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1. RENAL
SYSTEM
ALSO CALLED AS
URINARY SYSTEM

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE RENAL SYSTEM
The urinary system or renal works
with the lungs, skin and intestines
to maintain the balance of chemicals
and water in the body. Adults
eliminate about 27 to 68 fluid
ounces (800 to 2,000 milliliters) per
day based on typical daily fluid
intake of 68 ounces (2 liters), 2

3. The primary organs of the urinary system are the
kidneys, which are bean-shaped organs that are
located just below the rib cage in the middle of
the back. The kidneys remove urea — waste
product formed by the breakdown of proteins —
from the blood through small filtering units
called nephrons, according to the Cleveland
Clinic. Each nephron consists of a ball formed of
small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and
a small tube called a renal tubule. Urea, together
with water and other waste substances, forms
the urine as it passes through the nephrons and
down the renal tubules of the kidney.
PRIMARY ORGANS

5. PARTS OF RENAL SYSTEM
 KIDNEY
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped
organs on either side of your spine, below
your ribs and behind your belly. Each
kidney is about 4 or 5 inches long, roughly
the size of a large fist.
The kidneys' job is to filter your blood.
They remove wastes, control the body's
fluid balance, and keep the right levels of
electrolytes. All of the blood in your body

6. Blood comes into the kidney, waste
gets removed, and salt, water, and
minerals are adjusted, if needed.
Waste gets turned into urine, which
collects in the kidney's pelvis -- a
funnel-shaped structure that drains
down a tube called the ureter to the
bladder.
You could have only 10% of your
kidneys working, and you may not
notice any symptoms or problems.
If blood stops flowing into a kidney,

7. PARTS OF KIDNEY OR KIDNEY ANATOMY
Renal Capsule – outer membrane that
surrounds the kidney; it is thin but tough and
fibrous
Renal Pelvis – basin-like area it narrows into
the upper end of the ureter
Calyx – extension of the renal pelvis
Cortex – the outer region of the kidney;
extensions of the cortical tissue, contains
about one million blood filtering nephrons
Nephron – these are the filtration units in the
kidneys
7

8. Medulla – inner region of the kidney
contains 8-12 renal pyramids. The
pyramids empty into the calyx.
Medullary pyramids – formed by the
collecting ducts, inner part of the kidney
Ureter – collects filtrate and urine from
renal pelvis and takes it to the bladder for
urination
Renal Artery – branches off of the aorta
bringing waste-filled blood into the kidney
for filtering in the nephrons; the renal
artery is further subdivided into several
branches inside the kidney. Each minute,
the kidneys receive 20% of the blood
pumped by the heart. Some arteries
nourish the kidney cells themselves.
Renal Vein – removes the filtered blood 8

9. NEPHRON
ANATOMYRenal Artery – brings waste-filled
blood from the aorta to the kidney
for filtering in the nephron.
Glomerulus – each glomerulus is a
cluster of blood capillaries
surrounded by a Bowman’s capsule. It
looks similar to a ball of tangled yarn.
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Thin descending limb of the loop of
Henle
Thin Ascending limb of the loop of
Henle 9

10. Distal convoluted tubule
Renal Vein – when filtration is
complete, blood leaves the
nephron to join the renal vein,
which removes the filtered blood
from the kidney
Arterioles – blood is brought to
and carried away from the
glomerular capillaries by two very
small blood vessels—the afferent
and efferent arterioles.
10

11. NEPHRON
FUNCTIONBowman’s Capsule – Surrounds the glomerulus
Glomerulus – consist of a the cluster of
capillaries
Proximal Convoluted Tubule – nearest the
glomerulus; have permeable cell membranes
that reabsorb glucose, amino acids,
metabolites and electrolytes into nearby
capillaries and allow for circulation of water
Loop of Henle – When the filtrate reaches the
descending limb of the loop, water content has
been reduced by 70%. As the filtrate moves
further through the loop, more water is
removed which further concentrates the
filtrate. Distal Convoluted Tubule – farthest 11

12. Ureter
The ureter is a tube that carries
urine from the kidney to the urinary
bladder. There are two ureters, one
attached to each kidney. The upper
half of the ureter is located in the
abdomen and the lower half is
located in the pelvic area.
The ureter is about 10 to 12 inches
long in the average adult. The tube
has thick walls composed of a
fibrous, a muscular, and a mucus
12

13. If any of these disorders
occur, the passage of urine is
blocked and can cause
pyelonephritis (inflammation
of the kidney due to infection),
loss of renal function, or renal
calculi (kidney stones).
Treatment is possible through
insertion of a catheter (a
special tube), a stent (a
support to keep vessels or
tubes open), or through
surgery. If an infection is 13

14. Bladder
The urinary bladder is a
muscular sac in the pelvis, just
above and behind the pubic
bone. When empty, the bladder
is about the size and shape of a
pear.
Urine is made in the kidneys and
travels down two tubes called
ureters to the bladder. The
bladder stores urine, allowing
urination to be infrequent and
controlled. The bladder is lined 14

15. During urination, the bladder
muscles squeeze, and two
sphincters (valves) open to
allow urine to flow out. Urine
exits the bladder into the
urethra, which carries urine
out of the body. Because it
passes through the penis, the
urethra is longer in men (8
inches) than in women (1.5
inches).
15

16. 16
Ureteral Orifice
ureteral orifice the opening of a
ureter into the urinary bladder at one
corner of the trigone of the bladder.
Called also ureteral meatus.
Ectopic Ureteral Orifice
An ectopic ureteral orifice, i. e., the
location of one or more ureteral
openings in a position outside the
bladder, while infrequent, is no
longer regarded as a medical
curiosity or as a rare finding.

17. Furthermore, the poor
hygiene and subsequent
mental anguish over the
«wetness» caused by this
anomaly can usually be
remedied if the correct
diagnosis is made and
competent treatment
carried out. On the other
hand, if the malformation
is overlooked,
incompletely evaluated, or 17

18. Urethra
The urethra serves as a conduit for urine from the
urinary bladder to the exterior through the external
urethral meatus. The epithelium of the urethra is
derived from the urogenital sinus, which is formed
when the endodermal cloaca divides into the rectum
dorsally and the urogenital sinus ventrally, separated
by the urorectal septum.1 In females the epithelium
of the urethra is derived from the endoderm of the
urogenital sinus, whereas the surrounding connective
tissue and smooth muscle arise from splanchnic
mesenchyme. As in females, the connective tissue and
smooth muscle surrounding the male urethra are18

19. 19

20. Internal and External Sphincter
The internal sphincter is an
involuntary muscle that
maintains anal tone. It is in a
continuous state of partial
contraction and relaxes in
response to rectal distension.
The external sphincter is a layer
of voluntary (striated) muscle
encircling the outside wall of the
anal canal and anal opening. One
can cause it to expand and
contract at will, except during the
early years of life when it is not
yet fully developed. 20

21. Urinary System Pathologies: Common Diseases and
Disorders
21

22. 1. Kidney Stones Form from
Substances in Urine
The kidneys produce urine to
eliminate waste. Kidney stones
can form when mineral and
acid salts in the urine
crystallize and stick together. If
the stone is small, it can pass
easily through the urinary
system and out of the body. A
larger stone can get stuck in
the urinary tract, however. A
stuck kidney stone causes pain 22

23. 2. Urinary Incontinence Is the
Loss of Bladder Control
Most bladder control issues
arise when the sphincter
muscles of the urethra are too
weak or too active. If the
sphincter muscles are too weak,
a cough or sneeze can cause
urination. Sphincter muscles that
are too active can trigger a
sudden, strong urge to urinate
with little urine in the bladder.
These issues are diagnosed as 23

24. 3. Fluid-filled Cysts Can Develop in the
Kidneys
A simple kidney cyst is a rounded pouch
or a closed pocket that is usually filled
with fluid. In polycystic kidney disease
(PKD), clusters of cysts form inside the
kidneys and take the place of the normal
tissue. The affected kidneys become
enlarged and work poorly. PKD is an
inherited condition that often leads to
kidney failure, requiring dialysis or
kidney transplantation. Acquired cystic
kidney disease (ACKD) typically affects 24

25. 4. Chronic Kidney Disease Can
Lead to Kidney Failure
In chronic kidney disease
(CKD), the kidneys are
damaged and unable to filter
blood properly. This damage
can lead to a build-up of
waste substances in the body
and to other problems,
including kidney failure. The
most common causes of CKD
include diabetes, heart
disease, and high blood 25

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