1. Chapter 19 Terms
Maniera Greca
Also called the Italo- Byzantine style. This style, which dominated Italian painting in the
tweflth and thirteenth centuriesis characterized by shallow space and linear flatness.
(see Berlingheri)
Black Death
One of the deadliest pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and
1350. It is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the
bacterium Yersinia pestis. Thought to have started in China, it travelled along the Silk
Road and then carried by Oriental rat fleas residing on the black rats that were regular
passengers on merchant ships, it spread throughout the Mediterranean and Europe.
The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30% – 60% of Europe's population, reducing
the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in
1400. This has been seen as having created a series of religious, social and economic
upheavals which had profound effects on the course of European history. It took
150 years for Europe's population to recover.
Fresco
Any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings. The
word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco [afˈfresːko] which derives from the Latin
word for "fresh". Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time
periods.
The Great Schism
In the year 1378, the Roman Catholic Church split when the King of France decided that
he did not like the Italian Pope and elected one of his own. The Great Schism, as it has
been called, lasted for about 68 years, during which time there were two popes claiming
authority over the Catholic Church.
Mendicant Orders
Religious orders which depend directly on the charity of the people for their livelihood. In
principle, they do not own property, either individually or collectively (see corporate poverty),
believing that this was the most pure way of life to copy followed by Jesus Christ, in order
that all their time and energy could be expended on religious work.
• Franciscans (Friars Minor, commonly known as the Grey Friars), founded 1209
• Dominicans (Order of Preachers, commonly called the Black Friars), founded 1215
Confraternities
A Roman Catholic or Orthodox organization of lay people created for the purpose of
promoting special works of Christian charity or piety, and approved by the Church
hierarchy. Especially in the cities of the Middle Ages, confraternities could be important
and wealthy institutions for the elite.
Guild
2. An association of craftsmen in a particular trade. The earliest types of guild were formed
as confraternities of workers. They were organized in a manner something between a
trade union, a cartel and a secret society. They often depended on grants of letters
patent by an authority or monarch to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed
members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials. A lasting legacy
of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed and used as meeting places.
City- States
Florence
Giotto
Padua
Arena Chapel-Giotto
Siena
Duccio, Simone Martini, Lorenzetti Brothers
International Style
Pisa
Francisco Traini
![Chapter 19 Terms
Maniera Greca
Also called the Italo- Byzantine style. This style, which dominated Italian painting in the
tweflth and thirteenth centuriesis characterized by shallow space and linear flatness.
(see Berlingheri)
Black Death
One of the deadliest pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and
1350. It is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the
bacterium Yersinia pestis. Thought to have started in China, it travelled along the Silk
Road and then carried by Oriental rat fleas residing on the black rats that were regular
passengers on merchant ships, it spread throughout the Mediterranean and Europe.
The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30% – 60% of Europe's population, reducing
the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in
1400. This has been seen as having created a series of religious, social and economic
upheavals which had profound effects on the course of European history. It took
150 years for Europe's population to recover.
Fresco
Any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings. The
word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco [afˈfresːko] which derives from the Latin
word for "fresh". Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time
periods.
The Great Schism
In the year 1378, the Roman Catholic Church split when the King of France decided that
he did not like the Italian Pope and elected one of his own. The Great Schism, as it has
been called, lasted for about 68 years, during which time there were two popes claiming
authority over the Catholic Church.
Mendicant Orders
Religious orders which depend directly on the charity of the people for their livelihood. In
principle, they do not own property, either individually or collectively (see corporate poverty),
believing that this was the most pure way of life to copy followed by Jesus Christ, in order
that all their time and energy could be expended on religious work.
• Franciscans (Friars Minor, commonly known as the Grey Friars), founded 1209
• Dominicans (Order of Preachers, commonly called the Black Friars), founded 1215
Confraternities
A Roman Catholic or Orthodox organization of lay people created for the purpose of
promoting special works of Christian charity or piety, and approved by the Church
hierarchy. Especially in the cities of the Middle Ages, confraternities could be important
and wealthy institutions for the elite.
Guild](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ch19termsah2-110106090637-phpapp01/85/Gardner-Ch-19-terms-1-320.jpg)
