COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

1. EXCRETORY SYSTEM
BY:
PRAMOD KUMAR

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE CLASS
At the end of the presentation, all of you should
able to:
 Enlist the organs of excretory system.
 Explain about function of liver.
 Describe the functions of large intestine.
 Explain about the skin.
 Enlist the structures of urinary system

3. OBJECTIVES CONTINUE…..
 Explain about kidneys.
 Explain the organs associated with kidneys.
 Discuss the gross structure of kidney.
 Explain microscopic structure of the kidney.
 Illustrate functions of kidneys.
 Describe renal blood supply of kidney

4. EXCRETORY SYSTEM

5. INTRODUCTION OF EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
 The human excretory system functions to remove
waste from the human body, the bodily process of
discharging wastes.

6. EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Excretory system consist of following :
 Lungs
 Skin
 Large intestine
 Liver
 Urinary system

7. LIVER
 It is a largest gland of the body.
 Detoxifies and breaks down chemicals.
 The liver also produces bile.

8. LUNGS
 Filter out carbon dioxide, from the blood.

9. LARGE INTESTINE
 The large intestine collects waste from throughout
the body.
 It extracts any remaining usable water and then
removes solid waste.

10. SKIN
 Skin excretes sweat through sweat glands
throughout the body.
 This helps to remove additional wastes, such as
excess urine.
 Helps to keep the body cool when it is warm.

11. URINARY SYSTEM
It consists of following structures:
 Kidneys
 Ureters
 Urinary bladder
 Urethra

12. KIDNEY

13. KIDNEY- LOCATION
 Lies in the abdominal cavity below diaphragm.
 On each side of the vertebral column.
 Extend from the level of 12th thoracic vertebra to the 3rd
lumbar vertebra.
 The right kidney is usually slightly lower than the left.
 About 11cm long, 6cm wide, 3cm thick and weight 150
gm.

14. KIDNEYS CONTD.

15. ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEY
 RIGHT KIDNEY
 Superiorly- the right adrenal gland
 Anteriorly - the right lobe of the liver, duodenum and the
hepatic flexure of the colon
 Posteriorly - the diaphragm and muscles of the posterior
abdominal wall.

16. ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEY
 LEFT KIDNEY
 Superiorly- the left adrenal gland.
 Anteriorly- the spleen, stomach, jejunum and splenic
flexure of the colon.
 Posteriorly - the diaphragm and muscles of the posterior
abdominal wall.

17. GROSS STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
 Fibrous capsule- surrounding the kidney.
 Cortex- a reddish brown layer of tissue.
 Medulla- Innermost layer, consisting of pale conical –
shaped striations is called renal pyramids.

18. ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH KIDNEY

19. GROSS STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
 Hilum- Is the concave medial border of the kidney where
the kidney where the renal blood and lymph vessels, the
ureter and nerves enter.
 It has a number of distal branches called calyces.
Calyces are of two types.
 Major calyx
 Minor calyx

20. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY
 The kidney is composed of about 1 million functional
units called Nephrons and a smaller number of collecting
tubes.

21. FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY
 Formation of urine.
 Simple filtration.
 Selective reabsorption
 Secretion
 Water balance and urine output
 Electrolyte balance

22. BLOOD SUPPLY OF KIDNEY
 Kidneys need to have constant supply in order to
control the composition of body fluids.
 Renal artery a branch from aorta enters the kidney
at hilum.
 supplies blood rich in nitrogenous waste, oxygen
and nutrients.

23. BLOOD FLOW

24. BLOOD SUPPLY CONTD.
 Renal vein: carries purified deoxygenated blood to
the inferior vena cava and then to the heart.

25. NEPHRON
 Is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney.
Its chief function is-
 To regulate the concentration of water and soluble
substances
 Reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest
as urine

26. NEPHRON
 A nephron eliminates wastes from the body
 regulates blood volume and blood pressure
 control levels of electrolytes and metabolites
 and regulates blood pH.

27. NEPHRON CONTD.
 Each nephron consists of the following parts:
 1) Glomerulus ;
 2) Bowman’s capsule ;
 3) Proximal tubule ;
 4) loop of Henle ;
 5) Distal tubule ;
 6) Collecting duct.

28. NEPHRON

30. PARTS OF NEPHRON:
 Bowman’s Capsule
 Glomerulus
 Proximal Convoluted Tubule
 Loop of henle
 Distal Convoluted Tubule
 Collecting tubules
 Bowman’s capsule: is the initial dilated part of nephron.
 Glomerulus: is formed of a tuft of capillaries into the
bowman’s capsule.

31.  Proximal convoluted tubule: PCT lumen is continuous
with that of Bowman’s capsule.
 Loop of henle: it consists of a descending limb which
continues into the thin segment from which arises the
thick ascending limb.
 Distal convoluted Tubule: Thick ascending limb is
continued with the distal convoluted tubule.
 Collecting tubules: DCT join to form collecting tubules.

32.  Composition of urine
 About 96% of the urine is water.
 1.5% is salts, mainly sodium chloride.
 Urea make up 2%.
 About 1.5L urine is produced daily.

33. URETERS
 The ureter is the tube that carries urine from the
kidney to the urinary bladder. In humans there are
two ureters, one attached to each kidney.

34. URETERS CONTINUE………
 The upper half of the ureter is located in the
abdomen and the lower half is located in the pelvic
area. The ureter is approximately 12 inches long.
The tube has thick walls composed of a fibrous, a
muscular, and a mucus coat, which are able to
contract.

35. URINARY BLADDER
 The urinary bladder is a muscular sac in the pelvis, just
above and behind the pubic bone. When empty, the
bladder is about the size and shape of a pear.

36. URINARY BLADDER CONTINUE…..
 Urine is made in the kidneys, and travels down two
tubes called ureters to the bladder. The bladder
stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and
voluntary. The bladder is lined by layers of muscle
tissue that stretch to accommodate urine. The
normal capacity of the bladder is 400 to 600 mL

37. URETHRA
 In both genders, the urethra works as a tube
connecting the urinary bladder to the genitals.

38. URETHRA CONTINUE…….
 The bladder collects and stores urine until when it is
ready to be discharged through the urethra. While
the function remains the same for both genders,
slight differences exist due to differences between
male and female genitals.

39. PATHOLOGY RELATED TO EXCRETORY
SYSTEM:
 Glomerulonephritis

40. HORSE SHOE KIDNEY:

41. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS:
 A urinary tract infection (UTI) (also known
as acute cystitis or bladder infection) is
an infection that affects part of the urinary tract.
When it affects the lower urinary tract it is known as
a simple cystitis (a bladder infection) and when it
affects the upper urinary tract it is known
as pyelonephritis (a kidney infection).

42. KIDNEY STONES
 A kidney stone, also known as a renal
calculus (from the Latin rēnēs, "kidneys,"
and calculus, "pebble"), is a
solid concretion orcrystal aggregation formed in the
kidneys from minerals in the urine.

43. RENAL FAILURE
 Renal failure (also kidney failure or renal
insufficiency) is a medical condition in which
the kidneys fail to adequately filter waste products
from the blood.

44. HYDRONEPHROSIS

45. URETHRITIS

46. NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

47. CONCLUSION
The main function of the Excretory System is to get
rid of bodily waste. It is one of the most important
systems in the body because the waste it gets rid of
is poisonous, and if they build up in your body for
too long they can kill you.

48. SUMMARY
 The kidneys regulate the amount of water, salts
and other substances in the blood.
 The kidneys are fist-sized, bean shaped structures
that remove nitrogenous wastes (urine) and excess
salts from the blood.
 The ureters are tubes that carry urine from the
pelvis of the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
 The urinary bladder temporarily stores urine until it
is released from the body.
 The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the
urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
 The outer end of the urethra is controlled by a
circular muscle called a sphincter.

49. RECAPTUALIZATION
 Enlist the organs of excretory system?
 Enlist the structures of urinary system?
 explain the organs associated with kidneys?
 Illustrate functions of kidneys?
 Enlist parts of nephron?
 Explain about urinary bladder?
 Explain about urethra?