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Anatomy of urinary system
1.
2.
3. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the
blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The
ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra together form the
urinary tract, which acts as a plumbing system to drain
urine from the kidneys, store it, and then release it
during urination. Besides filtering and eliminating
wastes from the body, the urinary system also
maintains the homeostasis of water, ions, pH, blood
pressure, calcium and red blood cells.
4. Removal of waste product from the body (mainly
urea and uric acid)
Regulation of electrolyte balance (e.g. sodium,
potassium and calcium)
Regulation of acid-base homeostasis
Controlling blood volume and maintaining blood
pressure
5. Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Two sphincter muscles
Nerves of the bladder
6. The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs found along
the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. The left kidney
is located slightly higher than the right kidney because the
right side of the liver is much larger than the left side. The
kidneys, unlike the other organs of the abdominal cavity,
are located posterior to the peritoneum and touch the
muscles of the back. The kidneys are surrounded by a
layer of adipose that holds them in place and protects
them from physical damage.
7. The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs (ie located behind
the peritoneum) situated on the posterior wall of the
abdomen on each side of the vertebral column, at about
the level of the twelfth rib. The left kidney is lightly
higher in the abdomen than the right, due to the presence
of the liver pushing the right kidney down.
The kidneys take their blood supply directly from the
aorta via the renal arteries; blood is returned to the inferior
vena cava via the renal veins
8. This pair of purplish-brown organs is to remove liquid
waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable
balance of salts and other substances in the blood; and
produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation
of red blood cells. The kidneys remove urea from the
blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each
nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood
capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small tube called a
renal tubule. Urea, together with water and other waste
substances, forms the urine as it passes through the
nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney.
9. On sectioning, the kidney has a pale outer region- the
cortex- and a darker inner region- the medulla.The
medulla is divided into 8-18 conical regions, called the
renal pyramids; the base of each pyramid starts at the
corticomedullary border, and the apex ends in the renal
papilla which merges to form the renal pelvis and then on
to form the ureter. In humans, the renal pelvis is divided
into two or three spaces -the major calyces- which in turn
divide into further minor calyces. The walls of the calyces,
pelvis and ureters are lined with smooth muscle that can
contract to force urine towards the bladder by peristalisis.
The cortex and the medulla are made up of nephrons;
these are the functional units of the kidney, and each
kidney contains about 1.3 million of them.
10. The nephron is the unit of the kidney responsible for
ultrafiltration of the blood and reabsorption or excretion of
products in the subsequent filtrate. Each nephron is made
up of:
A filtering unit- the glomerulus. 125ml/min of filtrate is
formed by the kidneys as blood is filtered through this
sieve-like structure. This filtration is uncontrolled.
The proximal convoluted tubule. Controlled absorption of
glucose, sodium, and other solutes goes on in this region.
11. The loop of Henle. This region is responsible for
concentration and dilution of urine by utilising a counter-
current multiplying mechanism- basically, it is water-
impermeable but can pump sodium out, which in turn
affects the osmolarity of the surrounding tissues and will
affect the subsequent movement of water in or out of the
water-permeable collecting duct.
The distal convoluted tubule. This region is responsible,
along with the collecting duct that it joins, for absorbing
water back into the body- simple maths will tell you that
the kidney doesn't produce 125ml of urine every minute.
99% of the water is normally reabsorbed, leaving highly
concentrated urine to flow into the collecting duct and
then into the renal pelvis.
12. Regions of the Kidney
Renal cortex – outer region
Renal medulla – inside the cortex
Renal pelvis – inner collecting tube
15. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney,
responsible for the actual purification and filtration of the
blood.
About one million nephrons are in the cortex of each
16. Filtering unit of kidney
Process blood plasma
Form urine
1.25 million per kidney
Looks like a funnel with a
long, winding stem
24. Superiorly
Continuous with the renal pelvis
Inferiorly
Pass through the abdominal cavity,
behind the peritoneum, infront of
the psoas muscle, into the pelvic
cavity ehere they enter the
posterior wall of the bladder
25-30 cm in length
24
25. Ureters
Carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder via peristalsis
Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle
Enter bladder from below
Pressure from full bladder compresses ureters and
prevents backflow
Ureters
Small diameter
Easily obstructed or injured by kidney stones (renal
calculi)
31. Urinary Bladder Wall
Three layers of smooth muscle (detrusor
muscle)
Mucosa made of transitional epithelium
Walls are thick and folded in an empty
bladder
Bladder can expand significantly without
increasing internal pressure
32. Urethra
Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the
bladder to the outside of the body by
peristalsis
Release of urine is controlled by two
sphincters
Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
External urethral sphincter (voluntary)
33. Urethra Gender Differences
Length
Females – 3–4 cm (1 inch)
Males – 20 cm (8 inches)
Location
Females – along wall of the vagina
Males – through the prostate and penis
34. Urethra Gender Differences
Function
Females – only carries urine
Males – carries urine and is a passageway for
sperm cells
35. Urethra
~18 cm long in males
Prostatic urethra
~2.5 cm long, urinary bladder prostate
Membranous urethra
~0.5 cm, passes through floor of pelvic
cavity
Penile urethra
~15 cm long, passes through penis
38. Urination (micturition)
~200 ml of urine held
Distension initiates desire to void
Internal sphincter relaxes involuntarily
Smooth muscle
External sphincter voluntarily relaxes
Skeletal muscle
Poor control in infants
Bladder muscle contracts
Urine forces through urethra
39. Micturition (Voiding)
Both sphincter muscles must open to allow
voiding
The internal urethral sphincter is relaxed after
stretching of the bladder
Activation is from an impulse sent to the spinal
cord and then back via the pelvic splanchnic
nerves
The external urethral sphincter must be
voluntarily relaxed