pression noun 1. an idea, feeling, or opinion about something or someone, especially one formed without conscious thought or on the basis of little evidence. "his first impressions of Manchester were very positive" Similar: feeling sense fancy suspicion sneaking suspicion inkling intuition hunch apprehension notion idea thought belief opinion conviction funny feeling gut feeling feeling in one's bones sixth sense view conception image picture perception judgement verdict estimation 2. an imitation of a person or thing, done to entertain. "he did an impression of Shirley Bassey"

1. Institute Of Management Studies
Indore
Presentation On:- Impression Formation
From:-
Aparna Bakre
Jayshree Pateriya

3. WHAT IS IMPRESSION?
An idea, feeling, or opinion about something or
someone, esp. one formed without conscious thought
or on the basis of little evidence. An effect produced
on someone.

4. IMPRESSION FORMATION
⚫ A social psychological term referring to the way in
which strangersdevelopperceptions of each other. A
long tradition of (largely experimental) studies have
investigated the impact of initial impressions. These
have identified phenomena such as primacy
effectsand haloeffects.

5. This breaks down into six influences on how we
perceive other people:
⚫Self-fulfilling prophecy
⚫Implicitpersonalitytheory
⚫Perceptual accentuation
⚫Primacy-Recency
⚫ Consistency
⚫Attributionof controllability

6. Six Basic Principles
1. On the basis of minimal information
2. Special attention to salient features than to
every thing
3. Weuse thecontextof a person’s behavior
rather than interpreting the behavior in
isolation

7. 4.We organize ourperceptions by
categorizing orgrouping stimuli
5.Weuseourenduring cognitive structures to
make sense of people’s behavior
6.Perceiver's own needs and personal goals
influence how heorshe perceives others

9. Solomon Asch

10. “We look at a person and
immediately a certain
impression of his character
forms itself in us aglance , a few
spoken words are sufficient to
tell us a storyabouta highly
complex matter.....”

11. ASCH’S RESEARCHON
CENTRAL AND
PERIPHERAL TRAITS

12. Asch conducted many
experiments in which he asked
participants to form an
impression of a hypothetical
person based on several
characteristicssaid to belong to
them.

14. EXPERIMENT1-VARIATIONIN
CENTRALQUALITY
⚫GroupA: intelligent-skillful-industrious-
warm-determined-practical-cautious
⚫Group B: intelligent-skillful-industrious-
cold-determined-practical-cautious

15. RESULT
SeriesA ("warm")
⚫A person who believes certain things to be right, wants
others to see his point, would be sincere in an argument'
and would like to see his pointwon.
Series B ("cold")
⚫A very ambitious and talented person who would not let
anyone oranything stand in thewayof achieving his goal.
Wants his own way, he is determined not to give in, no
matterwhat happens.

16. EXPERIM
ENT2- OM
ISSIONOF A
CENTRAL QUALITY
⚫GroupA: intelligent-skillful-industrious-
determined-practical-cautious
⚫Group B: intelligent-skillful-industrious-
determined-practical-cautious

17. RESULT
⚫Appears thata more neutral impression has
formed.

18. EXPERIM
ENT3-VARIATIONOF A
PERIPHERAL QUALITY
A. intelligent—skillful—industrious—
polite—determined—practical cautious
B. intelligent—skillful—industrious—
blunt—determined—practical—cautious

19. EXPERIM
ENT4-REVERSING
THE ORDER OF SERIES
⚫A. intelligent—skillful—industrious—
determined— practical—cautious—evasive
⚫B. evasive—cautious—practical—
determined—industrious—skillful—
intelligent

20. RESULT
⚫Series A
He seems to be a man of very excellent character,
though it is not unusual for one person to have all
of those good qualities.
⚫Series B
This is a man who has had towork foreverything
he wanted—therefore he is evasive, cautious and
practical. He is naturally intelligent, but his
struggles have made him hard.

21. IMPRESSION FORMATION-A
COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
⚫Wepayattention to informationabut their
traits and values rather than information
about theircompetence

22. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH
Indicates that impression of othersconsist
of examples of both:
1. Behaviourrelating tospecific trait
2.Mental abstractions based on
observations of many instances of behavior

23. ASK YOURSELF?
⚫Whydowe immediately form impressions
of otherpeopleon first meeting them?
⚫What factors inf luencewhetherwe like or
dislikesomeone immediately?
⚫Can we tell when someone is lying or telling
the truth?

24. WHAT INFORMATION DO
WE USE?
⚫Roles
⚫Physical Cues
⚫Salience
⚫From behaviorto traits
⚫Central traits
⚫Categorization
⚫Contexteffects

25. ROLES
People tend to think of others within a
role context first and only then
according to personality traits

26. PHYSICAL CUES
Appearance and behaviorare key
determinants of our first impressions

29. SALIENCE
People payattention to the figure rather
than to the ground orsetting

30. •Effects of Salience
1. Drawsattention
2. Influences perceptionsof
causality
3. Produces evaluatively extreme
judgments
4. Produce moreconsistencyof
judgment

31. FROM BEHAVIOR TO TRAITS
We move very quickly from observable
information (appearance & behavior) to
personality trait inferences
⚫Traits are more economical to remember
⚫Trait inferences occurautomatically

32. CENTRAL TRAITS
Some traits may be more central than
others, that is, highly associated with
manyothercharacteristics
“Warm-Cold” appears to be such a trait
(Kelley, 1950)

33. CATEGORIZATION
Weautomatically perceivestimuli as part of a
grouporcategory

34. Consequences of Categorization
⚫leads tocategory-based social judgments
(stereotyping)
⚫speeds processing time
⚫can lead toerrors

35. THE CONTINUUMMODELOF
IMPRESSION FORMATION
Impressions range from stereotypic, category-
based impressions to individuated impressions
(dual processing)

36. DUAL PROCESSING
Wegenerally tend to use category-based
inference because it is easy and quick
We use individuated information when weare
motivated to be accurate the person doesn’t fit
ourcategorieswe haveotherreasons forwanting
to know the person better

37. CONTEXT EFFECTS
Contrast biases judgments away from the
context (sees them as different)
Assimilation biases judgments in the same
direction as the context (sees them as similar)
Assimilation occurs more when people are using
category-based processing
Contrast occurs more when people are using
individuated information

38. INTEGRATING IMPRESSIONS
How do we combine all of these
separate inferences about a
person into an over all impression?

39. ⚫Evaluation
⚫Negativity
effect
⚫Positivity bias

40. ⚫Emotional information
⚫The averaging
principle
⚫Imputing meaning

41. ⚫Imputing
consistency
⚫Schemas
⚫Prototypes
⚫Exemplars

44. THANK YOU