on a combination of
both genetic and environmental factors.
Recognizing that every individual has his or her
own unique genetic makeup and environment,
which interact with each other, that is why the
aging process can occur at such different rates in
different people.
• Environmental stress associated with exposure
to excessive heat and light trigger the activity of
aging genes.
58. Life style:
• However, many environmental conditions, such
as the quality of health care that you receive,
have a substantial effect on aging. A healthy
lifestyle is an especially important factor in
healthy aging and longevity .
• Behaviors of a Healthy Lifestyle
– Not smoking
– Drinking alcohol in moderation
– Exercising
– Getting adequate rest
– Eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables
– Coping with stress
– Having a positive outlook
59. • Aging process in men is mainly brought about
by over consumption of alcohol and heavy
smoking. Lack of exercise, inadequate rest or
sleep, mental stress show symptoms of early
aging.
• Other factors like regular consumption of
excessive spicy food and caffeine renders an
old look. Sloth and sluggish lifestyle makes
one feel old.
60. Disease
• Aging and disease are related in subtle and
complex ways. Several conditions that were
once thought to be part of normal aging have
now been shown to be due to disease
processes that can be influenced by lifestyle.
For example, heart and blood vessel diseases
are more common in people who eat a lot of
meat and fat. Similarly, cataract formation in
the eye largely depends on the amount of
exposure to direct sunlight.
61. • Osteoporosis and arthritis are the main factors
governing aging process in women.
• The toxins produced in Parkinson's disease
degenerate the neurons that hinders the
memory of brain.
• In Alzheimer’s disease, a substance known as
amyloid is produced that destroys the brain
cells. All these interferes with the normal
aging process.
63. • Biological theories
• Non-biological theories
- Disengagement Theory
- Activity Theory
- Selectivity Theory
- Continuity Theory
64. Biological theory
• At present, the biological basis of ageing is
unknown. Most scientists agree that substantial
variability exists in the rates of ageing across
different species, and that this to a large extent is
genetically based. In model organisms and
laboratory settings, researchers have been able to
demonstrate that selected alterations in specific
genes can extend lifespan (quite substantially in
nematodes, less so in fruit flies, and less again in
mice) Even in the relatively simple and short-lived
organisms, the mechanism of ageing remain to be
elucidated.
65. Non-biological theories
1. Disengagement Theory
• This is the idea that separation of older people
from active roles in society is normal and
appropriate, and benefits both society and older
individuals.
• There are research data suggesting that the
elderly who do become detached from society as
those were initially reclusive individuals, and
such disengagement is not purely a response to
ageing.
66. 2. Activity Theory
• In contrast to disengagement theory, this theory
implies that the more active elderly people are,
the more likely they are to be satisfied with life.
The view that elderly adults should maintain well-
being by keeping active has had a considerable
history
• However, this theory may be just as inappropriate
as disengagement for some people as the current
paradigm on the psychology of ageing is that
both disengagement theory and activity theory
may be optimal for certain people in old age,
depending on both circumstances and personality
traits of the individual concerned
67. 3. Selectivity Theory
• Mediates between Activity and
Disengagement Theory, which suggests that it
may benefit older people to become more
active in some aspects of their lives, more
disengaged in others.
68. 4. Continuity Theory
• The view that in ageing people are inclined to
maintain, as much as they can, the same habits,
personalities, and styles of life that they have
developed in earlier years. Continuity theory is
Atchley's theory that individuals, in later life,
make adaptations to enable them to gain a sense
of continuity between the past and the present,
and the theory implies that this sense of
continuity helps to contribute to well-being in
later life
71. • Multiple social, psychological, and biological
factors determine the level of mental health of a
person at any point of time. As well as the typical
life stressors common to all people, many older
adults lose their ability to live independently
because of limited mobility, chronic pain, frailty
or other mental or physical problems, and
require some form of long-term care. In addition,
older people are more likely to experience events
such as bereavement, a drop in socioeconomic
status with retirement, or a disability. All of these
factors can result in isolation, loss of
independence, loneliness and psychological
distress in older people.
72. Dementia
• Dementia is a syndrome in which there is
deterioration in memory, thinking, behaviour
and the ability to perform everyday activities.
It mainly affects older people, although it is
not a normal part of ageing.
• It is estimated that 47.5 million people
worldwide are living with dementia. The total
number of people with dementia is projected
to increase to 75.6 million in 2030 and 135.5
million in 2050, with majority of sufferers
living in low- and middle-income countries.
73.
74.
75. Depression
• Depression can cause great suffering and
leads to impaired functioning in daily life.
Unipolar depression occurs in 7% of the
general elderly population and it accounts for
5.7% of YLDs among over 60 year olds.
Depression is both under diagnosed and
undertreated in primary care settings.
Symptoms of depression in older adults are
often overlooked and untreated because they
coincide with other problems encountered by
older adults.
76.
77.
78. Abuse:
• Elder abuse is a general term used to describe
certain types of harm to older adults. Other
terms commonly used include: "elder
mistreatment", "senior abuse", "abuse in later
life", "abuse of older adults", "abuse of older
women", and "abuse of older men".
80. • Physical abuse: (hitting, slapping, burning, pushing,
restraining or giving too much medication or the wrong
medication)
• Psychological abuse: (shouting, swearing, frightening,
blaming, ignoring or humiliating a person)
• Financial abuse: (the illegal or unauthorized use of a
person’s property, money, pension book or other
valuables)
• Sexual abuse: (forcing a person to take part in any sexual
activity without his or her consent - this can occur in any
relationship)
• Neglect: (where a person is deprived of food, heat,
clothing or comfort or essential medication)
• An older person may either suffer from only one form of
abuse, or different types of abuses at the same time
88. Common health problems:
• Parkinsonism-characterized by tremor, rigidity,
slowness of movement
• Alzheimer disease- loss of short term memory,
deterioration in behavior and slowness of
thought
• Dementia- it is a chronic or persistent disorder of
behavior and higher intellectual function due to
organic brain disease.
• Depression, anxiety
• Sleep disturbance
89. Nursing intervention:
• Advice for hospitalization and encourage
visitors
• Teach fall prevention technique
• Environmental safety like sufficient light,
proper chairs for seating, elevated toilet seats
• Encourage slow rising from a resting position
• Reduce the risk of falls
91. Common health problems:
• Problem with speech, chewing and
swallowing
• Constipation
• Colon gas and fecal impaction
• Diarrhea
• Gastro esophageal reflux or hernia
• Fecal incontinence, prolapsed rectum
• Dysphagia, anorexia
92. Nursing intervention:
• Use ice chips
• Mouth wash, brush, massage gums daily
• Eat small quantity, frequent meals
• Eat high fiber, low fat diet, limit laxatives
• Toilet regularly
• Drink adequate fluid
• For appetite serve food attractively and
different types of foods
97. Common health problems:
• Female- breast cancer, cervical
cancer
• Painful intercourse
• Vaginal bleeding, vaginal itching
and irritation
• Male- prostate cancer
• Delayed erection
104. Nursing intervention:
• Wear eye glasses or sun glasses
• Use adequate indoor lighting with area light and
night light
• Use magnifier for reading
• Use large lettering to label medication
• Avoid night driving
• Advice for hearing examination
• Allow the individual more time to adjust to the
environment
• Use gestures and object to help with verbal
communication
• Speak slowly and clearly
106. Common health problems :
• Pressure sores
• Herpes zoster
• Dermatitis
• Pruritus
• bone structure is prominent
107. Nursing Intervention:
• Avoid solar exposure
• Cloth dress appropriately for
temperature
• Maintain a safe indoor temperature
• Bath only 1-2 times weekly
• Excessive use of soap should be
avoided
• Apply cream for lubricate skin
109. Introduction :
• Health maintenance and health promotion is
very important. In health care of elderly
following points are included:
• Exercise and activity:
• Nutrition and diet:
• Stress management:
• Self care and responsibility :
• Community services:
110. Exercise and activity:
• Balance between exercise and activity is most
important for elder person as it decrease risk
of many health issues. Exercise also improve
nutrition and reduce stress. In addition it
decrease risk of hypertension or maintain
blood pressure in hypertensive elder person. It
increase oxygen saturation and increase lungs
capacity. Elder person should do exercise on
regular basis as tolerated. They should do light
exercise like walking and slow running.
111. Nutrition and diet:
• Maintenance of nutritional status in elder persons
are also important because with increase in age
digestive capacity diminish. The nutrition should be
well balance that has higher amount of calcium,
iron and other essential nutrients. Following things
should be considered by elder person regarding diet
• Meal time should be kept simple and calm.
• Food is cut in to small pieces to prevent choking.
• Liquids food may be easier to swallow.
• Temperature of the food should be checked to
prevent burns.
• Encourage for good mouth care.
• Avoid alcohol.
• Review all prescription and over the counter
medication with patient and evaluate nutritional
status.
112. Stress management:
• By the time individuals reach 60-70 yrs of age ,
they have experienced numerous losses, and
stress has become a life long process. In
addition hormonal changes also cause stress
among elderly. So stress management is
essential for them. Long term stress cause
hypertension, stroke and heart disease.
Explain older person about stress
management techniques like yoga, exercise
meditation etc.
113. Self care and responsibility:
• Older person also need to learn about self care
and responsibility. So following instruction can be
given to them about self care:
• Monitor blood pressure and blood sugar
regularly.
• Diet control and balance diet.
• Stop alcohol consumption and smoking
• Get vision and hearing checked periodically.
• Advice to take proper rest and sleep.
• Exercise regularly.
114. Community services:
• Many community supports exist that help the
older person maintain independence. Informal
sources of help, such as family, friends, the
mail carrier, church members, and neighbors,
can all keep an informal watch. Area Agencies
on Aging perform many community services,
including telephone reassurance, friendly
visitors, home repair services, and home-
delivered meals. Homemaker and chore
services can be obtained at an hourly rate
through these agencies or through local
community nursing services.
115. • Most commonly used services are as follow:
• Group counseling centre
• Adult day centre
• Rehabilitation centre
• Hospice care
• Ambulatory care centre
116. What is role of family member in
care of elderly?