Unit-2-Cardiorespiratory-System.pptx

IB SEHS SL
Unit 2: Cardiorespiratory
System

AssessmentObjectives:
Objective 1 :
DEFINE – Give the precise meaning of a
word, phrase, concept or physical quantity.
LIST – Give a sequence of brief answers with
no explanation.
Objective 2:
DESCRIBE – Give a detailed account.
OUTLINE – Give a brief account or
summary.
Objective 3:
EXPLAIN – Give a detailed account including
reasons or causes.
Unit2:CardiorespiratorySystemAO’s
2.1.1 LIST the principal structures of the ventilatory system Obj 1
2.1.2 OUTLINE the functions of the conducting airways Obj 2
2.1.3 DEFINE the terms pulmonary ventilation, total lung capacity (TLC),
vital capacity (VC), tidal volume (TV), expiratory reserve volume
(ERV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) and residual volume (RV)
Obj 1
2.1.4 EXPLAIN the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs Obj 3
2.1.5 DESCRIBE nervous and chemical control of ventilation during
exercise
Obj 2
2.1.6 OUTLINE the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation Obj 2
2.1.7 EXPLAIN the process of gaseous exchange at the alveoli Obj 3
2.1 –The Respiratory System (5 hours)

Example Exam Question
Choose the correct pathway that
air passes on its way from the
atmosphere to the alveolus.
(multiple choice)
Practical Lab Idea
- Collect gas in lung volume
bags to record vital capacity
- Collect peak flow data
- Inflate a lamb lung
IA Consideration
- VO2 MAX and performance
(need access to Douglas bags
or gas analysers) (T-test)
- Vital capacity vs performance
(correlation)
2.1.1–LISTtheprincipalstructuresoftheventilatorysystem
Can you draw up
some similarities
between your
ventilatory
system and a
tree?

State the name of four principal
structures of the ventilatory
system
(short answer)
Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Label the following
structures:
- Left bronchus
- Right bronchus
- Trachea
- Nasal cavity
- Diaphragm
- Left lung
- Oral cavity
- Larynx
- Pharynx
- Right lung
- Left bronchioles

What are the principle structures
of the ventilatory system?
(multiple choice)
Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)

2.1.2–OUTLINEthefunctionsoftheconductingairways
Outline the functions of the
conducting airways in the lungs
when an athlete is competing in a
marathon
(3 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Can you name any functions of the conducting airways?

What is a basic function of the
interior structure of the nose
during respiration?
(multiple choice)
Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Mix and
match the
structures
with the
correct
function
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Funnels air from nose
and mouth, provides a
low resistance pathway
for air
Protects the trachea,
preventing food and
fluids to pass through
Warms and moistens
inhaled air and filters
harmful chemicals

Outline one function of the nasal
cavity when conducting air
towards the lungs
(short answer)
Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Mix and
match the
structures
with the
correct
function
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Funnels air from nose
and mouth, provides a
low resistance pathway
for air
Warms and moistens
inhaled air and filters
harmful chemicals
Protects the trachea,
preventing food and
fluids to pass through

2.1.3–DEFINEthetermspulmonaryventilation,totallungcapacity(TLC),
vitalcapacity(VC), tidalvolume(TV), expiratoryreservevolume(ERV),
inspiratoryreservevolume(IRV)andresidualvolume(RV)
How is the vital capacity of the
lungs best defined?
(multiple choice)
Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
You have been given a slip containing a volume or capacity and a definition
All of you should be standing, walk around the room, find a partner
Ask them what card they have, then try and attempt to answer their card correctly (Quiz 1)
Make sure that feedback is given on what was incorrect
Then switch roles and let your partner answer your card. Again, correct them if incorrect (Quiz 2)
Change cards and find a new partner. Don’t worry about repeating the same card, this will reinforce
your learning. REPEAT REPEAT REPEAT. 10 minutes

State the relationship between
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
and tidal volume during exercise
(short answer)
Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Pulmonary
Ventilation
Inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs (also
called breathing)
Total Lung
Capacity (TLC)
Volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inhalation
Vital Capacity
(VC)
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
TidalVolume
(TV)
Volume of air breathed in and out in any one breath
Expiratory
ReserveVolume
(ERV)
Volume of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcibly
Inspiratory
ReserveVolume
(IRV)
Additional inspired air over and above tidal volume
Residual
Volume (RV)
Volume of air still contained in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

Suggest reasons for the difference
in the value of maximal volume
expired for cycle ergometry and
treadmill running
(3 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
With your partner can you describe Graph A and Table B

2.1.4–EXPLAINthemechanicsofventilationinthehumanlungs
Explain the muscular mechanics
involved in ventilation
(6 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Can you research the following and explain:
1.The actions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during inhalation and expiration
2.The relationship between air pressure and volume of air (in lungs and atmosphere)
3.What ‘accessory’ muscles assist with inhalation and expiration during strenuous exercise

2.1.4–EXPLAINthemechanicsofventilationinthehumanlungs
Explain the mechanics of
pulmonary ventilation in the
human lungs during high intensity
exercise
(6 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Can you research the following and explain:
1. Both diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract during inhalation (to increase size of lungs and
lower pressure) and relax during exhalation to force expiration to occur
2. Inhalation – high pressure in atmosphere, low pressure in lungs with a larger volume.
Expiration – Less volume in lungs increasing pressure, forcing air towards lower pressure of the atmosphere
3.Accessory muscles are:
INHALATION INHALATION INHALATION EXPIRATION
Sternocleidomastoid Scalene group Pectoralis Minor Abdominals and
Quadratus Lumborum

2.1.5– DESCRIBEnervousandchemicalcontrolofventilationduringexercise
What causes ventilation to
increase during exercise?
(multiple choice)
Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Receptors are the detectives in our body that report back to the brain
(in this case the Respiratory Control Centre in the MedullaOblongata)
What do these receptors do?
Proprioceptor (muscles)
Chemoreceptor (blood)
Baroreceptor (blood)
Stretch Receptor (lungs)
Vocab
Look at the origin of these
words to help you:
Proprio Awareness of body
position
Chemo Chemical
Baro Pressure
Stretch Lengthened area
Ventilation increases as a direct result of
increases in blood acidity levels (low pH) due to
increased carbon dioxide content of the blood.
This results in an increase in the rate and depth
of ventilation. When blood acidity decreases as
does the demand for increased ventilation.
Neural control of ventilation includes lung
stretch receptors, muscle proprioceptors and
chemoreceptors. Messages are sent to the
RCC and increased inhalation occurs.
Similarly, when lower responses are detected,
messages are sent to slow down breathing.

2.1.6– OUTLINEtheroleofhemoglobininoxygentransportation
Outline the role of hemoglobin in
oxygen transport
(3 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Most (98.5%) of oxygen in the blood is transported by hemoglobin as
oxyhemoglobin within red blood cells.
The cytoplasm of erythrocytes (RBC’s) is rich in an iron containing biomolecule
that binds extremely well with oxygen.This is called haemoglobin
Haemoglobin stays within the blood stream at all times and simply ‘offloads’
the gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide) at its desired location (muscle or alveoli)
due to differences in partial pressure.

2.1.7–EXPLAINtheprocessofgaseousexchangeatthealveoli
Explain the process of gasesous
exchange at the alveoli
(6 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Haemoglobin arriving
at alveoli
PPO2: 40 mmHg
PPCO2: 46 mmHg
Haemoglobin leaving
alveoli
PPO2: 103 mmHg
PPCO2: 40 mmHg
Alveolar Air
PPO2: 103 mmHg
PPCO2: 40 mmHg
Gas exchange (diffusion) occurs in
between the alveolus (thin cell in
lungs) and capillary (thin blood vessel)
The gases (oxygen and carbon
dioxide) can exchange when there is a
difference in partial pressure
Partial pressure is basically how much of the gas
makes up the total pressure of gases (N, O2 and CO2)
When there is a concentration gradient (difference), classified as a
high to low concentration gradient, gas moves from high to low
concentration. When the concentration is equal between alveoli and
blood no more diffusion takes place.
When haemoglobin arrives at the alveoli there is a higher PP of CO2 in the blood so CO2 diffuses from the blood into alveoli. It
stops when the PP is level (40 mmHg) – this is due to CO2 production as part of aerobic respiration.
When haemoglobin arrives at the alveoli there is a lower PP of O2 in the blood so O2 diffuses from the alveoli into blood. It
stops when the PP is level (103 mmHg) – this is due to alveolar air being inhaled from atmospheric air.
During exercise – increased gas exchange due to the demand for oxygen, and to remove carbon dioxide
Long term benefit of exercise – increased gas exchange due to increased surface area of capillaries (capillarisation) resulting in more gas exchange

Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
2.1 – Respiratory System
Deeper Reading
Document Topics Pages
Exercise Physiology for
Health, Fitness and
Performance
Second Edition
Sharon Plowman, Denise Smith 2008
All 259-278
Physiology of Sport and
Exercise Seventh Edition
W Larry Kenney, Jack Wilmore,
David Costill, 2020
All Chapter 7

Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Pulmonary Structures
Basic Diffusion
Oxyhaemoglobin
Gas Exchange
Pulmonary Structures
Autonomic Nervous System
Mechanics of Breathing
Gas Exchange

AssessmentObjectives:
Objective 1 :
STATE – Give a specific name, value or other
brief answer without explanation or calculation.
Objective 2:
DISTINGUISH - Make clear the differences
between two or more concepts or items.
summary.
Objective 3:
ANALYSE - Break down in order to bring out
the essential elements or structure.
COMPARE - Give an account of similarities
between two (or more) items or situations,
referring to both (all) of them throughout.
DISCUSS - Offer a considered and balanced
review that includes a range of arguments,
factors or hypotheses. Opinions or conclusions
should be presented clearly and supported by
appropriate evidence.
reasons or causes.
2.2.1 STATE the composition of blood Obj 1
2.2.2 DISTINGUISH between the functions of erythrocytes (RBC),
leucocytes (WBC) and platelets
Obj 2
2.2.3 DESCRIBE the anatomy of the heart with reference to the heart
chambers, valves and major blood vessel
Obj 2
2.2.4 DESCRIBE the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of heart rate and
the sequence of excitation of the heart muscles
Obj 2
2.2.5 OUTLINE the relationship between the pulmonary and systematic
circulation
Obj 2
2.2.6 DESCRIBE the relationship between heart rate, cardiac output and
stroke volume at rest and during exercise
Obj 2
2.2.7 ANALYSE cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate data for
different populations at rest and during exercise
Obj 3
2.2.8 EXPLAIN cardiovascular drift Obj 3
2.2 –The Cardiovascular System (12 hours)

2.2.9 DEFINE the terms systolic and diastolic blood pressure Obj 1
2.2.10 ANALYSE systolic and diastolic blood pressure data at rest and
during exercise
Obj 3
2.2.11 DISCUSS how systolic and diastolic blood pressure respond to
static and dynamic exercise
Obj 3
2.2.12 COMPARE the distribution of blood at rest and the redistribution
of blood during exercise
Obj 3
2.2.13 DESCRIBE the cardiovascular adaptation resulting from endurance
exercise training
Obj 2
2.2.14 EXPLAIN maximal oxygen consumption Obj 3
2.2.15 DISCUSS the variability of maximal oxygen consumption in
selected groups
Obj 3
2.2.16 DISCUSS the variability of maximal oxygen consumption with
different modes of exercise
Obj 3
2.2 –The Cardiovascular System (12 hours) AssessmentObjectives:
Objective 1 :
STATE – Give a specific name, value or other
brief answer without explanation or calculation.
Objective 2:
DISTINGUISH - Make clear the differences
between two or more concepts or items.
summary.
Objective 3:
ANALYSE - Break down in order to bring out
the essential elements or structure.
COMPARE - Give an account of similarities
between two (or more) items or situations,
referring to both (all) of them throughout.
DISCUSS - Offer a considered and balanced
review that includes a range of arguments,
factors or hypotheses. Opinions or conclusions
should be presented clearly and supported by
appropriate evidence.
reasons or causes.

What are the major components
of blood?
(multiple choice)
Practical Lab Idea
- Dissect a pig/lamb heart
- Use water filled balloons to
explore stroke volume with
different volumes
IA Consideration
- Effects of different modes
exercise on heart rate (T-test)
- Resting heart rate vs
endurance performance
(correlation)
2.2.1–STATEthecompositionofblood
Can you identify the different components of the blood?

2.2.1–STATEthecompositionofblood
What are the main components of
blood
(2 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

2.2.2–DISTINGUISHbetweenthefunctionsoferythrocytes(RBC),leucocytes(WBC)andplatelets
Mix and match the components, percentages and functions
Component Percentage
of blood
Function within blood
Plasma < 1% Protects us from disease entering through a
cut as well as bleeding to death, via clotting
Erythrocytes (RBCs) 54% Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
around the body within the haemoglobin
Leucocytes (WBCs) < 1% Provides the liquid substance that allows the
transportation of other cells and nutrients.
Controls body temperature and hydration.
Thrombocytes
(platelets)
45% Help fight infection and disease by engulfing
the pathogen or attacking the pathogen
with antibodies
Which component of blood is
required to form a clot?
(multiple choice)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

What is the main function of
leucocytes?
(multiple choice)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Plasma - 54%
Provides the liquid substance that
allows the transportation of other
cells and nutrients. Controls body
temperature and hydration.
Leucocytes (WBCs) - < 1%
Help fight infection and disease by
engulfing the pathogen or attacking
the pathogen with antibodies
Thrombocytes (Platelets) - < 1%
Protects us from disease entering
through a cut as well as bleeding to
death, via clotting
Erythrocytes (RBCs) – 45%
Transports oxygen and carbon
dioxide around the body within the
haemoglobin
2.2.2–DISTINGUISHbetweenthefunctionsoferythrocytes(RBC),leucocytes(WBC)andplatelets

2.2.3-DESCRIBEtheanatomyoftheheartwithreference
totheheartchambers,valvesandmajorbloodvessel
Can you label the heart chambers, vessels and valves
Vessels
Aorta
Vena Cava
PulmonaryVein
Pulmonary Artery
Valves
Aortic valve
PulmonaryValve
Bicuspid/Mitral Valve
TricuspidValve
Chambers
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
LeftVentricle
RightVentricle
Tips
Pulmonary - lungs
Artery (A away from the
heart)
Vein(in – into the heart)
Aorta begins with a….
Vena cava begins with a …
Which valve is located in between
the left atrium and left ventricle?
(multiple choice)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

2.2.3-DESCRIBEtheanatomyoftheheartwithreference
totheheartchambers,valvesandmajorbloodvessel
Canyoudescribethe
journeyofblood:
- Fromenteringthe
venacavaandleaving
thepulmonaryartery
- Fromenteringthe
pulmonaryveinand
leavingtheaorta
- Rememberto
describethestateof
blood(oxygenatedor
deoxygenated),what
typeofvesselthe
bloodistravelling
throughandthe
valvesroleand
purpose
Which vessel provides
deoxygenated blood to the heart?
(multiple choice)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

2.2.5-OUTLINEtherelationshipbetweenthepulmonaryandsystematiccirculation
LA
LV
RV
RA
Systemic Circulation
Can you describe the two circulatory networks, and outline how they work together
LA
LV
RV
RA
Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary = lungs
Systemic = body systems
Which best describes pulmonary
circulation?
(multiple choice)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

2.2.4-DESCRIBEtheintrinsicandextrinsicregulationofheartrate
andthesequenceofexcitationoftheheartmuscles
Which vessel directly supplies the
heart?
(multiple choice)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Fact
Intrinsic regulation of heart rate
- Heart is myogenic (generates own contractions within
the muscle)
- However, it does require its own blood supply (for
oxygen); coronary artery
- Heart has its own pacemaker known as the SA Node
located in the top of the right atrium
- The SA Node’s frequency of contraction can be impacted
by extrinsic factors (sympathetic/parasympathetic)
- The SA (sino-atrial) Node initiates contraction of the
atria, forcing blood to eject the atria and enter the
ventricles
- The impulse is then passed down to the AV (atrial-
ventricular) Node in between the chambers
- The impulse then travels down the septum of the heart
through the bundle of his
- Finally the impulse travels through the ventricular walls
via the purkinje fibres, stimulating contraction of the
ventricles ejecting blood from the ventricles through the
pulmonary artery and aorta.
- The impulse then starts again
Intrinsic–Internalfactors
Extrinsic–Externalfactors

Extrinsic regulation of heart rate
Sympathetic Nervous System
AKA Fight or flight
- When faced with a problem (fight, exam,
penalty in sport, before a race) our SNS
stimulates the release of a hormone
called adrenaline which directly affects
the SA Node, thus increasing HR
- SNS also dilates pupils, dilates bronchi,
inhibits digestive organs – increasing
alertness, allowing more oxygen into our
blood and circulating the blood faster
- Adrenaline also stimulates the
breakdown of glycogen and lipids)
Parasympathetic Nervous System
AKA Rest or Digest
- PNS releases the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine and has the reverse affect on
the body; reducing HR, constricting bronchi,
stimulating the activity of the digestive
organs
2.2.4-DESCRIBEtheintrinsicandextrinsicregulationofheartrate
andthesequenceofexcitationoftheheartmuscles
Describe the sequence of
excitation of the cardiac muscle
that results in a heartbeat
(6 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

2.2.6–DESCRIBEtherelationshipbetweenheartrate,cardiacoutput
andstrokevolumeatrestandduringexercise
Heart Rate
Mix and Match
StrokeVolume
Cardiac Output
The volume of blood
that is ejected from
the heart per minute
(ml or l)
The amount of times
your heart beats per
minute (bpm)
The volume of blood
that is ejected from
the heart per beat
(ml)
Calculate cardiac output if stroke
volume is 75ml and heart rate is
135 bpm
(2 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

Heart Rate (HR)
HR representsthe numberof times the ventricles contract
in one minute.The average resting heart rate is 70-72
beatsper minute(bpm).
You can estimateyour maximal heart rate by subtracting
your age from 220;
thereforeMAX HR= 220 - Age.
A low resting HR may indicate a high levelof aerobic
fitness. A restingheart rate below 60 is known as
bradycardia; it is due to an increase in stroke volume due to
its long term adaptation “cardiac hypertrophy.”
What is the relationship between
Q, SV and HR at rest?
(multiple choice)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Stroke Volume.
The volume of blood ejectedfrom the left ventricleafter
contraction is called the stroke volume(SV). The
average resting SV is 70ml. SV is determinedby
calculating the volume of blood when the ventriclesare
filled (diastole) minus the remaining blood in the
ventriclesafter contraction (systole).
End Diastolic Volume(EDV) is the amount of blood in the
ventricleat the relaxation/filling phase.
End Systolic Volume(ESV) is the amount of blood
remaining in the ventriclesafter the contraction.
SV=EDV –ESV
Average: EDV 130ml - ESV60ml = 70ml
Cardiac Output(HR x SV = Q)
Cardiac output(Q) is the amount of blood ejectedby the ventriclesin one minute.
The average resting cardiac outputis around 5 L/min.

Describe the relationship between
HR, SV andQ during exercise?
(3 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Q = HR x SV
Immediate effect
(during exercise)
Long term effect
(after approx. 6
week programme)
Can you justify each of these arrows

2.2.7–ANALYSEcardiacoutput,strokevolumeandheartrate
datafordifferentpopulationsatrestandduringexercise
Describe the relationship between
HR, SVandQ during rest, sub-
maximal rowing and maximal
rowing.
(5 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)
1. Cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate during rest or during exercise?
2. StrokeVolume – males vs females (rest and exercise)?
3. StrokeVolume – teenager vs 50 year old+ (rest and exercise)?
4. StrokeVolume – trained athlete vs untrained athlete (rest and exercise)?
5. Cardiac output – males vs females (rest and exercise)?
6. Cardiac output– teenager vs 50 year old+ (rest and exercise)?
7. Cardiac output – trained athlete vs untrained athlete (rest and exercise)?
8. Heart rate – males vs females (rest and exercise)?
9. Heart rate – teenager vs 50 year old+ (rest and exercise)?
10. Heart rate – trained athlete vs untrained athlete (rest and exercise)?

2.2.7–ANALYSEcardiacoutput,strokevolumeandheartrate
datafordifferentpopulationsatrestandduringexercise
Compare the heart rate, stroke
volume and cardiac output of
trained rowers versus untrained
rowers during rest and exercise.
(5 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Heart Rate
- Rest
Heart Rate
- Exercise
Stroke Volume
- Rest
Stroke Volume
- Exercise
Cardiac Output
- Rest
Cardiac Output
- Exercise
Data for HR, Q and SV across all population groups required
Male Female Trained Untrained Young Old
Canyouanalysethedataandexplainthetrendsacrossthepopulationgroups

2.2.8–EXPLAINcardiovasculardrift
Explain cardiovascular drift during
distance running.
(3 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Whatisinvolved?
Cardiovascular drift is basically a thermoregulatory response to prolonged exercise.
It involves CARDIAC OUTPUT, STROKEVOLUME AND HEART RATE.
Cardiac Output StrokeVolume Heart Rate

Explain cardiovascular drift
(6 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)
HR,SV&Q
During SUB MAXIMAL exercise, cardiac output (Q), stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR) increase in the early
stages (within the first 10 minutes).Q and SV both then plateau due to appropriate supply of oxygen to sustain the
demand for exercise.This plateau remains constant for Q for the rest of the exercise.
HR
(beats/min)
80
120
140
160
180
200
Rest Sub Max Max
SV
(ml/beat)
60
80
100
120
140
160
Rest Sub Max Max
Q
(l/min)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Rest Sub Max Max

(6 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)
TheProcess
Once submaximal exercise exceeds ten minutes, the following occurs:
-
Heat is produced as a
byproduct of energy
production (ATP - ADP +
P + Energy)
The excess heat increases
core temperature (37°C
up to 40°C)
This causes the body to
redistribute the heat
from internal areas of the
body to the skin
Vasodilation of the blood
vessels under the skin is
responsible for the
movement of the heat
Evaporation occurs at the
skin allowing heat to
dissipate and so as
fluid/sweat evaporates
the body cools
This causes a reduction in
blood plasma, increasing
blood viscocity, in turn
reducing stroke volume
and venous return
This reduction in stroke
volume places an
increased demand on
heart rate to maintain a
steady cardiac output
This is the reason why we
experience a
Cardiovascular Drift

(6 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Percent
of
Minute
Value
Change
(%)
-20
-10
0
+10
+20
Time (minutes)
10 20 30 40 50 60
As the body continues
to produce heat, more
sweat will be
evaporated by the body
This causes more fluid
to be lost from the
body, reducing the
blood plasma volume
This places an
increased demand on
HR to maintain a
steady Q
This process continues
throughout sub
maximal exercise
Cardiovascular Drift

2.2.9–DEFINEthetermssystolicanddiastolicbloodpressure
What best describes systolic blood
pressure?
(multiple choice)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Systole = contract and spill
Diastole = relax and fill
Systolic Blood Pressure = the force exerted by the blood on the arterial
walls during ventricular contraction
Diastolic Blood Pressure = the force exerted by the blood on the arterial
walls during ventricular relaxation
Good BP reading
120/80 mmHg
Low BP reading
< 90/60 mmHg
High BP reading
> 140/90 mmHg

2.2.10–ANALYSEsystolicanddiastolicbloodpressuredataatrestandduringexercise
Discuss how systolic and diastolic
blood pressure respond to static
exercise.
(4 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Rest Sub Max
Exercise
Max
Exercise
Changes to blood pressure during exercise
Systolic BP Diastolic BP

Rest Sub Max
Exercise
Max
Exercise
Changes to blood pressure during exercise
Systolic BP Diastolic BP
Actual data readings are not required. However, can analyse the data and offer a
suggestion as to why these changes have taken place?
2.2.11–DISCUSShowsystolicanddiastolicbloodpressure
respondtostaticanddynamicexercise
Discuss the systolic and diastolic
blood pressure responses to
dynamic and static exercise.
(8 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

2.2.12–COMPAREthedistributionofbloodatrest
andtheredistributionofbloodduringexercise
Blood distribution % at rest
Digestive organs Heart Kidneys
20-25% 5% 20%
Muscles
15-20%
Skin Bones Brain
5% 5% 15%
Blood distribution % during exercise
5% 5% 3%
Muscles
80-85%
Skin Bones Brain
0% 1% 4%
Actual blood distribution at rest (Q – 5 l)
1-1.25 l 250 ml 1 l
Muscles
750-1000ml
Skin Bones Brain
250ml 250 ml 750 ml
Actual blood distribution during exercise (Q – 25 l)
1.25 l 1.25 l 750 ml
Muscles
20 l
Skin Bones Brain
250 ml 1 l
Compare the distribution of blood
in a runner at rest and during a
10km race.
(4 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

2.2.13–DESCRIBEthecardiovascularadaptation
resultingfromenduranceexercisetraining
Adaptations
Increased left ventricular volume
Increased stroke volume
Decreased resting heart rate
Decreased exercising (working) heart rate
Increased capillarisation
Increased arterio-venous oxygen difference
Researcheachoftheadaptationsthatoccurduetoendurancetraining.
1. Describewhateachadaptationis
2. Explainwhyithasoccurred
3. Explainthebenefittoanathlete
Describe the cardiovascular
adaptations from chronic
endurance exercise training.
(4 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

2.2.14–EXPLAINmaximaloxygenconsumption
DefineVO2 max.
(1 mark)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)
ResearchthetermVO2MAX
1. Whatisit?
2. Whatisitmeasuredin?
3. Whatdoesitmean?
4. Whyisitimportantinsportandfitness?

2.2.14–EXPLAINmaximaloxygenconsumption
ResearchthetermVO2MAX
1. Maximaloxygenconsumption(VO2max)representsthefunctionalcapacityofthe
oxygentransportsystemandissometimesreferredtoasmaximalaerobicpoweror
aerobiccapacity.
2. ml/kg/min
3. Basicallyhowmuchoxygenapersoncantakeinfromtheatmosphere;themore
oxygenyoucantake,themoreATPwillbegeneratedwithinthecells,thusagreaterfitness
level
4. IfyouhaveagreaterVO2MAXthenyouareabletoperformatahigherintensity,
forlongerperiodsoftimeimprovingyouchancesofsuccesswithinanyaerobicsport
Explain maximal oxygen
consumption
(6 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

1. VO2 MAX – males vs females
2. VO2 MAX – trained vs untrained
3. VO2 MAX – athlete vs non athlete
4. VO2 MAX – young vs old
5. Justify your answers.You do not need quantitative data to support this but it
will help when researching
2.2.15–DISCUSSthevariabilityofmaximaloxygenconsumptioninselectedgroups
Discuss how data can vary for
maximal oxygen consumption
between males and females
(3 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

1. VO2 MAX – MALES – tend to have bigger lungs, higher haemoglobin stores
2. VO2 MAX –TRAINED – have experienced cardiovascular adaptations that
enhance the uptake of oxygen
3. VO2 MAX – ATHLETE – similar to trained athlete but an elite version; on top
of a strong dedication to training, they more than likely possess naturally
greaterVO2 MAX too
4. VO2 MAX –YOUNG – as you age your MAX HR decreases alongside the
strength of your heart muscles; these aging declines will have a negative
impact on yourVO2 MAX as you age
2.2.15–DISCUSSthevariabilityofmaximaloxygenconsumptioninselectedgroups
Discuss how data can vary for
maximal oxygen consumption
between trained and untrained
athletes
(3 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

2.2.16–DISCUSSthevariabilityofmaximaloxygen
consumptionwithdifferentmodesofexercise
VS
Treadmill
Arm Ergometer
Cycle Ergometer
Which of the
following modes of
exercise yields the
highestVO2 MAX
Consider the
number of muscle
groups involved
within each mode
of exercise
Consider the size of
muscle groups
involved in mode of
exercise
Distinguish between the variability
of maximal oxygen consumption
during treadmill running and arm
ergometry
(2 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

2.2.16–DISCUSSthevariabilityofmaximaloxygen
consumptionwithdifferentmodesofexercise
VS
1.Treadmill
3. Arm Ergometer
2. Cycle Ergometer
Whole body
workout, weight
bearing exercise,
recruitment of
major muscles in
arms and legs
Mainly arm
muscles recruited,
non weight bearing
exercise
Mainly major leg
muscles recruited,
non weight bearing
exercise
Distinguish between the variability
of maximal oxygen consumption
during cycle ergometry and arm
ergometry
(2 marks)
Practical Lab Idea
different volumes
IA Consideration
(correlation)

Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
2.1 – Respiratory System
Deeper Reading
Document Topics Pages
Exercise Physiology for
Health, Fitness and
Performance
Second Edition
Sharon Plowman, Denise Smith 2008
All 319-408
Physiology of Sport and
Exercise Seventh Edition
W Larry Kenney, Jack Wilmore,
David Costill, 2020
All Chapter 6 & 8

Practical Lab Idea
IA Consideration
(correlation)
Heart
Circulatory Networks
Blood Pressure
Excitation of the heart
BloodVessels
Mechanics of Breathing
Gas Exchange

Unit-2-Cardiorespiratory-System.pptx

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