భూసార సంబందిత సమస్యలు

1. Éèí∂™ê~°ã¨O|Okè`«ã¨=∞㨺Å∞
1. =∂q KÒ_»∞ <ÕÅÅ∞, ѨzÛ~˘@ì ÃÑ·~°¡Ö’ Uq ÉÏQÆ∞OÏ~Ú?
ѨzÛ~˘@ì ÃÑ·~°¡Ö’ KÒ_»∞ <ÕÅÖ’¡ ÃÑOK«_®xH˜ rÅ∞QÆ J#∞‰õÄÅO. ZHõ~åxH˜ 12–14 H˜Ö’Å q`«Î#O
"å_»=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok. ѨO@‰õΩ 40–50 ~ÀAÅ =Ü«∞ã¨∞Ö’ (+¨µ=∂~°∞QÍ 60 âß`«O ѨÓ`« ^Œâ◊Ö’)
Éèí∂q∞Ö’ HõeÜ«∞^Œ∞<åfle. =∂=¸Å∞ <ÕÅÖ’¡ [#∞=Ú, Ñ≤e¡ÃÑã¨~°, ÃÑã¨~°, JÅã¨O^Œ =O˜ ÃÑ·~°¡#∞
"Õã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. =~å¬Å∞ PÅ㨺=∞ÜÕ∞º Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ÅÖ’ [#∞=Ú#∞ <å~°H˘~°‰õΩ ÃÑOK«∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
2. =iÖ’ "ÕѨ Ñ≤O_ç "å_»=K«∞Û<å?
"å_»=K«∞Û#∞. =i ÃÑ·~°∞Ö’ Ü«¸iÜ«∂#∞ "Õ¿ã@ѨC_»∞, "ÕѨÑ≤O_ç`À HõeÑ≤ (5:1 x+¨ÊuÎÖ’) XHõ˜ Ô~O_»∞
~ÀAÅ∞ xÅ∞==ÙOz "≥^Œ[e¡`Õ #„`«[x qxÜ≥∂QÆO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
3. |Ü≥∂™êÊ~ü¯, |Ü≥∂*ˇ·"£∞ =O˜q =∂Ô~¯òÖ’ qѨs`«OQÍ =ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. g˜x "å_»_»O =Å# ÖÏÉèíO
=ÙO@∞O^•?
W@∞=O˜ =∞O^Œ∞Å#∞ J"≥∞ÿ<À Ü«∂ã≤_£Å∞ =∞iÜ«Ú Ç¨~À‡<£Å∞ Hõey# q∞„â◊=∂Å∞QÍ ¢ÃÑ·"Õò HõOÃÑhÅ
"å~°∞ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’ q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. HÍh g˜ "å_»HõO ÃÑ·#QÍx, "å˜Ö’x =¸Å Ѩ^•~å÷ÅÃÑ·# QÍx
Z@∞=O˜ x~å÷~°} =∞iÜ«Ú Ñ¨iâ’^èŒ#Å∞ =º=™êÜ«∞ qâ◊fi^•ºÅÜ«∞O "å~°∞ [~°Ñ¨ÖË^Œ∞. ÖÏÉèí #ëêìÅ#∞
JOK«<å "≥Ü«∞ºÖË^Œ∞. HÍ|˜ì =º=™êÜ«∞ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O ^•fi~å Wq ã≤á¶ê~°ã¨∞Ö’ ÖË=Ù.
4. =i<å@∞¡ "Õã≤# <≥ÅÖ’¿Ñ Z„~°|_ç, ZO_ç#@¡~Ú K«xáÈ`ÀOk? H˘kÌQÍ KÒ_»∞ <ÕÅÅ∞. D <ÕÅÖ’ ™êQÆ∞Ö’
Z@∞=O˜ *Ï„QÆ`«ÎÅ∞ fã¨∞HÀ"åe?
g∞~°∞ =i<å@¡‰õΩ =ÚO^Õ KÒ_»∞#∞ `«yæOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ K«~°ºÅ∞ KÕѨÏìe. g∞q áêÅKÒ_»∞ <ÕÅÅ∞ J~Ú#@¡~Ú`Õ
á⁄ÖÏxfl z#flz#fl =∞_»∞Å∞QÍ KÕã¨∞H˘x =~°¬Ñ¨Ù h˜`ÀQÍx =∞Oz ™êQÆ∞ h˜`ÀQÍx á⁄ÖÏxfl ^Œ∞xfl XHõ˜
Ô~O_»∞ ~ÀAÅ∞ h˜x xÅfiÜ«ÚOz, P `«~°∞"å`« =Ú~°∞QÆ∞ h˜x HÍÅfiÅ ^•fi~å h˜x |Ü«∞@‰õΩ ѨO¿Ñ
U~åÊ@∞ KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. WO^Œ∞‰õΩQÍ#∞ á⁄ÅOÖ’#∞, K«∞@∂ì =Ú~°∞QÆ∞HÍÅfiÅ∞ U~åÊ@∞KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. =iH˜
=ÚO^Œ∞ rÅ∞QÆ#∞ ÃÑOz ѨÓ`«^Œâ◊Ö’ Éèí∂q∞Ö’ HõeÜ«∞^Œ∞#∞fl‰õΩO>Ë KÒ_»∞ „ѨÉèÏ=O KåÖÏ=~°‰õΩ
`«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok. KÒ_»∞#∞ `«@∞ì‰õΩ<Õ =i ~°HÍÅ#∞ (nÑ≤Î, "Õ^Œyi, ã≤ZãπP~ü 13, ã¨fi~°‚=Úd) ™êQÆ∞ KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe.
ÃÑ·~°∞ <å˜# `«~°∞"å`« D ã¨=∞㨺#∞ JkèQÆq∞OK«_®xH˜ h˜x `«~°K«∞QÍ Ãјì fÜ«∞_»O XHõ¯>Ë =∂~°æO.
5. =i á⁄ÅOÖ’ <ÕÅ#∞ Zxfl™ê~°∞¡ `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕã≤<å hà◊√§ xÅ= =ÙO_»@O ÖË^Œ∞. h~°∞ Ãјì# XHõ¯~ÀAÖ’
WOH˜áÈ`«∞<åfl~Ú?
Éèí∂q∞H˜ h˜x Ѩ˜ì=ÙOKÕ â◊H˜Î Éèí∂q∞ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ Éè∫uHõ ã¨fiÉèÏ=OÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç =ÙO@∞Ok. ѨzÛ~˘@ì ÃÑ·~°¡#∞
„Hõ=∞O `«Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_® ÃÑOK«∞`«∂, ¿ãO„kÜ«∞ Z~°∞=ÙÅ#∞ qiqQÍ "å_»∞`«∂ |OHõ=∞˜ìQÍx / K≥é∞=Ù
121

2. =∞˜ìQÍx á⁄ÅOÖ’ "Õã≤ HõeÜ«∞^Œ∞xfl`Õ Éèí∂q∞ Éè∫uHõ ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞ "≥∞~°∞QÆ~Úº, h~°∞ xÅ|_»∞`«∞Ok. ѨÓiÎ
ã¨=∂Kå~°O H˘~°‰õΩ Éèí∂™ê~° ѨsHõ∆Å∞ J=ã¨~°O.
6. =i ѨO@‰õΩ he P‰õΩѨK«Û <å~°∞, J*ÁÖÏ¡ r=# Z~°∞=ÙÅ#∞ "å_ç`Õ =∞Ozk JO@∞<åfl~°∞. D
Ô~O_çO˜h ZÖÏ LѨÜ≥∂yOKåe?
D Ô~O_»∞ r=# Z~°∞=ÙÅ∞ =i ѨO@‰õΩ #„`«[xx JOk™êÎ~Ú. H˘kÌQÍ HõÅÛ~°∞#∞ `≥zÛ =∞# á⁄ÅOÖ’<Õ
g˜x =$kú KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. nxH˜ 1 ÃãO@∞ (20g∞ ˛ 2 g∞) <å~°∞=∞_çx `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕã¨∞H˘x, ^•xH˜ 10
H˜Ö’Å =~°‰õΩ Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ ¿Ñ_»#∞ HõeÑ≤, 10 ÃãO.g∞. h˜x xÅQƘì ^•xÖ’ 8 H˜Ö’Å J*ÁÖÏ¡ HõÅÛ~°∞
K«ÖÏ¡e. nxH˜ 100 „QÍ=ÚÅ ã¨∂Ѩ~ü á¶ê¿ãÊùò#∞ =¸_»∞ q_»`«Å∞QÍ JOkOKåe. Dq^èŒOQÍ
`«Ü«∂~°∞KÕã≤# <å~°∞=∞_ç #∞O_ç 15 ~ÀAÅÖ’ 100–150 H˜Ö’Å∞ á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û. he P‰õΩѨK«Û <åK«∞#∞
‰õÄ_® W^Õq^èŒOQÍ 5 H˜Ö’Å HõÅÛ~°∞ `≥K«∞ÛH˘x =$kú KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. JÖÏ 15 ~ÀAʼnõΩ 30–40 H˜Ö’Å
<åK«∞#∞ (ZO_»∞<åK«∞) `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. g˜x "å`å=~°}O K«Å¡QÍ =Ù#flѨC_»∞ =$kú KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe.
Dq^èŒOQÍ `«Ü«∂Ô~·# J*ÁÖÏ¡#∞ ZHõ~å‰õΩ 100 H˜Ö’Å K˘Ñ¨C# QÍx ÖË^• he P‰õΩѨK«Û <åK«∞ ZHõ~å‰õΩ
5–6 H˜Ö’Å K˘Ñ¨C#QÍx =i<å@∞¡ J~Ú# "å~°O Ѩk~ÀAÅ֒Ѩ٠"Õã¨∞H˘x HõeÜ«∞^Œ∞<åfle.
W"ÕH͉õΩO_® ÉèÏã¨fi~°O#∞ JOkOKÕ á¶ê™ÈÊù ÉÏH©ìiÜ«∂#∞ ‰õÄ_® "å_ç #„`«[x, ÉèÏã¨fi~°O Z~°∞=ÙÅÃÑ·
20–25 âß`«O =~°‰õΩ Y~°∞Û `«yæOK«∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
7. =∂ É’~°∞ hà◊√§ KåÖÏ LѨÊQÍ =ÙOÏ~Ú. ѨsHõ∆ KÕ¿ãÎ ã≤3 Zãπ3 HÍ¡ã¨∞‰õΩ K≥Ok# h~°x iáÈ~°∞ì =zÛOk.
nxx "≥ÚHõ¯*Á#fl ÖË^• U^≥·<å ѨO@ʼnõΩ "å_»=KåÛ?
D h˜x ™êQÆ∞‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«_»O =Å¡ <ÕÅ ‰õÄ_® „Hõ"Õ∞}Ï KÒ_»∞Éèí∂q∞QÍ =∂~°∞`«∞Ok. W@∞=O˜
h˜x J`«º=ã¨~° Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ÅÖ’ =∂„`«"Õ∞ gÅ~Ú#O`«=~°‰õΩ =∞Oz h˜`À HõeÑ≤ (1:3 x+¨ÊuÎÖ’)
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«=Åã≤ =ÙO@∞Ok. U ѨO@ÔH·<å q`«Î#O "≥ÚÅÔH`ÕÎ ã¨=∞Ü«OÖ’ D h˜x "å_»~å^Œ∞.
`«~°∞"å`« ‰õÄ_® D h˜x LѨÜ≥∂yOKÕ@ѨC_»∞ h˜ áê~°∞^ŒÅ HÍÅ∞=Ö’ lѨûO xOÑ≤# ã¨Ozx LOz,
P ã¨Oz QÆ∞O_® h˜x áêiK«∞Û‰õΩO>Ë H˘O`«=~°‰õΩ LѨC#∞ `«yæOK«∞HÀ=K«∞Û. Y~°∞Û#∞
ÉèíiOK«QÆeæ#@¡~Ú`Õ lѨûO ÉÏ¡‰õΩ#∞ xi‡Oz h˜áê~°∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ U~åÊ@∞ KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. #Å¡ˆ~QÆ_ç <ÕÅÖ’ D
h˜x LѨÜ≥∂yOK«_»O =∞OzkHÍ^Œ∞. `ÕeHõ <ÕÅÖ’¡ H˘O`«=~°‰õΩ Ѷ¨~åfiÖË^Œ∞. ÃÑ· *Ï„QÆ`«ÎÅ∞ á꘿ãÎ,
"≥ÚHõ¯*Á#fl H˘O`«=~°‰õΩ LѨC#∞ `«@ìHÀQÆÅ^Œ∞. Hõ#∞Hõ kQÆ∞|_»∞Å∞ `«QÆæ‰õΩO_® ѨO_çOK«∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
8. =iÖ’ Ü«¸iÜ«∂‰õΩ |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ J"≥∂‡xÜ«∞O HÀ¡Ô~·_»∞#∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«=KåÛ? ZO`« "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’ "å_®e?
^Œ∞|∞ƒ KÕ¿ã ã¨=∞Ü«∞O =∞iÜ«Ú z~°∞á⁄@ì ^Œâ◊Ö’¡ 50–80 H˜Ö’Å =~°‰õΩ J"≥∂‡xÜ«∞O HÀ¡Ô~·_£#∞
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=K«∞Û. HÍh ÃÑ· áê@∞QÍ "Õ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ J"≥∂‡xÜ«∞O HÀ¡Ô~·_»∞ Hõ<åfl Ü«¸iÜ«∂<Õ
ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞Ok.
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3. 9. Ô~·*’aÜ«∞O HõÅÛ~°∞ áêÔHòÃÑ· ZO`«HÍÅO =~°‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«=KÀÛ =Ú„kOzÖË^Œ∞. D HõÅÛ~°∞#∞
Z<åflà◊√§ "å_»=KåÛ?
™ê^è•~°}OQÍ K«Å¡QÍ, á⁄_çQÍ =ÙO_Õ „Ѩ^Õâ◊OÖ’ xÅfiLOK«∞‰õΩO>Ë `«Ü«∂s `Õn #∞O_ç P~°∞ <≥ÅÅ =~°‰õΩ
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«=K«∞Û. Z‰õΩ¯= HÍÅO J~Ú`Õ JO^Œ∞Ö’x ÉÏH©ìiÜ«∂ #tOzáÈ~Ú HõÅÛ~°∞ ã¨=∞~°÷=O`«OQÍ
ѨxKÕÜ«∞^Œ∞.
10. ÉèÏã¨fi~°O Z~°∞=ÙÅ∞ (ã¨∂Ѩ~ü á¶ê¿ãÊùò)#∞ ^Œ=Ú‡Ö’ "ÕÜ«∞_»O ‰õΩ^Œ~°ÖË^Œ∞. ÃÑ·áê@∞QÍ "Õã¨∞HÀ=KåÛ?
ÉèÏã¨fi~°O Z~°∞=ÙÅ∞ "≥ÚHõ¯Å "Õ~°¡ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Ѩ_»`å~Ú. HÍ=Ù<å ã¨∂Ѩ~ü á¶ê¿ãÊùò ÖË^• U
~Ú`«~° ÉèÏã¨fi~°=Ú #OkOKÕ Z~°∞=Ù<≥·<å HÍx PYi ^Œ∞H˜¯Ö’<Õ, ѨO@ q`ÕÎ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’<Õ "Õã¨∞HÀ"åe.
JÖÏ gÅ∞HÍx ѨHõ∆OÖ’ quÎ# / <å@∞ Ãјì# 10 ~ÀAÅ֒Ѩ٠"ÕÜ«∞_»O ѨÓiÎKÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. JO`ÕHÍx
ÉèÏã¨fi~°O Z~°∞=ÙÅ#∞ (ÉèÏã¨fi~°O Hõey# HÍOÃÑ¡‰õΩûÅ∞ ‰õÄ_®) ѨO@ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ "ÕÜ«∞_»O
=Å# LѨÜ≥∂QÆO LO_»^Œ∞.
11. HÀà◊§ Z~°∞=ÙÖ’ áÈ+¨HÍÅ∞ JkèHõOQÍ LOÏÜ«∂? nxx ѨO@ʼnõΩ U "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ"åe?
HÀà◊§ Z~°∞=ÙÖ’ #„`«[x 1.5–2.5 âß`«O, ÉèÏã¨fi~°O 0.8 – 2.0 âß`«O =∞iÜ«Ú á⁄Ï+π 0.8 – 2.0
âß`«O =ÙOÏ~Ú. nxx Jxfl ѨO@ʼnõΩ Z~°∞=ÙQÍ ZHõ~å‰õΩ @#∞fl =~°‰õΩ "å_»∞HÀ=K«∞Û. D Z~°∞=Ù
"Õã≤# `«~°∞"å`« ѨO@‰õΩ h~°∞ ÃÑ@ì=Åã≤ =ÙO@∞Ok.
12. ÃÑ·~°¡Ö’ lO‰õΩ, W#∞=Ú, =∂OQÆhãπ, "≥∞wfl+≤Ü«∞O =O˜ ã¨∂Hõ∆‡áÈ+¨HÍŠ֒Ѩ x"å~°}‰õΩ Uq∞ KÕÜ«∂e?
Jxfl ÃÑ·~°¡Ö’ g˜ "≥∂`å^Œ∞ XHõ¯>Ë<å?
ÃÑ·~°¡Ö’ Ö’áêxfl QÆ=∞xOz#ѨC_»∞ lO‰õΩ 0.2 âß`«O, W#∞=Ú 0.5 âß`«O, =∂OQÆhãπ 0.3 âß`«O,
"≥∞wfl+≤Ü«∞O 1 âß`«O, ÉÁ~å<£ 0.1 âß`«O "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’ Ñ≤zHÍi KÕã≤ Ö’áêxfl x"åiOK«∞HÀ"åe. D
Ö’áêÅ∞ =KÕÛ J=HÍâ◊O =Ù#fl <ÕÅÖ’¡ lO‰õΩ (50 H˜/ÃÇÏ), W#∞=Ú (50 H˜/ÃÇÏ) =∞iÜ«Ú ÉÁ~åH±û (10
H˜/ÃÇÏ) =O˜q Éèí∂q∞ ^•fi~å JOkOK«_»O =∞Ozk.
13. =∂ ™êQÆ∞ h~°∞ ã≤3Zãπ1 HÍ¡ãπ‰õΩ K≥Ok#k. P~üZãπã≤ 2.94 =∞iÜ«Ú Ü«∞ãπZJ~ü 7.90 Jx iáÈ~°∞ì
=zÛOk. h˜ Ñ≤Ü«∞Kü 7.1 =∞iÜ«Ú Wã≤ 1.7 L<åfl~Ú. D g˜x =i™êQÆ∞‰õΩ "å_»=KåÛ Ñ¨O_»¡`À@ʼnõΩ
ZO`«=~°‰õΩ J#∞‰õÄÅ=Ú?
P~°∞`«_ç ѨO@ʼnõΩ, ѨO_»¡`À@ʼnõΩ D h~°∞ J#∞‰õΩÅO HÍ^Œ∞. =iÖ’ D h˜x H˘O`« =∞Oz h˜Ö’
Hõeã≤ H˘O`«=~°‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«=K«∞Û. KÒ_»∞#∞ `«@∞ì‰õΩ<Õ ~°HõÖˇ·<å nÑ≤Î, qHÍãπ, ã¨fi~°‚=Úd =O˜
~°HÍÅ#∞ ™êQÆ∞HÀ"åe. ѨÓiÎQÍ W^Õ h˜x LѨÜ≥∂y¿ãÎ Éèí∂q∞ ‰õÄ_® KÒ_»∞<ÕÅQÍ =∂~°∞`«∞Ok. HÍ|˜ì
J=ã¨~åxfl |˜ì =∂„`«"Õ∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ"åe.
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4. 14. D =∞^茺 =i‡HõOáÈãπì QÆ∞iOz Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ qO@∞<åflO. nxx =iÖ’ "å_»=KåÛ? W`«~° ѨO@ÅÔH·`Õ ZO`«
"≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’ "å_®e?
=∞#‰õΩ ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ ÅaèOKÕ ¿ãO„kÜ«∞ Ѩ^è•~å÷Å#∞O_ç, "å#áê=ÚÅ#∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOz HõOáÈãπì `«Ü«∂~°∞
KÕÜ«∞_®<Õfl =i‡HõOáÈã≤ìOQ∑ JOÏ~°∞. nxÖ’ áÈ+¨Hõ qÅ∞=Å∞ JkèHõOQÍ (0.74 âß`«O #„`«[x, 0.97
âß`«O ÉèÏã¨fi~°O =∞iÜ«Ú 0.45 âß`«O á⁄Ï+π) LOÏ~Ú. =i‡HõOáÈã¨∞ì |Ü«∞˜ #∞O_ç H˘x "å_»@O
Pi÷HõOQÍ ã¨=∞~°÷hÜ«∞O HÍ^Œ∞. =ÚYºOQÍ =i =O˜ "å˜Ö’¡ ZHõ~åxH˜ XHõ @#∞fl "ÕÜ«∞=Åã≤=¿ãÎ Y~°∞Û
KåÖÏ JkèHõOQÍ =ÙO@∞Ok. "å}˜[º ѨO@ÅÖ’, ѨO_»¡ `À@ÅÖ’ =∞iÜ«Ú ‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∞ ѨO@ÅÖ’ =i‡
HõOáÈã¨∞ì "å_»HõO ÖÏÉèí^•Ü«∞HõOQÍ =ÙO@∞Ok. ã¨fiO`«OQÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë =i`À ã¨Ç¨ U ѨO@ÔH·<å
ZHõ~åxH˜ XHõ @#∞fl #∞O_ç XHõ˜#fl~° @#∞fl K˘Ñ¨C# "å_»∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
15. =i <å˜ 30 ~ÀAÅ~ÚºOk. =∂q #Å¡KÒ_»∞ <ÕÅÅ∞ WѨC_»∞ lѨûO "å_»=KåÛ?
lѨûO#∞ =i ѨO@‰õΩ Z~°∞=ÙQÍ ã≤á¶ê~°ã¨∞ KÕÜ«∞_»O ÖË^Œ∞. KÒ_»∞ <ÕÅÅ Ü«∂[=∂#ºO H˘~°‰õΩ
("Õã¨qÖ’<Õ) =i<å@∞¡ "ÕÜ«∞Hõ=ÚO^Õ <ÕÅÖ’ HõeÜ«∞^Œ∞xfl "å_»∞HÀ"åe. ÃÑ· áê@∞QÍ "ÕÜ«∞~å^Œ∞.
16. Éèí∂™ê~° ѨsHõ∆‰õΩ =∞˜ì #=¸<åÅ#∞ ZÖÏ uÜ«∂ºe? "å˜x „ѨÜ≥∂QÆâßʼnõΩ ѨO¿Ñ@ѨC_»∞ ZÖÏO˜
q=~åÅ∞ ѨOáêe?
™ê^è•~°}OQÍ „Ѩu 5 ZHõ~åÅ#∞ XHõ Ü«¸xòQÍ fã¨∞H˘x #=¸<å#∞ uÜ«∂ºe. D S^Œ∞ ZHõ~åÅÖ’
<ÕÅ ã¨fiÉèÏ=O =∂i<å, qq^èŒ Ñ¨O@Å∞ ÃÑOz<å, "Õã≤# Z~°∞=ÙÅ "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’ `Õ_®Å∞<åfl "Õ~°∞ "Õ~°∞
#=¸<åÅ#∞ uÜ«∂ºe. á⁄ÅO "≥Ú`«ÎO uiy 10–12 KÀ@¡ #∞O_ç #=¸<åÅ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ"åe.
nxH˘~°‰õΩ <ÕÅÃÑ·# K≥`«Î K≥^•~åxfl `˘ÅyOz, 15 ÃãO.g∞. Ö’`«∞=~°‰õΩ 'V— PHÍ~°OÖ’ QÆ∞O@Å∞ fã≤
^À‰õΩ_»∞ áê~°`À JOK«∞Å #∞O_ç =∞˜ìx ¿ãHõiOKåe. Jxfl QÆ∞O@Å #∞O_ç ¿ãHõiOz# =∞˜ìx ÉÏQÍ
HõeÑ≤, =∞˜ì QÆ_»¤Å#∞ #ÅH˘¯˜ì h_»Ö’ P~°x"åfie. Pi# =∞˜ìx K«`«∞~°„™êHÍ~°OÖ’ Ѩiz <åÅ∞QÆ∞
ÉèÏQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèílOKåe. g˜Ö’ Z^Œ∞Ô~^Œ∞~°∞ =¸ÅÖ’¡ QÆÅ ÉèÏQÍÅ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ z=~°‰õΩ ã¨∞=∂~°∞QÍ
J~°H˜Ö’ q∞yÖË =~°‰õΩ KÕã≤ =∞˜ìx â◊√„Éèí"≥∞ÿ# QÆ∞_»¤ / áêekä<£ ã¨OzÖ’ "Õã≤ Éèí∂™ê~° ѨsH∆Í ˆHO„^•xH˜
ѨOáêe. nxÖ’ Ô~·`«∞ ¿Ñ~°∞, „QÍ=∞O, 㨈~fi #O|~°∞, á⁄ÅO, qã‘Î~°‚O, QÆ`«OÖ’ "Õã≤# ѨO@Å∞,
"ÕÜ«∞^ŒÅz# ѨO@Å∞, h˜ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# q=~åÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ∞Ѩ~°z, Éèí∂™ê~° ѨsH∆Í ˆHO„^ŒOÖ’
JO^ŒKÕÜ«∂e. #=¸<åÅ#∞ ¿ãHõiOKÕ@ѨC_»∞. K≥@¡ H˜O^Œ, QÆ@¡ "≥O|_ç, ÉÏ@ÅÖ’, Z~°∞=Ù, HõOáÈã¨∞ì
‰õΩѨÊÅ ^ŒQÆæ~° fÜ«∞‰õÄ_»^Œ∞. ™ê~°=O`«"≥∞ÿ#, x™êû~°=O`«"≥∞ÿ# KÀ@¡ =∞˜ìx HõeÑ≤ fÜ«∞‰õÄ_»^Œ∞. KÒ_»∞
Éèí∂=ÚÅÖ’ q_çQÍ, Ô~O_»∞ Ö’`«∞ÅÖ’ (0–15, 15–30 ÃãO.g∞) #=¸<åÅÖ’ ¿ãHõiOKåe.
™ê^è•~°}OQÍ Ñ¨O@Å∞ ÖË# ѨC_»∞ U„Ñ≤Öò, "Õ∞ <≥ÅÖ’¡ #=¸<åÅ#∞ fÜ«∂e. ѨO@ =Ù#flѨC_»∞
fÜ«∞=Åã≤=¿ãÎ =~°∞ã¨Å =∞^茺 #∞O_ç, ~°™êÜ«∞xHõ Z~°∞=ÙÅ∞ "Õã≤# 45 ~ÀAÅ `«~°∞"å`« h~°∞ xÅ|_»x
„áêO`åÅ #∞O_ç fÜ«∂e.
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5. 17. "Õ∞=Ú „_çÑπ ^•fi~å "≥ÚHõ¯Å‰õΩ Z~°∞=ÙÅ#∞ JOkOK«∞^• =∞#∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl=Ú. ^•xH˜ =∂=¸Å∞
Z~°∞=ÙÅ#∞ "å_»=KåÛ? q=~åÅ∞ `≥ÅÊO_ç.
„_çÑπ ^•fi~å h˜Ö’ HõÅã≤ "≥ÚHõ¯Å‰õΩ Z~°∞=ÙÅ#∞ JOkOK«∞HÀ=K«∞Û. gÅ~Ú#O`«=~°‰õΩ h˜Ö’ HõiˆQ
„^Œ= ~°∂ѨѨ٠Z~°∞=ÙÅ#∞ "å_»∞HÀ=_»O =∞Ozk. Jk Y~°∞Û`À ‰õÄ_»∞‰õΩ#fl^Œx ÉèÏqOz #@¡~Ú`Õ,
=∂=¸Å∞ Z~°∞=ÙÅ#∞ "å˜ QÍ_è»`«#∞ ÖˇHõ¯QÆ@∞ì‰õΩx =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ |Ü«∞@ XHõ „_»=Ú‡Ö’ HõÅ∞ѨÙH˘x,
`«~°∞"å`« `≥@∞ìÖˉõΩO_® P h˜x ÃѶiìˆQ+¨<£ „_»=Ú‡Ö’ HõÅ∞ѨÙHÀ"åe. ã¨~åã¨i HõÅ∞ѨىõΩO>Ë Hõ~°QÆx
Z~°∞=Ù ¿Ñ~°∞‰õΩx „_çѨÊ~°∞¡, =¸ã¨∞‰õΩáÈ`å~Ú.
18. =i<å@∞¡ "Õã≤ 40 ~ÀAÅ∞ J~ÚºOk. JHõ¯_»Hõ¯_® ‰õΩo§#@¡~Ú K«xáÈ`ÀOk?
ã¨Öˇ·Êù_»∞ WOAs =Å¡ ~ÚÖÏ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =ÙO_»=K«∞Û. ^•xH˜ =Ú~°∞QÆ∞h~°∞ xÅ|_ç =ÙO_»_»O HÍ~°}O. D
"≥ÚHõ¯Å#∞ fã≤ K«∂ã≤#ѨC_»∞ "Õ~°∞¡ #Å¡QÍ =ÙO_ç „‰õΩo§# HÀ_ç„QÆ∞_»∞¤ "åã¨# =ã¨∞ÎOk. D "Õ~°∞¡ ã¨∂~°º~°t‡
`«ye#ѨC_»∞ =∂=¸Å∞ QÀ^èŒ∞=∞ ~°OQÆ∞‰õΩ =∂~°∞#∞. <ÕÅÃÑ· QÍe |∞_»QÆÅ∞ |∞_»QÆÅ∞QÍ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk.
nx x"å~°}‰õΩ =Ú~°∞QÆ∞ HÍÅfiÅ ^•fi~å, h˜x |Ü«∞@‰õΩ fã≤, Éèí∂q∞x "≥O„@∞Hõ =∞O^ŒÑ¨Ù <≥~°Å∞
=KÕÛ=~°‰õΩ P~°xzÛ =∞~°ÖÏ h˜x ÃÑÏìe. D ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÅÖ’ lO‰õΩ ^è•`«∞ ֒ѨO ~å=_®xH˜ J=HÍâ◊O
=ÙOk. Hõ#∞Hõ 0.2 âß`«O lO‰õΩ ã¨ÖËÊù@∞#∞ Ñ≤zHÍi KÕÜ«∂e.
19. =∂q Wã¨∞Hõ <ÕÅÅ∞, K≥~°∞=Ù =∞˜ì `ÀeK«Û=∞O@∞<åfl~°∞ ZHõ~å‰õΩ Zxfl |O_»∞¡ J=ã¨~°=∞=Ù`å~Ú?
LѨÜ≥∂QÆHõ~°"Õ∞<å?
`ÕeHõ <ÕÅÖ’¡ |OHõ=∞#∞fl âß`«O ÃÑiy Éèí∂™ê~°O ÃÑOá⁄O^ŒÏxH˜, "Õã≤# Z~°∞=ÙÅ∞ ã¨kfixÜ≥∂QÆO
HÍ=_®xH˜ ZHõ~åxH˜ 20 |O_»¡ =~°‰õΩ K≥~°∞=Ù =∞˜ìx `ÀÅ∞HÀ=K«∞Û#∞. WÖÏ Hõhã¨O 5–6 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞
KÕÜ«∞_»O J=ã¨~°O. g˜`Àáê@∞ ¿ãO„kÜ«∞ Z~°∞=ÙÅ#∞ Z‰õΩ¯= "å_»∞`«∂, ѨzÛ~˘@ì ÃÑOK«_»O ^•fi~å
‰õÄ_® Éèí∂q∞ Éè∫uHõ ã¨fiÉèÏ"åxfl "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ѩ~°ÛHÀ=K«∞Û.
20. K≥é‰õΩ ѨO@‰õΩ r=# Z~°∞=ÙÅ∞ "å_»_»O =Å¡ LѨÜ≥∂QÆO LO@∞O^•? =∂ ^ŒQÆæ~° á¶êºHõìs "åà◊√§
"≥∞ÿHÀÔ~·*Ï áêÔH@∞¡ J=Ú‡`«∞<åfl~°∞. Wq "å_»∞HÀ=K«∞Û<å?
K≥~°‰õΩ ѨO@Ö’ #„`«[xx ã≤÷sHõiOKÕ J[’ÉÏHõì~°∞ / J*’Ãã·ÊiÖÏ¡ =∞iÜ«Ú Éèí∂q∞Ö’x ÉèÏã¨fi~°O#∞
JOkKÕÛ á¶ê™ÈÊù ÉÏH©ìiÜ«∞OÅ#∞ ZHõ~åxH˜ 2 H˜Ö’Å K˘Ñ¨C# 25 H˜Ö’ŠѨâ◊√=ÙÅ Z~°∞=Ù`À HõeÑ≤
^Œ∞H˜¯Ö’ K«Å∞¡HÀ=K«∞Û. "≥∞ÿHÀÔ~·*Ï ‰õÄ_® ÉèÏã¨fi~°O#∞ JOkOKÕ r=# Z~°∞=Ù. Wk "≥ÚHõ¯"Õ~°¡ÃÑ· x"åã¨O
U~°Ê~°∞K«∞H˘x Ѩx KÕã¨∞ÎOk. nx `«Ü«∂s Y~°∞Û Z‰õΩ¯= HÍ|˜ì, HõÅÛ~°∞ Ys^Œ∞ á¶ê™ÈÊù ÉÏH©ìiÜ«∞O Hõ<åfl
Z‰õΩ¯=. Ys^Œ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú ÅÉèíº`«#∞ |˜ì D Ô~O_çO˜Ö’ ^Õx<≥·<å LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
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6. 21. Éèí∂™ê~° ѨsHõ∆ x"ÕkHõÖ’ Ñ≤ÃÇÏKü 8.9, Wã≤ 0.34 q∞."≥∂ãπ ÅÉèíº #„`«[x =∞^茺ã¨÷O. ÉèÏã¨fi~°O 7.6
H˜/ÃÇÏ, á⁄Ï+π 140 H˜/ÃÇÏH˜ Jx =ÙOk. =~°¬O =Å¡ h~°∞ xÅ|_»∞`«∞Ok. <ÕÅ ÉÏQÍ kQÆ|_»∞`«∞Ok.
=i <å@∞ Ãјì# 5–6 ~ÀAÅÖ’¡<Õ "≥ÚHõ¯Å∞ K«xáÈ`«∞<åfl~Ú. =i™êQÆ∞Ö’ ZÖÏO˜ *Ï„QÆ`«ÎÅ∞
fã¨∞HÀ"åe?
g∞q HÍ~°∞ (#Å¡) KÒ_»∞ <ÕÅÅ∞. g˜ Ü«∂[=∂#ºO H˘~°‰õΩ =i "Õ¿ã =ÚO^Õ J=ã¨~°O "Õ∞~°‰õΩ
lѨûO#∞ á⁄ÅOÖ’ HõeÜ«∞^Œ∞xfl, Éèí∂q∞x z#fl z#fl =∞à◊√§QÍ KÕã≤, h~°∞ xÅQƘì, =Ú~°∞QÆ∞ HÍÅfiÅ
^•fi~å h˜x |Ü«∞@‰õΩ fÜ«∂e. nx=Å¡ Éèí∂q∞Ö’x JkèHõ ™È_çÜ«∞O =∂iÊ_ç K≥Ok |Ü«∞@‰õΩ
=ã¨∞ÎOk. WÖÏ 3–4 ѨO@HÍÖÏÖ’¡ KÕã≤, =iH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞ rÅ∞QÆ#∞ ѨzÛ~˘@ìQÍ ÃÑOz 45–50
~ÀAÅ =Ü«∞ã¨∞Ö’ (ѨÓ`«^Œâ◊Ö’) á⁄ÅOÖ’ Éèí∂q∞Ö’ HõeÜ«∞^Œ∞<åfle. P `«~°∞"å`« `«y#
"≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’ #„`«[x, ÉèÏã¨fi~°O, á⁄Ï+π =∞iÜ«Ú lO‰õΩ Z~°∞=ÙÅ#∞ JOkOz, KÒ_»∞#∞ `«@∞ì‰õΩ<Õ
=i ~°HÍÅ#∞ (nÑ≤Î, qHÍãπ, "Õ^Œyi, ã≤ZãπP~ü 13, ã¨fi~°‚=Úd) ™êQÆ∞KÕã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë kQÆ∞|_»∞Å∞
`«QÆæ‰õΩO_® K«∂ã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û#∞.
22. H˘|ƒi `À@Ö’ HÍÜ«∞=ez# `«~°∞"å`« =º~°÷OQÍ Ñ‘K«∞ KåÖÏ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ =ÙO@∞Ok. nxx
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ =∂~°æO U^≥·<å =ÙO^•?
H˘|ƒi K≥@¡ áê^Œ∞Ö’ QÍ_çx `«qfi, H˘|ƒi _˘Hõ¯ JOK«∞Å∞ ÃÑ·H˜ =ÙO_Õ@@∞¡ =¸_»∞ #∞O_ç <åÅ∞QÆ∞
=~°∞ã¨Å∞QÍ ¿ÑiÛ, =∞˜ì`À HõÑ≤Ê#@¡~Ú`Õ, g˜x P^• KÕÜ«∞@"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_®, "Õã¨qÖ’ h˜ Z^ŒÌ_çx
`«Ñ≤ÊOK«=K«∞Û. H˘|ƒi _˘Hõ¯Ö’ á⁄Ï+≤Ü«∞O JkèHõOQÍ =ÙO@∞Ok. Jk HÍÅ„Hõ"Õ∞}Ï "≥ÚHõ¯‰õΩ
JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’H˜ =ã¨∞ÎOk. D H˘|ƒi _˘‰õΩ¯#∞ ^ŒQÆæiÖ’x á¶êºHõìsʼnõΩ ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~å KÕã≤ JHõ¯_ç =º~°÷
Ѩ^•~°÷"≥∞ÿ#@∞=O˜ H˘|ƒi á⁄@∞ì#∞ `≥K«∞ÛH˘x, H˘|ƒi `À@ÅÖ’ zq∞‡ ^Œ∞#fl@OQÍx, ÖË^•
áê^Œ∞Ö’¡ =∞ÖòÛQÍ QÍx "å_»∞H˘x h˜x P^• KÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û. D á⁄@∞ì#∞ HõOáÈãπì `«Ü«∂sÖ’ ‰õÄ_®
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«=K«∞Û. HõOáÈãπì `«Ü«∂s nxx HÀà◊§ Z~°∞=Ù`À HõeÑ≤ (1:2 x+¨ÊuÎÖ’) ‰õΩѨÊQÍ "Õã≤
^•xH˜ ~åH± á¶ê¿ãÊù@∞#∞ („Ѩu 100 H˜Ö’ʼnõΩ 30 H˜Ö’Å∞) =∞iÜ«Ú ¢>ˇÿHÀ_≥~å‡ { Ѷ¨Ó¡~À@ãπÅ
HõÅÛ~°∞#∞ („Ѩu 200 H˜Ö’ʼnõΩ 1 ÉϘÖò) HõeÑ≤ áêekä<£ ѨÏì`À HõÑ≤Ê Ãјì <≥Å ~ÀAÅáê@∞
=ÙOz, P `«~°∞"å`« ѨÏì#∞ fã≤"Õã≤ HõeÜ«∞ɡ˜ì hà◊√§ zÅHõiã¨∂Î =ÙOz`Õ 60 ~ÀAÅÖ’ =∞Oz
HõOáÈãπì `«Ü«∂~°=Ù`«∞Ok. nxÖ’ 3.5 âß`«O #„`«[x, 2.5 âß`«O ÉèÏã¨fi~°=Ú =∞iÜ«Ú 2.0 âß`«O
á⁄Ï+π`À áê@∞ ã¨∂Hõ∆ ‡áÈ+¨HÍÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® ã¨=∞$kúQÍ =ÙOÏ~Ú.
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