Social And Economic Effects Of The Black Death Essay

Social And Economic Effects Of The Black Death Essay
The 14th century was a period of great upheaval and disaster in Europe which would have lasting
social, economic, and political effects. The historical context is key to understanding why the black
death was so effective at wiping out roughly two thirds of Europe's population. The climate of
Europe was changing due to a phenomenon called the Little Ice Age, the temperatures had begun to
drop leading to crop failures and famine across the land. This famine weakened the European
immune system, making the oncoming disaster even more powerful. The Black Death, a nickname
for the plague, brought religious fervor, higher wages to peasants, and contributed to creating
rebellions. Upon analyzing the religious effects of the Black Death one may look at the serious
responses to it. As an example for a response, intense fervor groups who saw the Black Death as a
way to punish humanity for their sinful and selfish ways of life began to become popular. The
extremes of these groups, most notably the flagellants, would whip themselves as a way to repent
for their wrongdoings. Literature and art also reflects the mindset that these individuals had taken
too, much of the art in the late medieval period saw morbid concern for death and the impending
doom. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The death of a large percentage of the peasantry led to an increase in the demand for labor, this
demand led to increases in wages. This wage increase would bring better financial stability and
living conditions to the lives of the poor. This decrease in population had brought a balance to the
system of land, labor, and capital. Although despite this, the European market post death also began
to inflate, due to the sudden shortage of goods. This shortage would bring higher prices on food,
especially wheat, sausage, meat, and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Outline: The Renaissance In Italy
Michael Wall
AP European History
Chapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery
: The Renaissance in Italy Some Scholars agree that the Renaissance (1375–1527)was a transition
from medieval to the dawn of modern times
Different from the feudal differences of medieval times, Renaissance Europe was shaped by
growing national and political centralization, an urban economy based on organized commerce and
capitalism, and growing lay control of secular thought and cultureThe Italian City State
2. Growth of City–States
When commerce revived in the eleventh century, Italian merchants mastered the organizational
skills needed for trade: book–keeping, scouting new markets, securing new markets, and banking
During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Early humanists
Francesco Petrarch–the father of humanism
Wrote personal letters to Cicero, Livy, Virgil, and Horace
Wrote a Latin Epic poem, Africa, a tribute to a Roman general, and biographies of famous Roman
men
Sonnets to Laura remains his most famous work
Classical and Christian values coexist in his works b. Dante Alighieri
Wrote Vita Nuova and Divine Comedy which were far less secular than Petrarch's works c.
Giovanni Boccaccio
Wrote Decameron, a collection of one hundred tales told by three men and seven women in a
country retreat away from plague–ravaged Florence; it is a social commentary about sexual and
economic misconduct as well as a sympathetic look at human nature
8. Educational Reforms and

Romanticism versus Neoclassicism
Neoclassical and Romantic movements cover the period of 1750 to 1850. Neoclassicism showed life
to be more rational than it really was. The Romantics favoured an interest in nature, picturesque,
violent, sublime. Unlike Neo_classicism, which stood for the order, reason, tradition, society,
intellect and formal diction, Romanticism allowed people to get away from the constrained rational
views of life and concentrate on an emotional and sentimental side of humanity. In this movement
the emphasis was on emotion, passion, imagination, individual and natural diction. Resulting in part
from the liberation and egalitarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantic movement had in
common only a revolt against the rules of classicism. There are ... Show more content on
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Qualities of "reality," the divine, or divinities may be reflected in nature in Romanticism and we can
sense God or the gods through our sensing of nature.While in Neo_classicism there is a concern for
"nature"––or the way things are (and should be). This relates back to the distrust of innovation and
inherent conservatism of neoclassicism. The artistic rules of old, for instance, Pope describes as
having been "discovered, not devised" and are "Nature methodized"; so too, "Nature and Homer"
are "the same" (Essay on Criticism 88ff., 135). This belief in "nature" implies a conviction that there
is a permanent, universal way things are (and should be), which obviously entails fundamental
political and ethical commitments. The focus on natural feeling over conventional rules led to an
emphasis on the self over the earlier neoclassical emphasis on society. The individual becomes the
source of wisdom and morality, displacing the received set of rules and norms given by society. As a
result, emphasis is paced on understanding the individual's subjective state, especially as it relates to
the outside world. Works ranging from Rousseau's Confessions and Reveries of a Solitary Walker to
Wordsworth's Prelude, Coleridge's «conversation» poems, «Dejection», «Frost at Midnight», «Lime
Tree Beauty» are examples of the romantic exploration

Essay on Change Analysis Chart Postclassical (600-1450 C.E.)
* Change Analysis Chart
Postclassical (600–1450 C.E.)
| Basic Features at Beginning of period | Key Continuities | Key Changes | Basic Features at End of
Period | Reasons for Change or Continuities | Global Trade
What other trading systems existed at the beginning of the period? The Indian Ocean system is a
continuity, not a change.What about the gold–salt trade? Don't you mean the Pax Mongolica? | *
Trade was very international. * Silk roads linked Eurasia, and goods traded hands many times along
the roads. | * There was still international trade. * The silk roads were still in use as major trade
routes. | * New trade routes were made, such as the Indian Ocean routes, and old routes were
expanded upon, like the silk ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You really didn't discuss labor in your continuities. What other major changes were there. Discuss
the rise of serfdom in Europe for example. | * agriculture was more popular due to the lack of the
major growth of cities * was always labor organization, either on manors or in Indian guilds | *
India kept guilds throughout the entire period * always encouraged trade and economic growth *
was economically the other half of agriculture | * Europe developed a system of guilds * Bubonic
plague cases drop in labor | * guilds were developed * it promoted trade among different societies *
labor increased with growth of cities | * disease caused for the decline in the middle ages * guilds
develop to regulate laws of a particular occupation * growth of cities increased because of the need
for more labor involved products | Human Effects on the Environment
Your beginning features and continuities are good; you need more changes. Discuss the ending
features further. | * The environment had already been changed by: slash and burn, deforestisation,
desertification. The more people cultivated the lands, the more they changed it. Many societies also
used irrigation systems and built canals, dikes, etc. to meet their own needs. | * People kept adapting

Muslim Spain (711-1492)
Over a thousand years ago, Europe experienced one of its greatest periods of cultural
enlightenment.Islam in Spain has had a fundamental presence in the culture and history of the
nation. The religion was present inmodern Spanish soil from 711 until 1492 under the rule of the
Arabs and Moors of al–Andalus.Islamic Spain was a multi–cultural mix of the people of three great
monotheistic religions: Muslims,Christians, and Jews.For more than three centuries in Medieval
Spain, Muslims, Jews and Christians lived together and prospered in a thriving multicultural
civilization. Here, remarkable individuals of different faiths made lasting contributions in such areas
as poetry, art, architecture, music, dining etiquette, science, agriculture, ... Show more content on
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Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed the Straight of 'Gibraltar' at first with the sole intention of avenging king
Roderic for the crime he committed. However, because of the weakness of the kingdom due to civil
war, Tariq opted to continue his occupation of Roderic's entire empire. Another theory for the
occupation by the Arab Muslims of Spain is that because of their persecution, the Jews called upon
their contacts in North Africa, who in turn encouraged the able Arabs to capture Spain. This allowed
the Almoravids and the Almohads to establish themselves in Spain.Nevertheless, without a doubt,
the Jews supported and welcomed Muslims in Spain because they were great beneficiaries under
Muslim rule. Rule The majority of the Army as well as commander Tariq himself were not Arab but
Islamic Berbers, and in timeIslamic migrants from places as diverse as North Africa to Yemen and
Syria came to live in the Iberian peninsula.The Islamic rulers called the Iberian peninsula "Al–
Andalus", which some say means "Paradise." That was the rootfor the name of the present–day
region of Andalusia, the southernmost region of Spain. For a time, the area that is today Spain and
Portugal was one of the great Muslim civilizations, reaching its summitwith the Umayyad Caliphate
in the 10th century.Muslim Spain was not a single period, but a succession of different rules.
Muslim Spain had the following chronological phases: The Emirate

The Causes of the Industrial Revolution Essay
The Causes of the Industrial Revolution
The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complex and remain a topic for debate, with some
historians seeing the Revolution as an outgrowth of social and institutional changes wrought by the
end of feudalism in Great Britain after the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Enclosure
movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less
labor–intensive, forcing the surplus population who could no longer find employment in agriculture
into the cities to seek work in the newly developed factories. The colonial expansion of the 17th
century with the accompanying development of international trade, creation of financial markets
and accumulation of capital ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Great Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the only European nation not ravaged by
financial plunder and economic collapse, as well as possessing the only merchant fleet of any useful
size (European merchant fleets having been destroyed during the war by the Royal Navy). The
United Kindom's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already open for
many forms of early manufactured goods. The nature of conflict in the period resulted in most
British warfare being conducted overseas, reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest
affecting much of Europe. This was further aided by Britain's geographical position – an island
separated from the rest of mainland Europe.
Another theory believes that Great Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to
the availability of key resources it processed. It had a dense population for its small geographical
size. Enclosure of common land and the related Agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour
readily available. There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England ,
the English Midlands, South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands. Local supplies of coal, iron, lead,

Revolt Of 1381 Research Paper
The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 was an important uprising in much of England during the medieval
time period. It is also known as Wat Tyler's Rebellion and The Great Rising. It was one of the first
popular uprisings in England, and over very important issues. The feudal system, serfdom, the
Statue of Laborers (originally spelled Labourers), little to no pay, tithes, poll tax, and the general
unfairness of the time led to tensions, and action being taken. The feudal system did not have
balance, and left much of the population unhappy.
The king was at the top. He was in complete control, owning all of the land in the country, and only
gave out land to his trustees. Next were the barons, who had manors. They lived on the king's land,
but were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
John Bampton, an English churchman, was sent to check on why the poll tax wasn't being paid. The
villagers were armed, and organized. He asked one village representative, Thomas Baker, why the
tax had not been paid. Baker claimed that the tax had already been paid by the village and that no
money was owed. Baker was then to be arrested, and the villagers got violent. News of the revolt
spread quickly in the area. Several groups of revolting peasants travelled around, village to village,
spreading the word. A leader came out among the rebels, names Wat Tyler. Eventually, they began to
march to London. When they got there, they wreaked havoc. They ransacked parts of the city,
burning some along the way. King Richard decided to meet with the rebels, out of the city. Here,
rebel leader Wat Tyler told the peasants' terms to the king. He said that price of living was to be
reduced. Also, the poll tax to be removed, there were to be pardons for all rebel, and that peasants
would have rights and privileges. While this happened, a group of peasants took advantage of the
situation. They raided the Tower of London and beheaded some people there. The king could not let
that go by unanswered. Another meeting was arranged, with just Wat Tyler and a few of his closer
followers, and the king with some of his men. Wat Tyler was killed here, after purportedly
disrespecting the king, but his death seems to be something not all

How Stability was Maintained during the Middle-Ages
Introduction
Feudalism – a social structure and hierarchy containing mutual duties and obligations. Stability is
maintained as long as the system doesn't change. Physical power resides with the king and nobles
through their knights. The Church's power resides through controlling people's beliefs. Serfs were
tied to the land. The Black Death, however, brought about such massive changes in demographics /
population that the demand for a limited labor source (the peasants) meant that this social group at
the bottom of the social ladder grew in importance (as seen in the 1381 Peasants revolt) that drastic
change and the end of the feudal structure was inevitable.
Paragraph 1
The castles played an important role in the middle ages. The castles structure was built to fortify and
maintain control over an area. The architecture that was put into building the castles, was designed
to hold back any enemies with heavy weaponry and stronger armies then them. Source 1 states "The
earliest medieval castles were built with mottes and baileys." Mottes were built with wooden walls
around the edges, in the process formed a ring–work fort. This sort of protective structure was used
in the late twelfth century. The Motte was one of the most defensible areas, while the bailey was one
of the main places where the battle took place.
Paragraph 2
The Roman Catholic Church had the most powerful religion in Europe. The Pope was the head of
the Church, and its

The Invention Of Torture In Medieval Time
The word "torture" comes from the Late Latin tortura, which is a past participle of torquere. Torture
is, in law, defined as the infliction of severe bodily pain; either as punishment, or as a means of
receiving a confession. There are millions of ways to torture someone, to inflict pain until the person
becomes unhinged mentally, until finally they give you what you want; however, I will only be
explaining a few devices and methods. The Rack, although used in medieval times, was not
invented in that era. It invented in 1420, by the Duke of Exeter, John Holland. Several types of the
rack existed, one being the version that the Duke made and introduced, and were used; however,
they were all designed similarly. The ankles of a sufferer were ... Show more content on
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Garrote means different things in different countries. In Spain, it refers to a rope and stick that
restricts a person's movements. Garroting was popular around the world; however, it was favored in
Spain, where it got it's name. Spain played with the original garrote, maximizing the ability to cause
pain and certain death. (Chronicles, Medieval)
Tarring and Feathering was a physical punishment to enforce formal justice. Tarring and feathering
was done in feudal Europe and its colonies. When tarring and feathering, typically the victim of an
angry crowd would be stripped down to the waist. Hot tar was poured or painted onto them until
they became immobile; then, the victim had feathers thrown on them, or they were rolled around on
a pile of feathers. They were often paraded around town on a cart or rail; the purpose being to cause
pain and humiliate someone enough until they either reformed their behavior, or left

Analysis Of Francis Fukuyama 's ' The End Of History And...
The National Review describes Francis Fukuyama as "one of the most important thinkers in
America" because of his status as a triple–threat in public intellectual life: he is able to "maintain
high appointments in academe, produce popular books and magazine writing, and advise American
presidents and foreign leaders directly". This status contributes to Fukuyama's continued success as
a political scientist, political economist and author. After achieving notability for his book, The End
of History and the Last Man, Fukuyama changed pace and wrote a distinctively historical work (as
opposed to his aforementioned previous novels that were more theoretical) entitled The Origins of
Political Order: From PreHuman Times to the French Revolution. Citing 9/11 and American's failed
ability to "adequately understand how hard it is to establish institutions" Fukuyama decided to write
a novel concerning where political institutions originated in countries that had them.
Fukuyama introduces his novel by developing his theory that there are three factors involved in
political order: 1, the state 2, rule of law and 3, accountable government. He attempts to prove that a
modern democracy (such as Denmark) would consist of a stable balance between these three
components. By using these specific concepts, Fukuyama is able to successfully analyze the checks
and balances of a countries political system, and thus determine its relative stability. He illustrates
these elements as separate columns

Separation Of Scotland Essay
Introduction
The independence of Scotland, a current affair and highly interesting topic. In this paper I will not
be discussing the current political arrangements between Scotland and England nor will I be
discussing what can be expected of the true separation of Scotland from the U.K. in the future. In
this paper I will research what led up to the citizens of Scotland to feel so culturally different from
the rest of the U.K. Why they do not want to be a completely united country anymore. I will look at
the different aspects that define a country and its citizens. Look into the political system, language,
border lines, history and traditions from both Scotland and England. After looking into this matter I
will decide whether I would vote for or against the independence of Scotland and why.
History of Scotland
First of all I want to look into the history of Scotland, after all a history is what defines a country, it's
what citizens can be proud of, what they can preach about to other nations. The first written records
of Scottish history originated when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the kingdoms of Scotland where overthrown by the well known and feared Vikings. They
raided entire villages and slaughtered the inhabitants without mercy. This was the trigger for the
Picts and Scoti to join forces and get rid of a common enemy. In the 9th century they succeeded and
the Kingdom of Scotland was founded. This did not mean the battle for power in Scotland was over,
by the 13th century, Alexander II and his son Alexander III wanted to gain possession of the former
Norwegian territories in west–Scotland. In response to this claim, the Norwegian king, Hakon, sent
a massive fleet to Scotland to defend his lands. In September 1263, the battle was held in

A World Lit Only by Fire Reading Guide Essay
Regine Jackson
AP European History
A World Lit Only by Fire Reading Guide
Part One: The Medieval Mind
1. I know both the Middle Ages and Renaissance took place in Europe. The Middle Ages were
terrible times marked by plagues, primitive agricultural machinery, war and lack of proper
sanitation. The Renaissance occurred later in Europe, and that was marked by the rebirth of interest
in art and intellectual capability. Art usually intertwined religion.
2. Manchester supported using the term " Dark Ages" to describe the historical period between 400
BCE and 1000 BCE due to the lack of intellectual life, "incessant war", where multiple groups,
including the Goths and Huns took part in the massacre and pillaging of villages.
3. The many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part Two: The Shattering 18. This passage suggests that the way history is perceived is based on the
effect it has on current events rather than the possibilities of it's long term effects. 19. Magellan's
discovery of the Philippines was significant because it proved the world was round. He provided a
"linchpin" for the Renaissance by giving others the means of challenging medieval assumptions. 20.
European "life became very cheap" in the late 1400s and early 1500s because: bubonic plague
syphilis pneumonia
Spanish Inquisition 21. The unchristian acts of the five popes during Magellan's lifetime included:
Innocent VIII (1484–1492) –forged papal bills
Julius II (1561–1564) – watched the murders of Christians for amusement
Sixtus IV (1471–1485) –anointed family members as cardinals; conspired murder
Alexander VI (1492– 1503) – buying off leading candidates
Leo X (1513–1521) –appointed members of family into church; illegitimate children 22. Girolamo
Savonarola was a Dominican friar who spoke against the Church and wanted the current pope at the
time, Alexander VI, to be

Ap Euro Peasant Rebellion Comparision Essays
DBQ: Peasants' revolts
From 1524 to 1526 peasant revolts were occurring throughout the German states. Many causes and
responses brewed out of these revolts. One cause is from religion issues (1,3,6) , Luther's idea of
equality. Another cause is the peasant gaining power (2,8,9). As a result of these causes came out
response, the most common response was riots and chaos (5,11,7). These revolts would end in
thousands of rebel deaths and others are also killed.
In the early 1500s religious reforms were constant throughout all of Germany, including the ideas of
Martin Luther. Martin Luther brought the idea of equality to the peasants (1,3,6) , which in term
started the revolts. In document 1 Leonhard van Eck states that the peasants were ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This document is written by peasants hence the encouragement for the revolt, although Lotzer might
be saying this so that we may be the leader of this revolt and he is a craftsman so this might get
more people to notice his craft, he then gains more money. Document 8 is the complete opposite
perspective of the peasants gaining power and the revolt. Lorenz Fries is a catholic archbishop and
the revolts are driven out of Luther's doctrines. He said that the peasants are troublesome and the
revolt should be stopped, but he most likely said this to get people to turn their backs on
Lutheranism and accept Catholicism. Although his report is a secret one so he probably wrote it
secretly so that he would not be killed or hurt by the peasant's rebellion. In document 9, Caspar
Nutzel, a noble, says that the peasants were blinded and they have gotten too strong. This document
is also a response in that people have allowed the revolts to happen and the peasants have gone too
far. Though this document should be approached with caution because he uses some absolute
language in the regard to how the peasants act, and Nutzel might be stating this to keep his job as
town councilor.
The most common response to the revolts was chaos and rioting (5,11,7). In document 5, a
theologian/journalist states what happened at Weinsburg when the peasants arrived there.

Compare And Contrast The Cultural Values Of The Renaissance
ADVANCED PLACEMENT ESSAY QUESTIONS RENAISSANCE 1. '77: To what extent and in
what ways may the Renaissance be regarded as a turning point in the Western intellectual and
cultural tradition? 2. '81: Compare the ways in which two works of art reproduced below express the
artistic, philosophical and cultural values of their times. (Pictures of Michelangelo 's David and
Giacometti 's Man Pointing 1947). 3. '82: Compare and contrast the cultural values of the
Enlightenment with those of the sixteenth century Northern Renaissance. 4. '84: Compare and
contrast the views of Machiavelli and Rousseau on human nature and the relationship between ...
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The pictures below and on the next page show the interiors of a Protestant church and a Roman
Catholic church as each appeared in the first half of seventeenth century. Using these pictures as a
starting point, explain how these interiors reflect the differing theologies and religious practices of
Protestantism and Catholicism at that time. 10. '95: Compare and contrast the attitudes of Martin
Luther and John Calvin toward political authority and social order. 11. '96: Assess the extent to
which the Protestant Reformation promoted new expectations about social roles in the sixteenth
century. Refer to at least two social groups in your assessment. 12. '98 Compare and contrast the
Lutheran Reformation and the Catholic Reformation of the sixteenth century regarding the reform
of both religious doctrines and religious practices. 13. '01 Discuss the political and social
consequences of the Protestant Reformation in the first half of the sixteenth century. 14. '05
Compare and contrast the motives and actions of Martin Luther in the German states and King
Henry VIII in England in bringing about religious change during the Reformation. COMMERCIAL
REVOLUTION: EMERGENCE OF TERRITORIAL STATES 1. '78: Why were Europeans able to
achieve economic and political control over many non–European peoples between 1450 and 1750?
2. '79: European monarchs of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries are often referred to as
the

Middle Ages Economy Essay
Middle Age Economy
The economy mostly seen in the early middle ages was feudalism, Europe's form of government
in the Middle Ages, was developed in the fifth century to meet the changing needs of the time. It
was based heavily on the honor system. The king had overall power, then the lord, then the
vassals, or landowners, and finally down to the peasants, known then as the villeins. The fiefs, or
estates, could be rented out to one vassal who would then rent portions of the fief to three more,
and so on. Each person would give their peer a fee (called the guild) and goods in return for
protection. As an old medieval saying states, "No land without the lord, no lord without the
land." The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Money changers were soon holding and transferring large
sums of money and extending loans to merchants. As the demand increased, so did the number
of services. Common financial activities came to include granting loans, investing, as well as
most of the deposit, credit and transfer functions of a modern bank.
A major obstacle to the growth of banks in the Middle Ages was the Church's prohibition of
usury, the charging of interest on loans. As economic activity expanded, however, the papacy
became one of the first to insist that interest should be paid on investments made at a risk.
Because they were forbidden to hold land or engage in more "acceptable" sources of
economic
enterprise, money changers in the Middle Ages were typically Jews. After the shift in Church

policy regarding usury, it became more acceptable to be a financier and attempts were made to
expel Jews from their commercial role.
The international luxury trade was centered in Rome during the Middle Ages. By the end of the
thirteenth century, Florentines, as papal treasurers and tax collectors, spurred Florence to become
the banking centre of Europe. Large numbers of families invested capital in commercial and
industrial developments. In the 1290's, the Bardi and Peruzzi families had established

Ap European History Summer Assignment
AP European History summer assignment
Phachara Arromdee
Part 1
1. In chapter 9, the three great calamities were France and England in a hundred year war, the
Bubonic plague also known as the Black Death, and the breakdown and revival of the late medieval
church. The hundred year old war was caused by King Edward the 3rd when he tried to claim the
French throne when Charles the 4th died. It wasn't the only reason since both England's and France's
territory powers were too close to each other and tensions were high. The Bubonic plague also
arrived between 1348– 1350, killing 2/5th of the Western Europe population. It was spread
throughout by ticks on rats which nested in roofs or the filthy streets.
2. During the Bubonic plague, it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The book tries to describe a way to "cure" the disease with blessings and that the incoming disease
was an infallible token of fast approaching death. The symptoms include a large black bubble
originating usually in the groin area or armpits.
4. The rich kept time going steadily with tournaments. Each castle sends out a knight to compete in
these tournaments to entertain the crowd and win glory. Each knight would fight on a horse or horse
back with joust. The tournaments would sometimes result in severe injuries or even death!
5. The process to attain knight hood is a long process composed of 5 simple steps. The first step is to
know the right people or have good connections. The second step in becoming a knight is to practice
and have good manners. The third step is to figure out how to properly mount and ride a horse. The
forth step is to learn the rules of Heraldry, chivalry, practice with weapons and horseback riding.
The final step is to become a knight at a ceremony.
6. Tournaments during the medieval ages are not just to show look stunning but, to show how
powerful from that particular castle. It also is used for entertaining other kingdoms with jousting.
Tournaments can also be used to sharpen one's skill set. Tournaments can help a knight in battle
with the skills he learned from the tournaments.
7. There are two groups of the clergy, the

Post Plague Social, Economic, and Historical...
Post Plague Social, Economic, and Historical Characteristics of Chaucer's Pilgrims
Waking up to the familiar sounds of a small English town is no longer an option. The stench of
death permeates every inch of existence. Peering out of the window, afraid of stepping outside into
the pestilence formerly known as home, you gaze past the mounds of rotting townspeople who used
to be known as friends. Every breath catches, because breathing too deep may be too risky. A
disease of unknown origin plagues the countryside farther than you can travel in a lifetime.
Thoughts run through your mind as you watch your suffering family. The only chance to save them
is to confess your sins in hopes that God's wrath will end with you. There is nothing; ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Between one third and one half of England's entire population was wiped out due to the Black
Plague of 1347–1350 (Given–Wilson 4). Geoffrey Chaucer (1342–1400), lived through the worst
epidemics this world has seen. Growing up as a child, he was exposed to the effects of the plague
daily. Throughout his life, it was almost impossible that the plague did not touch some aspect of his
life. Chaucer uses his experiences and his observations, to accurately illustrate a proportionate cross
section of English society in The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer capitalizes on social, economical, and
historical events to place each pilgrim in his/her proper place in society. Most, if not all, of these
events were created or effected by some aspect of the plague. Most important were the impacts on
the Church, the economic stability of the lower classes, the negative effects on education, and the
effects upon the economic markets. In turn, Chaucer's pilgrims, most notably the clergy members,
the laborers, and the learned, noticeably show some attitude or action influenced by an ill–fated age
filled by disease and hardship.
In 1300, the population in England was six million. Trade expanded, new towns were founded, but
the standard of living was very low for many. The beginning of the fourteenth century marked an
age of overpopulation, unemployment, and overpricing of staple goods. By 1400, the

Analysis Of The Canterbury Tales : Chaucer 's ' Second Nun...
AN ANALYSIS OF THE CANTERBURY TALES:
Chaucer's "Second Nun's Tale".
Leah Holle
REL. 700a: Transitional Moments in Western Christianity 1
November 5th, 2014
Geoffrey Chaucer was a prominent figure within English Literature during the Middle Ages, and is
regarded as one of the greatest English poets. Among Chaucer's works, The Canterbury Tales is
arguably one of his most famous pieces. In this fictional work, there is a collection of over 20 stories
that are told by pilgrims who are on their way to the Cathedral at Canterbury. It is written in Middle
English at the end of the 14th century, during the Hundred Years' War. It is a story–telling
competition between pilgrims, as they travel together on their pilgrimage for a free meal upon their
return. Scholars argue that Chaucer began writing The Canterbury Tales around 1387, and
concluded around 1400, when he passed away. However, some Chaucer scholars continued working
on the unfinished tales.
When considering the text of Chaucer, it is also important to take into consideration the historical
context, as it leads to deeper understanding. It takes place in the late Middle Ages, where there was
a distinct focus on the intercession between the living and the dead. Saints were an important part of
medieval culture as they represented the relationship between the divine, and human. They were an
integral part of daily life as they served as representations of personal, and ethnic identities.

The Inventions from the Bubonic Plague
The bubonic plague, which has gone by many names over the years, has caused millions of deaths
and is still around today. However, after the Plague hit Central Europe, there was a huge increase in
quality of life. Religion was adversely affected as the churches were unable to stop or even slow
down the Plague causing most of the population to lose faith. The economies changed in amazing
ways for peasants with the loss of the feudal system, and life expectancy was improved with the
creation of modern medicine.
What is the Pestilence?
Caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, the bubonic blague, also known as the Black Death and the
Pestilence to Central Europe in the mid–1300s, is named after the buboes that appear on the groin,
armpit, or neck within a week of being infected. Buboes are swollen lymph nodes filled with fluid
that can reach up to the size of a large chicken egg. They are tender to the touch and are black in
color. The onset of symptoms start with a fever and chills and progresses to headache, fatigue,
muscle aches, and a cough that produces blood or sputum. Giovanni Boccaccio was an Italian writer
living in Florence in 1348 and said, "Soon after this the symptoms changed and black or purple
spots appeared on the arms or thighs or any other part of the body, sometimes a few large ones,
sometimes many little ones. These spots were a certain sign of death, just as the original tumor had
been and still remained" (Eyewitness to History, 2001). Most victims of the

Origins of the French Revolution
ORIGINS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The causes of the French Revolution of 1787–1789
(Solé 3) is a subject worthy of investigation because the revolt is an event of crucial importance in
Western History. It marked the end of feudalism and the beginning of democracy in France, and can
be seen as a turning point for liberty in Europe. To quote the German author Goethe, 'From this
place, and from this day, commences a new era in the world's history' (Wright 2). In 1774 when
Louis XVI ascended the French throne, he had the potential, if he exerted strength, to rule
absolutely over France (Hampson 24), a powerful European nation. Less than twenty years later his
monarchy had been replaced by a revolutionary government (Rudé 34), and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
(Hampson 31). Calonne did not expect his proposals to be taken well by the aristocracy. This was
because, by the second half of the eighteenth century, the group had come to seriously disdain the
monarchy. There were two main reasons for this. The nobility was resentful of King Louis XVI
because of the administrative centralization that had been enforced by his Bourbon predecessors
('House of Bourbon" par 1). Louis XIV, the 'Sun King', in particular had been a fervent absolutist.
He had limited the influence of his ministers (Fox 137) and had reduced lesser nobles from positions
of power to mere adornments of the Court (Goyau "Louis XIV" par 2). The attitude pervading from
this epoch was that the monarchy could 'impose laws generally on all subjects, regardless of their
consent' (Fox 133). The aristocracy was very bitter about this. The nobility had also lost all respect
for the royal family by the later eighteenth century, and did not see them as having the moral
fortitude to rule over France. Although Louis XVI himself had cultivated a bad reputation through
his antisocial, gluttenous behavior (Lefebvre 25), his wife, Marie Antoinette, was the real problem.
She was demonized for her extreme spending habits, her inability to bear a male heir, (Asquith 70)
and for supposedly using her influence over

How Did The Carnivalesque Represent Peasant Society And...
How did the carnivalesque represent peasant society and social tensions in late medieval Europe?
Word count: 2,436
Word count not including footnotes: 2,127
This essay will examine how inversion and charivari, as elements of the carnivalesque, represented
peasant society and social tensions in late medieval Europe. Inversion and charivari are the specific
aspects of the carnivalesque this essay has chosen to focus on because it was necessary to be
selective from within the vast collection of events and themes which are covered as part of the
carnivalesque. Medieval peasant society revolved around calendrical carnival events and
celebrations. The broader theme of inversion allows this essay to examine the social tensions ...
Thus, most references are from the limited amount of available secondary literature and some push
the boundary of the late medieval time period because studies relating the carnivalesque to social
tensions are rare. This essay aims to be selective and handle a difficult topic in an interesting way,
leading to the conclusion that indeed peasant activities in the carnivalesque certainly do reveal
social tensions within their late medieval European experiences.
The prevalent theme of inversion in late medieval Europe demonstrates the use of carnival in
everyday peasant life and in exploring the nature of a wide range of social tensions surrounding
power, such as politics, class, and religion. Inversion itself was the switching of established roles as
part of the festivities of a carnival event. This act of 'topsy–turvydom' was so striking only because
it stemmed from it being apart from the normal social roles. In normal medieval society, the three
estates provided the hierarchical structure: those who fight, those who pray and those who work to
produce food for the others, respectively knights, clergy, and peasantry. However, inversion flipped
the restraints of this system upside down for the duration of a celebration or if applied to revolt and
misrule then the theme would endure as long as the rebels upheld it. For example, peasants who
organised various rebellions in medieval England, including the 1381 rising, took on fake names
with king in the title.

Revolt Of 1381 Summary
This account of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 by Jean Froissart, a medieval author and historian, is
clearly quite biased in favor of the ruling class, but is nevertheless a valuable contemporary report
of the causes of the uprising. Froissart focuses his attention on John Ball, an influential preacher
who helped incite the rebellion. According to Froissart's account, Ball preached against the
economic system of the time, railing against the luxurious clothes, houses, and food enjoyed by
feudal lords at the expense of the peasants' labor. John Ball rooted his argument against this system
in the Bible, insisting that since all men were born from the same father and mother (Adam and
Eve), all were thus equal in the eyes of god. Though Froissart ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hilton stresses that these economies were self–sufficient and durable, resilient even to the
devastation of war. The self–contained and secure nature of the economies in these peasant
communities leads Hilton to conclude that they would have been perfectly capable of functioning
without the intervention of the higher classes. Moreover, Hilton proposes that the peasants may have
been conscious of this. Especially in light of the frequent rebellions, he suggests that medieval
peasants were acutely aware that their way of life had existed for far longer than the lords who
exhorted rent and other payments from them. Hilton also doesn't fail to mention that many of these
lords only attained their lands through conquest. From such a viewpoint, feudal lords seem less like
even–handed governors, and more like an imposing mafia. As a Marxist, Hilton may be guilty of
overstating the flawless workings of the peasants' alleged proto–socialism; however, his explanation
for the peasants' frustrations is well–reasoned, and surely provides a more accurate view of the
peasants' thoughts than the works of most medieval historians. It is therefore a beneficial source for
my

Ap Quiz
AP WORLD HISTORY MRS. HEFFERNAN NAME:
_____________________________________ PERIOD: _____ QUIZ: CHAPTER 16 & 17
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question. ______ 1) How was the global trade network of the 15th century different from that of
previous eras? A) Trade prior to the 15th century was limited to the Western Hemisphere. B) In
previous eras, most attention was given to the development of larger regional economies and
cultural zones, rather than a truly global network. C) There was no trade between civilizations prior
to the 15th century. D) Trade in previous eras was almost entirely in the hands of the West. E) It was
controlled by the Chinese due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
D) Spain exported more finished goods than it imported due to the high quality of its artisans and
craftsmen. E) Spain 's interests were increasingly directed toward the destruction of the Ottoman
Empire. ______ 11) What economic policy encouraged the development of colonies, particularly by
northern Europe countries? A) Socialism B) Boycotts C) Free trade D) Communism E)
Mercantilism ______ 12) The dominant commercial nations of northern Europe comprised the
__________ zone of the world economy. ______ A) core B) dependent C) peripheral D) free trade
E) negative trade ______ 13) Dependence in the world economy and the consequent need to
produce unprocessed goods cheaply led to the development of __________ labor systems. A)
dependant B) coercive C) independent D) free E) socialist ______ 14) Which of the following
statements concerning the relationship between Asian civilizations and the world commercial
network of the 16th and 17th centuries is NOT accurate? A) Asian civilizations had ample political
strength and economic sophistication to avoid dependent status. B) China was able, thanks to the
existence of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of European ports. C) East Asia
constituted the civilization that remained most fully and consciously external to the world economy.
D) Most of the silver mined and exported by the Spanish

Ecclesiastical Breakdown And Revival: The Late Medieval...
Section Three: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival–The Late Medieval Church
Section Overview o By the latter thirteenth–century, the Roman Catholic Church appeared to be
extremely powerful.
 Threat of Holy Roman Empire to Rome vanquished
 The French king, Louis IX, was an enthusiastic supporter of the Church
 Council of Lyons (1274) declared a reunion of the Eastern Church with Rome after the pope sent
forces to defend the Byzantine Empire against the Turks (the reunion only lasted seven years)
The Thirteenth–Century Papacy o Pope Innocent III (r. 1198–1216) and the height of papal power
 Innocent enacted the doctrine of plentitude of power which enabled him to:
declare saints
dispose benefices
create a centralized papal monarchy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 French cardinals formed a conclave and elected Pope Clement VII, a cousin of the French king
The French cardinals claimed they had only voted for Urban VI out of fear
 Allegiances to the two popes
Urban VI (Italian pope in Rome) o supported by England and its allies including the Holy Roman
Empire, Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland)
Clement VII o supported by France and its allies including Naples, Scotland, Castile, and Aragon o
Conciliar Theory of Church Government
 conciliar theory
technically, since a pope is infallible, a council could not depose him
church scholars debated for thirty years whether or not a council of church leaders could regulate
the actions of a pope
'conciliarists' defined the church as a body, of which the pope was one member
Eventually, it was determined that cardinals representing both popes would convene at a council o
Council of Pisa (1409–1410)
 Cardinals convened and deposed both popes and elected a new pope, Alexander V
 Although most of western Europe accepted Alexander V a the legitimate pope, neither Urban VI
nor Clement VII agreed to step down o The Council of Constance (1414–1417)
 Three competing popes
John XXIII succeeded Alexander V as the consensus pope
Gregory XII succeeded Urban VI as the Italian

History of British Literature
Late Medieval Period 14th Century British Literature
14th and 15th were period of transition from feudalism to pre–industrial era. A time of political,
social and ideological conflicts;
England was in war with France (the hundred year war 1337–1453 Edward's claim to the French
throne and attempt to bring England, Gascony and Flanders under unified political control). The
defeats in France lead to deepening the internal crisis. The decline in agriculture together with the
rise in the population resulted in frequent famines and helped the spread during the 14th c. of the
"Black Death". 1381 – The Peasants' Revolt.
Culture: by 15th century England had become a nation with the sense of separate identity and
indigenous culture
1362– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, by the same anonymous author, is also of high literary
sophistication, and its intelligence, vividness, and symbolic interest render it possibly the finest
Arthurian poem in English. Other important alliterative poems are the moral allegory Piers
Plowman, attributed to William Langland, and the alliterative Morte Arthur, which, like nearly all
English poetry until the mid–14th cent., was anonymous.
The works of Geoffrey Chaucer mark the brilliant culmination of Middle English literature.
Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales are stories told each other by pilgrims–who comprise a very
colorful cross section of 14th–century English society–on their way to the shrine at Canterbury. The
tales are cast into many different verse forms and genres and collectively explore virtually every
significant medieval theme. Chaucer's wise and humane work also illuminates the full scope of
medieval thought. Overshadowed by Chaucer but of some note are the works of John Gower.
The Fifteenth Century:
The 15th cent. is not distinguished in English letters, due in part to the social dislocation caused by
the prolonged Wars of the Roses. Of the many 15th–century imitators of Chaucer the best–known
are John Lydgate and Thomas Hoccleve. Other poets of the time include Stephen Hawes and
Alexander Barclay and the Scots poets William Dunbar, Robert Henryson, and Gawin Douglas. The
poetry of John Skelton, which is mostly satiric, combines medieval and

McKay AP Euro Cornell Notes Ch 12 & 13
Chapter 12: The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages Use this outline to preview the chapter before you
read a particular section in your textbook and then as a selfcheck to test your reading comprehension
after you have read the chapter section. I. Prelude to disaster A. Poor harvests led to famines in the
years 1315–1322. 1. Fewer calories meant increased susceptibility to disease and less energy for
growing food. B. Diseases killed many people and animals. C. Economies slowed down and
population growth came to a halt. D. Weak governments were unable to deal with these problems. 1.
Starving people turned against rich people and Jews. 2. English kings tried to regulate the food
supply, but failed. II. The Black Death A. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In France, neither the king nor the provincial assemblies wanted a national and developed its own
organization. assembly. 5. The war generated feelings of nationalism in England and France. IV. The
decline of the church's prestige A. The Babylonian Captivity (1309–1377) 1. The pope had lived at
Avignon since the reign of King Philip the Fair of France and thus was subject to French control. a.
The Babylonian Captivity badly damaged papal prestige. b. It left Rome poverty stricken. 2. Pope
Gregory XI brought the papacy back to Rome in 1377, but then Urban VI alienated the church
hierarchy in his zeal to reform the church. 3. A new pope, Clement VII, was elected, and the two
popes both claimed to be legitimate. B. The Great Schism (1378–1417) 1. England and Germany
recognized Pope Urban VI, while France and others recognized the antipope, Clement VII. 2. The
schism brought the church into disrepute and wakened the religious faith of many. C. The conciliar
movement 1. Conciliarists believed that church authority rested in councils representing the
people––not the authority of the pope. 2. Marsiglio of Padua had claimed in 1324, in Defensor
Pacis, that authority within the church should rest with a church council and not the pope and that
the church was subordinate to the state. 3. John Wycliffe attacked papal authority and called for
even more radical reform of the church. a. He believed

Byzantine Empire and Local Tax Collector
1. According to the text, Constantine's reform of the tax system "wiped out a whole class of
moderately wealthy people." How did this work?
Constantine made the job of local tax collector hereditary, and tax officials were personally
responsible to pay a certain amount to the Emperor 's treasury. As tax receipts declined, these
officials lost their fortunes. 2. In general, the relationship between Christians and Rome was
characterized by phases of toleration with sporadic outbursts of persecution. 3. Paul of Tarsus
believed that
Christ 's teachings should be proclaimed to all. 4. The Zealots wanted to expel the Romans from
Judea. 5. During the age of the five good emperors, the Roman army was a source of economic ...
19. The success of Constantinople at resisting attacks resulted from all of the following except the
weakness of its enemies. 20. The organization of Irish Christianity was distinct from that of Roman
Christianity in that in Ireland monasteries rather than the diocese were the core of the church
organization. 21. The significance of The Song of Roland is as a portrayal of later views of
Charlemagne. 22. Viking attacks caused much short–term damage. 23. In his Arrangement of the
Empire, Charlemagne 's son Louis stressed the importance of the unity of the empire. 24.
Charlemagne 's political power was based on the cooperation of the Frankish aristocracy. 25.
Charlemagne left his empire to
Louis the Pious. 26. The main purpose of the Carolingian Renaissance was to promote an
understanding of Scriptures and of Christian writers. 27. In the Merovingian dynasty, royal
succession could be claimed by any prince of Merovingian blood. 28. The fortified areas on the
edges of Charlemagne 's empire were called marches. 29. According to newer research, the
disintegration of the Carolingian Empire was the result of the revolts and conspiracies of the great
nobles. 30. In the institution of the "double monastery" a community of nuns and a community of
monks were linked under the direction of an abbess. 31. The term fulling refers to the cleansing and
thickening of cloth. 32. The most important factor in

Ap European History Outline Chapter 10 Essay example
Mr. Dunbar
AP European History
Chapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery
Section One: The Renaissance in Italy * Section Overview * Jacob Burckhardt, a Swiss historian,
described the Renaissance as the "prototype of the modern world" in his book Civilization of the
Renaissance in Italy (1860) * In Italy blossomed new secular and scientific views * People became
to approach the world empirically and draw rational conclusions based on observation * Burckhardt
saw the emergence of the modern world emerge from that of the pre–modern, or medieval, period *
Some criticize Burckhardt for overlooking the continuity between the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance * Scholars agree ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Despotism in Florence * Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo the Magnificent, ruled Florence in a
totalitarian fashion during the last quarter century of the fifteenth century * Lorenzo's brother had
been assassinated by a rival family, the Pazzi, who had long plotted with the pope against the
Medicis which made Lorenzo a cautious ruler * Despotism throughout Renaissance Italy *
Oligarchies, or a small group of wealthy elites, hired strongmen, or despots, known as podesta to
maintain law and order * Podesta held executive, military, and judicial authority, and had the task of
maintaining the normal flow of business activity in the city state by whatever means necessary *
Condottieri–military brokers who sent mercenary armies who were hired by the despots of the
different city–states; since the despots could not rely on the loyalty of their divided populaces to
serve as soldiers, they relied on mercenaries who they contracted through condottieri * Some
despots, like the Visconti and Sforza families in Milan, came to rule their respective city–states free
from interference from oligarchies * Political turbulence and warfare of the Renaissance period
gave rise to the art of diplomacy and many despots established resident embassies and appointed
ambassadors to other powerful city–states and nations * Humanism * Scholars debate over the
meaning of

The Plague Dbq
Section One: The Black Death I. Preconditions/Causes of the Plague A. Population of Europe
doubled in 1000–1300 1. Strained food supply 2. Caused higher unemployment rates and lower
wages B. The Black Death followed trade routes from Asia into Europe 1. The plague traveled south
to north along major trade routes II. Popular Remedies A. People believed that the plague was
caused by corruption in the atmosphere 1. Some people blamed poisonous fumes from earthquakes
B. Remedies 1. Many people wore "aromatic" amulets 2. lifestyle changes a. moderate and
temperate living b. fleeing from the plague or staying in seclusion 3. religious fanatics a. flagellants
b. Jews as scapegoats III. Social/Economic Consequences A. Farms decline 1. Supply and demand:
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clement VII was still the French pope 2. Emperor Sigismund demanded that John XXIII call a
council in Constance which made a declaration entitled Sacrosancta which: a. elected a new pope,
Martin V (the three other popes were forced to resign) b. asserted the supremacy of church councils
over individual pope c. demanded that regular meetings of church councils F. The Council of Basel
(1431–1449) 1. Church council negotiated directly with the Hussites, a group formerly identified as
heretics 2. Four Articles of Prague presented to council by Hussites a. give laity the Eucharist with
the cup as well as bread b. free, itinerant preaching c. exclusion of clergy from holding secular
offices and owning property d. just punishment of clergy who commit mortal sins 3. Council of
Basel showed dominance over the papacy but Pope Pius II (r. 1458–1464) issued a papal bull
Execrabilis which condemned appeals to councils and made them completely void. G.
Consequences 1. Without effective papal authority and leadership, secular control of national or
territorial churches increased a. Kings asserted their power over the church in England and France b.
German, Swiss, and Italian magistrates and city councils reformed and regulated religious

The Black Death Of India And The Peasant 's Revolt
Introduction
This report will examine the causes and affects of the Black Death in India and the Peasant's Revolt
in England, during the medieval period lasting from the 5th century to the 15th century (500–
1500s). Throughout the report, information will include significant individuals involved or affected
by the event, a significant occurrence during each event, and finally the interconnections that can be
established between the Peasant's Revolt and Black Death.
The Black Death
The Black Death is said to be the worst catastrophe ever recorded throughout the medieval period. It
was a slow and grim way to die as it caused throbbing fever and painful swelling of the lymph
glands called buboes (Black spots) that develops when you ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There is no recorded evidence of the Black Death affecting India during the 14th century. Instead it
has been said to start later in India around the 17th century. The plagues normal biome is semi arid
grassland and therefore the plague has evidently avoided India, which consisted of tropical
rainforest biomes. This is why the first 'hit' of the disease has been said to pass India but come back
later because of trade routes constantly moving back and forth. Impacts of the Black Death in India
During the middle ages the Black Death did not affect India dramatically or create any large
complications. From numerous sources, only a few hundred people died throughout the whole
medieval period from the plague in India. Even if there were small outbreaks, there is not enough
recorded evidence of population decline in India.
Although there weren't many incidents, emperors were still alert of the plague. The first documented
account was in 1644 however this is no longer in the medieval period.
Emperor Jahangir
There is no documented evidence of anyone in truth dying or affected by the plague during the
middle ages, although there is definitely evidence of India being affected later. Emperor Jahangir in
Hindustan, India in 1616 had heard rumours of the plaque killing seventeen people on a trade route
just outside of the Indian borders. He visited the scene of the bodies and found buboes on the bodies
reassuring that the virus was contracted by the pneumonic plague.

Holocaust Research Paper
The Holocaust was one of the twentieth century's greatest tragedies that were made possible by
anti–Semitism, the indifference of other nations, isolationism politics, and outright fear.
Mrs. Arana/ Period 3
Miranda Ruiz
5/16/11
The road to the creation of the Holocaust started with one man. Adolf Hitler. Although thousands of
people agreed with anti–Semitism at the time he was the one who started to take his thoughts into
actions. After World War 1, German was in great poverty, unemployment and starvation. And the
one group of people to blame were the Jewish people. Christians have been angry at the Jewish
people ever since they killed Christ, and Adolf Hitler thought of this idea to eliminate the Jewish
people once and for all. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And they burned holy books as well as forcing the Jewish people to sit through long sermons
promising hell to anyone who died Jewish. But, the difference between the anti–Jewish behavior of
the Church and the anti–Semitic behavior of the Nazi's was that the Church wished to destroy
Judaism by converting the Jewish people, Hitler wanted to destroy the Jews themselves (45–47).
This was the first recorded anti–Jewish behavior. After the murder of Christ, all Christians and
Catholics hated the Jewish people. But they had reason and every generation the Churches have
decided of way after way of punishing the Jewish people. But Germany has had a long history of
anti–Semitism.
Consistent with Rossel, Germany has had a past of anti–Semitism, starting in 1542 when the great
German Protestant leader Martin Luther wrote a booklet called Against the Jews and Their Lies.
Even earlier the Catholic Churches had taught that the Jewish people killed Crist and should
therefore be hated (10). Early teachings of anti–Semitism lead to a hating of the Jewish community,
but with the German's calling themselves the "Aryan Race" and the Jewish people calling
themselves the "chosen one's" there was bound to be competition on who was superior.
According to Rossel, the Treaty of Versailles demolished the spirit of Germany, this is because of all
countries in Europe, and Germany's had its pride in stability in their military strength. But the new
government was weak and

Compare and Contrast Japanese and Western Imperialism in...
Compare and Contrast Japanese and Western Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific
23 October 2013 at 18:10
The Japanese pursuit for an empire in South East Asia helped changed the balance of world power
away from Europe, by taking their most lucrative colonies. Soon after the Japanese defeat in World
War II, most of the colonies won their independence from their European masters. This essay will be
arguing that despite the vast geographical distance and cultural, racial differences, as well as the
different time periods involved, Japanese and European intentions were very similar, and that these
similarities contributed to the weakening of Imperialism as a doctrine. To do so, this essay will be
examining the reasons for the Japanese ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second problem was the Black Death, which was a bacteria that infected rats. As towns became
over crowded and food became scarce, hundreds of millions of rats migrated to the towns. People
lived with the rats in filthy conditions, allowing the fleas that became infected while infesting the
rats to attack people and infect them too. Some historical sources claim up to 2/3 of Europe's
population were affected and half died. Lastly, European powers were constantly locked in power
struggles such as the 100 Years War between England and France. Thousands were killed or
crippled over sometimes only a few kilometres of territory. These problems all contributed to a
chronic labour shortage. Landowners had too many crops and no–one to harvest them. Peasants and
Serfs tried to take advantage of the situation by trying to implement new conditions, but landowners
refused to lower quotas, even though there were fewer people to meet them. This led to revolt and
some changes were put in place. Landowners started paying wages for the first time. The way
Europe responded to this was by introducing mercantilism. Mercantilism is an economic doctrine
where a country dedicates all its national resources (eg. Natural, labour, industrial etc) on a national
level, unlike within feudalism where it was on a local level. A step towards mercantilism was the
establishment of the absolute monarchies who took control of their

Essay about Chapter 11 Outline and Summary Ap European...
CHAPTER 11
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES:
CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN
THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
_____________________________
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis A. Famine and Population B. The Black Death
1. Spread of the Plague 2. Life and Death: Reactions to the Plague C. Economic Dislocation and
Social Upheaval 1. Noble Landlords and Peasants 2. Peasant Revolt in France 3. An English Peasant
Revolt 4. Revolts in the Cities
II. War and Political Instability A. Causes of the Hundred Years' War B. Conduct and Course of the
War 1. Early Phases of the War 2. Renewal of War 3. Joan of Arc 4. End of the War
C. Political Instability D. The Growth of England's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It reached Europe in 1347. In a few years up to 50 percent of the population died, with higher
mortality rates in urban areas. It returned every few years for centuries. Reactions differed. Some
escaped into alcohol, sex, and crime. Others, believing the Black Death to be a punishment from
God, attempted to atone for their sins through self–inflicted pain. The Jews became scapegoats.
People fled, carrying the plague with them. The resulting labor shortage could benefit peasants,
although the demand for products was also reduced. When the ruling classes reduced wage rates
there were peasant revolts. The ruling classes quelled the revolts, but social upheaval continued to
plague the post–plague world. Wars were also part of the crisis, notably the Hundred Years War
between England and France. In 1328 the French Capetian line ended. England's Edward III
(d.1377) claimed the French throne, but a cousin to the Capets, Philip of Valois, became king
(d.1350). War soon began. Armored knights on horseback were the backbone of medieval armies,
but English peasants using the longbow had begun to change the face of war. When the French king
was captured, a treaty was signed in 1360: France agreed to pay ransom, the English received land
in France, and Edward renounced his claim to the throne. Using guerilla tactics, the French regained
their lands, but in 1415 England's Henry V (d.1422)

Late Medieval Religion
In our present–day society, we consider anything that came before us as primitive. It is an
unfortunate stereotype that all peasants lived in small, dirty shacks and ate gruel while kings and
queens were in their lavish castles and gorging themselves with fine cuisine. Yet, one should not
discount the Late Medieval Period. Civilization evolved in several ways during this time and it is
often ignored as one of the most progressive times in all human history. In just the span of two
centuries, our modern lives were shaped by defining events such as the influence of religion and the
faith of its adherents being shaken and transformed because of internal strife. Moreover, Peasants
gained political power and riches through new economic opportunities, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Nearly half of the continental population had succumbed to one of the most unfortunate events that
struck. Europe suffered a massive drop in population because of several factors, not solely because
of the Bubonic Plague. "Between 1315 and 1317, crop failures produce the greatest famine of the
Middle Ages,"(Kagan 292). Factors such as malnutrition, overpopulation, economic instability, and
overall poor health were harming Europe years before the plague could take its turn at debilitating
the population that would recover at a snail's pace(Jones). The Bubonic Plague introduced itself to
Europe via trade ships that came from Asia. Going from major trade ports like Constantinople and
Sicily, the malady traveled to areas like Spain, France and northern Europe(Kagan). While the cause
of it might be known to us today, it was a mystery to those that were alive to witness the carnage
caused by the plague. Corruption, promiscuity, poisonous fumes and the Jewish people were cast as
scapegoats that brought on this disease(Kagan). Aromatics were thought to prevent the smell of
death from infecting people, so they became popular with those trying to evade the painful illness.
Help from God to end the pandemic was requested by the pious adherents with
supplications(Boccaccio). Even though the Bubonic Plague and Great Famine ended the lives of
copious amounts of

A World Lit Only by Fire Outline Essay
A World Lit Only by Fire by William Manchester Outline The Medieval Mind I. The Dark Ages A.
The Years A.D. 400 to A.D. 1000 1. Referred to as the Dark Ages because knowledge and literacy
vanished during this era. 2. Rulers during this age were illiterate and most found it trivial. a.
Emperor Sigismund said, "Ego sum rex Romanus et super grammatica"–as king of Rome, he was
above grammar. B. Rome's Fall in the Fifth Century 1. The Hsiung–nu (Huns) ravaged though
Europe after defeat in China. a. Went from China to Russia, Russia to Ukraine, Ukraine to Romania,
and from Romania continued east through Europe. i. Survivors crossed the Danube River. ii.
Emperor Valens ordered that the refugees be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
i. Ruined temples, stole property, and persecuted martyrs. 3. Christianity was influenced by
paganism (which was, of course, denied). a. Of the seven cardinal virtues that were named by Pope
Gregory I, only three had Christian roots. i. The three were faith, hope, and charity. b. The other four
virtues were derived from Plato and Pythagoras, both of whom were pagans. i. These were wisdom,
justice, courage, and temperance. 4. Pagan and Christian philosophers showed contradictions in
knowledge. a. Pagan philosophers studied the Bible and found that it contrad– icted each other. b.
They also found that Genesis implies multiple gods. i. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux said that
gathering knowledge was pagan and unholy, unless it was "sanctified by a holy mission." c.
Christians were often blamed for the fall of Rome. C. Aurelius Augustinus (Saint Augustine)–
Bishop of Hippo, Catholic prelate 1. Wrote De civitate Dei (The City of God) a. Wrote that Rome
was being punished not for the new Christian religion, but for the old religion. i. Punished because
of "lascivious acts" and "corruption among politicians". 2. Believed that the original sins were
temptation and lust. a. Rooted from Adam and Eve. b. Wrote that people became corrupted in
conception. i. Sexual intercourse was a "mass of perdition (exitium)." c. The Virgin Mary could save
some of those who were corrupt.

How Did Enlightened Absolutism In The 18th Century
Most European states in the 18th century were ruled by monarchs, a divine right to rule was still
pretty big, but secularism grew. Enlightenment beliefs were also still at large – natural laws was the
belief in natural rights, inalterable privileges that ought not to be withheld from any person.
Enlightened absolutism was a new type of monarchy that emerged in late 18th century and
monarchs such as Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria
ruled by it. Of the five major European states, three were located in central and eastern Europe and
came to play an increasingly important role in European international politics. Prussia had two able
prussian kings in the 18th century, Frederick William I and Frederick II, further developed the two
institutions– the army and the bureaucracy– that were the backbone of Prussia. Frederick II, known
as the Great (1740–1786), was one of the best educated and most cultured monarchs of the 18th
century, well versed in the enlightenment, and for a time, Frederick seemed quite willing to follow
the philosophes' recommendations for reform; he established a single code of laws for his territories
that eliminated the use of torture except in treason and murder cases, also granting limited freedom
of speech and other freedoms. The Austrian Empire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Family structure was still very patriarchal. Jobs for wet nurses were popular for upper class families
who didn't want to feed their kids themselves. Primogeniture was the process in which the eldest son
received all or most of their parents belongings (mostly property) and was treated as a favorite.
Infanticide was killing your own baby. People did it a lot less but it still happened way too much,
some resorting to adoption

Christianity as a Unifying Influence in the History of Europe
Christianity as a Unifying Influence in the History of Europe "Europe was a Christian creation, not
only in essence but in minute detail" The above statement can perhaps best sum up the relationship
between Christianity and Europe throughout the ages. Christianity has been the strongest single
influence in the history of Europe. Regardless of the century, no discussion would be complete
without reference being made, at least in small part, to the Church. It is true that in recent centuries
this influence has declined significantly, but nevertheless one could argue that it still plays an
important part in the lives of many people. Throughout history Christianity has been both a unifying
force and also a force for disunity. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However it is worth giving a brief history of the birth of this religion. At the beginning of the first
century a new religion was born and started to spread rapidly across the Roman Empire. Its source
of inspiration was Jesus. It was different to the other religions of the day in a profound way. It was
universal, offering all things to all men, proclaiming an afterlife, triumph over death, and presenting
a road to salvation for all men and women. It emphasised the inner life and filled the spiritual void
created by the Roman lifestyle. Yet it was one of many religions. There were many rivals, the
mystery religions of Persia, Syria and Egypt were popular at the time and of course there was
Judaism. Nothing at the time suggested this Jewish heresy could rival the other religions.
Nevertheless Christianity spread relatively quickly, mainly due to the missionary work of St. Paul
and, also, St. Peter. St Paul's journeys took him to Palestine, Asia, Macedonia, Greece, Rome and
finally Spain. In addition this new religion spread quickly throughout the Roman garrisons and from
there was carried by the soldiers through the Empire. In early fourth century Emperor Decius
attempted to wipeout the Christian faith, the great persecution lasted thirteen years, but in 313 the
'Edict of Milan', in which religious tolerance was granted to Christians and previous

Essay on The Effects of Plagues
The Effects of Plagues
The effects of the plagues differed from one region to another according to the forms of agriculture
practised and local economic conditions. So we should be very careful about making broad
generalisations. As one might expect the kill rate was lower in the countryside than it was in the
towns, but it was still significant. In a selection of Essex manors hit in 1349 the range was between
25% at Market Roding rising to 54% at High Easter. Medieval Essex was highly manorialised and
close to the main trade routes out of London and along the Essex coast and therefore more
vulnerable. Overall rural mortality is thought to have been around 30% for those parts of Europe
affected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the following autumn no one could get a reaper for less than 8d with food, a mower for less than
12d with food. For this reason many crops perished in the fields for lack of harvesters. But in the
year of the plague, as is explained above, there was so great and abundance of all kinds of corn that
they were scarcely regarded. "
Knighton also records a dramatic fall in the price . " A great cheapness of all things for fear of death,
for few took any account of riches or of possessions of any kind."
It was a sad irony that the harvest of 1348 was a good one, but in many places there was either no
one to reap it, or those who had survived were so shocked that they were unable to organise
themselves for the harvest. Many decided that it was only a matter of time before they too would die
from the plague and so decided to enjoy themselves whilst they could. What happened in the Siena
of Agnolo di Tura was probably true of most of Europe: "each person lived according to his own
caprice, and everyone tended to seek pleasure in eating and drinking, hunting, catching birds, and
gaming"
The most obvious consequence of the economic crisis was that the population explosion of the
thirteenth century was reversed. At first by increasingly

Social And Economic Effects Of The Black Death Essay

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