The document discusses unsupervised learning in the context of deep learning, outlining its motivation, methods, and various types such as predictive and self-supervised learning. It highlights the advantages of unsupervised learning, including its ability to utilize vast amounts of unlabelled data and the potential to emulate human-like intelligence in artificial agents. Multiple techniques and models like autoencoders and restricted Boltzmann machines are presented as significant contributions to the field.

1. [course site]
Xavier Giro-i-Nieto
xavier.giro@upc.edu
Associate Professor
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
Technical University of Catalonia
Unsupervised Learning
#DLUPC

2. 2
Acknowledegments
Kevin McGuinness, “Unsupervised Learning” Deep Learning for Computer Vision.
[Slides 2016] [Slides 2017]

3. 3
Outline
1. Motivation
2. Unsupervised Learning
3. Predictive Learning
4. Self-supervised Learning

4. 4
Outline
1. Motivation
2. Unsupervised Learning
3. Predictive Learning
4. Self-supervised Learning

5. 5
Motivation

6. 6
Motivation

7. 7
Greff, Klaus, Antti Rasmus, Mathias Berglund, Tele Hao, Harri Valpola, and Juergen Schmidhuber. "Tagger: Deep unsupervised
perceptual grouping." NIPS 2016 [video] [code]

8. Yann Lecun’s Black Forest cake
8
Motivation

9. 1.
= ƒ( )
ƒ( )
= ƒ( )
9
Predict label y corresponding to
observation x
Estimate the distribution of
observation x
Predict action y based on
observation x, to maximize a future
reward z
Motivation

10. 1.
= ƒ( )
ƒ( )
= ƒ( )
10
Motivation

11. Unsupervised Learning
11
Why Unsupervised Learning?
● It is the nature of how intelligent beings percept
the world.
● It can save us tons of efforts to build a
human-alike intelligent agent compared to a
totally supervised fashion.
● Vast amounts of unlabelled data.

12. 12
Outline
1. Motivation
2. Unsupervised Learning
3. Predictive Learning
4. Self-supervised Learning

13. Max margin decision boundary
13
How data distribution P(x) influences decisions (1D)
Slide credit: Kevin McGuinness (DLCV UPC 2017)

14. Semi supervised decision
boundary
14
How data distribution P(x) influences decisions (1D)
Slide credit: Kevin McGuinness (DLCV UPC 2017)

15. 15
How data distribution P(x) influences decisions (2D)
Slide credit: Kevin McGuinness (DLCV UPC 2017)

16. 16
How data distribution P(x) influences decisions (2D)
Slide credit: Kevin McGuinness (DLCV UPC 2017)

17. How P(x) is valuable for naive Bayesian classifier
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17
X: Data
Y: Labels
Slide credit: Kevin McGuinness (DLCV UPC 2017)

18. x1
x2
Not linearly separable in
this 2D space :(
18
How clustering is valueble for linear classifiers
Slide credit: Kevin McGuinness (DLCV UPC 2017)

19. x1
x2
Cluster 1 Cluster 2
Cluster 3
Cluster 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
4D BoW representation
Separable with a
linear classifiers
in a 4D space !
19
How clustering is valueble for linear classifiers
Slide credit: Kevin McGuinness (DLCV UPC 2017)

20. Example from Kevin McGuinness Juyter notebook.
20
How clustering is valueble for linear classifiers

21. 21
Assumptions for unsupervised learning
Slide credit: Kevin McGuinness (DLCV UPC 2017)
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22. 22
Assumptions for unsupervised learning
Slide credit: Kevin McGuinness (DLCV UPC 2017)
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23. 23
Assumptions for unsupervised learning
Slide credit: Kevin McGuinness (DLCV UPC 2017)
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24. 24
Slide credit: Kevin McGuinness (DLCV UPC 2017)
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The manifold hypothesis

25. 25
The manifold hypothesis
Slide credit: Kevin McGuinness (DLCV UPC 2017)
x1
x2
Linear manifold
wT
x + b
x1
x2
Non-linear
manifold

26. 26
The manifold hypothesis: Energy-based models
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LeCun et al, A Tutorial on Energy-Based Learning, Predicting Structured Data, 2006 http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/publis/pdf/lecun-06.pdf

27. 27
Autoencoder (AE)
F. Van Veen, “The Neural Network Zoo” (2016)

28. 28
Autoencoder (AE)
“Deep Learning Tutorial”, Dept. Computer Science, Stanford
Autoencoders:
● Predict at the output the
same input data.
● Do not need labels:

29. 29
Autoencoder (AE)
“Deep Learning Tutorial”, Dept. Computer Science, Stanford
Dimensionality reduction:
● Use hidden layer as
a feature extractor of
any desired size.

30. 30
Autoencoder (AE)
Encoder
W1
Decoder
W2
hdata reconstruction
Loss
(reconstruction error)
Latent variables
(representation/features)
Figure: Kevin McGuinness (DLCV UPC 2017)
Pretraining:
1. Initialize a NN solving an
autoencoding problem.

31. 31
Autoencoder (AE)
Figure: Kevin McGuinness (DLCV UPC 2017)
Encoder
W1
hdata Classifier
WC
Latent variables
(representation/features)
prediction
y Loss
(cross entropy)
Pretraining:
1. Initialize a NN solving an
autoencoding problem.
2. Train for final task with “few” labels.

32. 32
Autoencoder (AE)
Deep Learning TV, “Autoencoders - Ep. 10”

33. 33F. Van Veen, “The Neural Network Zoo” (2016)
Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM)

34. 34
Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM)
Figure: Geoffrey Hinton (2013)
Salakhutdinov, Ruslan, Andriy Mnih, and Geoffrey Hinton. "Restricted Boltzmann machines for
collaborative filtering." Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Machine learning. ACM, 2007.
● Shallow two-layer net.
● Restricted = No two nodes in a layer share a
connection
●
● Bipartite graph.
● Bidirectional graph
○ Shared weights.
○ Different biases.

35. 35
Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM)
DeepLearning4j, “A Beginner’s Tutorial for Restricted Boltzmann Machines”.
Forward
pass

36. 36
Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM)
DeepLearning4j, “A Beginner’s Tutorial for Restricted Boltzmann Machines”.
Forward
pass

37. 37
Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM)
DeepLearning4j, “A Beginner’s Tutorial for Restricted Boltzmann Machines”.
Forward
pass

38. 38
Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM)
DeepLearning4j, “A Beginner’s Tutorial for Restricted Boltzmann Machines”.
Backward
pass

39. 39
Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM)
DeepLearning4j, “A Beginner’s Tutorial for Restricted Boltzmann Machines”.
Backward
pass

40. 40
Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM)
DeepLearning4j, “A Beginner’s Tutorial for Restricted Boltzmann Machines”.
Backward
pass
The reconstructed values at
the visible layer are
compared with the actual
ones with the KL
Divergence.

41. 41
Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM)
Figure: Geoffrey Hinton (2013)
Salakhutdinov, Ruslan, Andriy Mnih, and Geoffrey Hinton. "Restricted Boltzmann machines for
collaborative filtering." Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Machine learning. ACM, 2007.

42. 42
Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM)
DeepLearning4j, “A Beginner’s Tutorial for Restricted Boltzmann Machines”.
RBMs are a specific type of
autoencoder.
Unsupervised
learning

43. 43
Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM)
Deep Learning TV, “Restricted Boltzmann Machines”.

44. 44
Deep Belief Networks (DBN)
F. Van Veen, “The Neural Network Zoo” (2016)

45. 45
Deep Belief Networks (DBN)
Hinton, Geoffrey E., Simon Osindero, and Yee-Whye Teh. "A fast learning algorithm for deep belief
nets." Neural computation 18, no. 7 (2006): 1527-1554.
● Architecture like an MLP.
● Training as a stack of
RBMs.

46. 46
Deep Belief Networks (DBN)
● Architecture like an MLP.
● Training as a stack of
RBMs.
Hinton, Geoffrey E., Simon Osindero, and Yee-Whye Teh. "A fast learning algorithm for deep belief
nets." Neural computation 18, no. 7 (2006): 1527-1554.

47. 47
Deep Belief Networks (DBN)
Hinton, Geoffrey E., Simon Osindero, and Yee-Whye Teh. "A fast learning algorithm for deep belief
nets." Neural computation 18, no. 7 (2006): 1527-1554.
● Architecture like an MLP.
● Training as a stack of
RBMs.

48. 48
Deep Belief Networks (DBN)
Hinton, Geoffrey E., Simon Osindero, and Yee-Whye Teh. "A fast learning algorithm for deep belief
nets." Neural computation 18, no. 7 (2006): 1527-1554.
● Architecture like an MLP.
● Training as a stack of
RBMs.

49. 49
Deep Belief Networks (DBN)
Hinton, Geoffrey E., Simon Osindero, and Yee-Whye Teh. "A fast learning algorithm for deep belief
nets." Neural computation 18, no. 7 (2006): 1527-1554.
● Architecture like an MLP.
● Training as a stack of
RBMs…
● ...so they do not need
labels:
Unsupervised
learning

50. 50
Deep Belief Networks (DBN)
Hinton, Geoffrey E., Simon Osindero, and Yee-Whye Teh. "A fast learning algorithm for deep belief
nets." Neural computation 18, no. 7 (2006): 1527-1554.
After the DBN is trained, it can
be fine-tuned with a reduced
amount of labels to solve a
supervised task with superior
performance.
Supervised
learning
Softmax

51. 51
Deep Belief Networks (DBN)
Deep Learning TV, “Deep Belief Nets”

52. 52
Deep Belief Networks (DBN)
Geoffrey Hinton, "Introduction to Deep Learning & Deep Belief Nets” (2012)
Geoorey Hinton, “Tutorial on Deep Belief Networks”. NIPS 2007.

53. 53
Deep Belief Networks (DBN)
Geoffrey Hinton

54. 54
Outline
1. Motivation
2. Unsupervised Learning
3. Predictive Learning
4. Self-supervised Learning

55. Acknowledgments
55
Junting Pan Xunyu Lin

56. Unsupervised Feature Learning
56
Slide credit:
Yann LeCun

57. Unsupervised Feature Learning
57
Slide credit:
Yann LeCun

58. Slide credit: Junting Pan

59. Frame Reconstruction & Prediction
59
Srivastava, Nitish, Elman Mansimov, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov. "Unsupervised Learning of Video
Representations using LSTMs." In ICML 2015. [Github]
Unsupervised feature learning (no labels) for...

60. Frame Reconstruction & Prediction
60
Srivastava, Nitish, Elman Mansimov, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov. "Unsupervised Learning of Video
Representations using LSTMs." In ICML 2015. [Github]
Unsupervised feature learning (no labels) for...
...frame prediction.

61. Frame Reconstruction & Prediction
61
Srivastava, Nitish, Elman Mansimov, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov. "Unsupervised Learning of Video
Representations using LSTMs." In ICML 2015. [Github]
Unsupervised feature learning (no labels) for...
...frame prediction.

62. 62
Srivastava, Nitish, Elman Mansimov, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov. "Unsupervised Learning of Video
Representations using LSTMs." In ICML 2015. [Github]
Unsupervised learned features (lots of data) are
fine-tuned for activity recognition (little data).
Frame Reconstruction & Prediction

63. Frame Prediction
63
Ranzato, MarcAurelio, Arthur Szlam, Joan Bruna, Michael Mathieu, Ronan Collobert, and Sumit Chopra. "Video (language)
modeling: a baseline for generative models of natural videos." arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6604 (2014).

64. 64
Mathieu, Michael, Camille Couprie, and Yann LeCun. "Deep multi-scale video prediction beyond mean square error."
ICLR 2016 [project] [code]
Video frame prediction with a ConvNet.
Frame Prediction

65. 65
Mathieu, Michael, Camille Couprie, and Yann LeCun. "Deep multi-scale video prediction beyond mean square error."
ICLR 2016 [project] [code]
The blurry predictions from MSE are improved with multi-scale architecture,
adversarial learning and an image gradient difference loss function.
Frame Prediction

66. 66
Mathieu, Michael, Camille Couprie, and Yann LeCun. "Deep multi-scale video prediction beyond mean square error."
ICLR 2016 [project] [code]
The blurry predictions from MSE (l1) are improved with multi-scale architecture,
adversarial training and an image gradient difference loss (GDL) function.
Frame Prediction

67. 67
Mathieu, Michael, Camille Couprie, and Yann LeCun. "Deep multi-scale video prediction beyond mean square error."
ICLR 2016 [project] [code]
Frame Prediction

68. 68Vondrick, Carl, Hamed Pirsiavash, and Antonio Torralba. "Generating videos with scene dynamics." NIPS 2016.
Frame Prediction

69. 69
Vondrick, Carl, Hamed Pirsiavash, and Antonio Torralba. "Generating videos with scene dynamics." NIPS 2016.
Frame Prediction

70. 70
Xue, Tianfan, Jiajun Wu, Katherine Bouman, and Bill Freeman. "Visual dynamics: Probabilistic future frame
synthesis via cross convolutional networks." NIPS 2016 [video]

71. 71
Frame Prediction
Xue, Tianfan, Jiajun Wu, Katherine Bouman, and Bill Freeman. "Visual dynamics: Probabilistic future
frame synthesis via cross convolutional networks." NIPS 2016 [video]
Given an input image, probabilistic generation of future frames with a Variational
AutoEncoder (VAE).

72. 72
Frame Prediction
Xue, Tianfan, Jiajun Wu, Katherine Bouman, and Bill Freeman. "Visual dynamics: Probabilistic future
frame synthesis via cross convolutional networks." NIPS 2016 [video]
Encodes image as feature maps, and motion as and cross-convolutional kernels.

73. 73
Outline
1. Motivation
2. Unsupervised Learning
3. Predictive Learning
4. Self-supervised Learning

74. First steps in video feature learning
74
Le, Quoc V., Will Y. Zou, Serena Y. Yeung, and Andrew Y. Ng. "Learning hierarchical invariant
spatio-temporal features for action recognition with independent subspace analysis." CVPR 2011

75. Temporal Weak Labels
75
Goroshin, Ross, Joan Bruna, Jonathan Tompson, David Eigen, and Yann LeCun. "Unsupervised learning
of spatiotemporally coherent metrics." ICCV 2015.
Assumption: adjacent video frames contain semantically similar information.
Autoencoder trained with regularizations by slowliness and sparisty.

76. 76
Jayaraman, Dinesh, and Kristen Grauman. "Slow and steady feature analysis: higher order temporal
coherence in video." CVPR 2016. [video]
●
●
Temporal Weak Labels

77. 77
Jayaraman, Dinesh, and Kristen Grauman. "Slow and steady feature analysis: higher order temporal
coherence in video." CVPR 2016. [video]
Temporal Weak Labels

78. 78
(Slides by Xunyu Lin): Misra, Ishan, C. Lawrence Zitnick, and Martial Hebert. "Shuffle and learn: unsupervised learning using
temporal order verification." ECCV 2016. [code]
Temporal order of frames is
exploited as the supervisory
signal for learning.
Temporal Weak Labels

79. 79
(Slides by Xunyu Lin): Misra, Ishan, C. Lawrence Zitnick, and Martial Hebert. "Shuffle and learn: unsupervised learning using
temporal order verification." ECCV 2016. [code]
Take temporal order as the supervisory signals for learning
Shuffled
sequences
Binary classification
In order
Not in order
Temporal Weak Labels

80. 80
Fernando, Basura, Hakan Bilen, Efstratios Gavves, and Stephen Gould. "Self-supervised video representation learning with
odd-one-out networks." CVPR 2017
Temporal Weak Labels
Train a network to detect which of the video sequences contains frames wrong order.

81. 81
Spatio-Temporal Weak Labels
X. Lin, Campos, V., Giró-i-Nieto, X., Torres, J., and Canton-Ferrer, C., “Disentangling Motion, Foreground
and Background Features in Videos”, in CVPR 2017 Workshop Brave New Motion Representations
kernel dec
C3D
Foreground
Motion
First
Foreground
Background
Fg
Dec
Bg
Dec
Fg
Dec
Reconstruction
of foreground in
last frame
Reconstruction
of foreground in
first frame
Reconstruction
of background
in first frame
uNLC
Mask
Block
gradients
Last
foreground
Kernels
share
weights

82. 82
Spatio-Temporal Weak Labels
Pathak, Deepak, Ross Girshick, Piotr Dollár, Trevor Darrell, and Bharath Hariharan. "Learning features by watching
objects move." CVPR 2017

83. 83
Greff, Klaus, Antti Rasmus, Mathias Berglund, Tele Hao, Harri Valpola, and Juergen Schmidhuber. "Tagger: Deep unsupervised
perceptual grouping." NIPS 2016 [video] [code]
Spatio-Temporal Weak Labels

84. 84
Aytar, Yusuf, Carl Vondrick, and Antonio Torralba. "Soundnet: Learning sound representations from unlabeled
video." NIPS 2016.

85. 85
Audio Features from Visual weak labels
Aytar, Yusuf, Carl Vondrick, and Antonio Torralba. "Soundnet: Learning sound representations from
unlabeled video." NIPS 2016.
Object & Scenes recognition in videos by analysing the audio track (only).

86. 86
Aytar, Yusuf, Carl Vondrick, and Antonio Torralba. "Soundnet: Learning sound representations from
unlabeled video." NIPS 2016.
Visualization of the 1D filters over raw audio in conv1.
Audio Features from Visual weak labels

87. 87
Aytar, Yusuf, Carl Vondrick, and Antonio Torralba. "Soundnet: Learning sound representations from
unlabeled video." NIPS 2016.
Visualization of the 1D filters over raw audio in conv1.
Audio Features from Visual weak labels

88. 88
Aytar, Yusuf, Carl Vondrick, and Antonio Torralba. "Soundnet: Learning sound representations from
unlabeled video." NIPS 2016.
Visualization of the 1D filters over raw audio in conv1.
Audio Features from Visual weak labels

89. 89
Visualization of the video frames associated to the sounds that activate some of the
last hidden units of Soundnet (conv7):
Aytar, Yusuf, Carl Vondrick, and Antonio Torralba. "Soundnet: Learning sound representations from
unlabeled video." NIPS 2016.
Audio Features from Visual weak labels

90. 90
Audio & Visual features from alignement
90Arandjelović, Relja, and Andrew Zisserman. "Look, Listen and Learn." ICCV 2017.
Audio and visual features learned by assessing alignement.

91. 91
L. Chen, S. Srivastava, Z. Duan and C. Xu. Deep Cross-Modal Audio-Visual Generation. ACM
International Conference on Multimedia Thematic Workshops, 2017.
Audio & Visual features from alignement

92. 92Ephrat, Ariel, and Shmuel Peleg. "Vid2speech: Speech Reconstruction from Silent Video." ICASSP 2017

93. 93Ephrat, Ariel, and Shmuel Peleg. "Vid2speech: Speech Reconstruction from Silent Video." ICASSP 2017
Video to Speech Representations
CNN
(VGG)
Frame from a
silent video
Audio feature
Post-hoc
synthesis

94. 94Chung, Joon Son, Amir Jamaludin, and Andrew Zisserman. "You said that?." BMVC 2017.

95. 95Chung, Joon Son, Amir Jamaludin, and Andrew Zisserman. "You said that?." BMVC 2017.
Speech to Video Synthesis (mouth)

96. 96
Karras, Tero, Timo Aila, Samuli Laine, Antti Herva, and Jaakko Lehtinen. "Audio-driven facial animation by
joint end-to-end learning of pose and emotion." SIGGRAPH 2017

97. 97
Karras, Tero, Timo Aila, Samuli Laine, Antti Herva, and Jaakko Lehtinen. "Audio-driven facial animation by
joint end-to-end learning of pose and emotion." SIGGRAPH 2017
Speech to Video Synthesis (pose & emotion)

98. 98
Karras, Tero, Timo Aila, Samuli Laine, Antti Herva, and Jaakko Lehtinen. "Audio-driven facial animation by
joint end-to-end learning of pose and emotion." SIGGRAPH 2017

99. 99
Suwajanakorn, Supasorn, Steven M. Seitz, and Ira Kemelmacher-Shlizerman. "Synthesizing Obama: learning lip sync from
audio." SIGGRAPH 2017.
Speech to Video Synthesis (mouth)

100. 100
Outline
1. Motivation
2. Unsupervised Learning
3. Predictive Learning
4. Self-supervised Learning